In this presentation you will learn “The 4 General Principles of ESIGN” and the difference between UETA and Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN).
Firms that have adopted E-Sign Law and Technology in their practice typically have faster client-engagement times, lower overhead costs, a happier staff, and, most importantly, happier clients.
The Information Technology Act, 2000 is an Act of the Indian Parliament that aims to provide legal recognition for electronic transactions and facilitate e-governance. It recognizes electronic documents and digital signatures. The Act was amended in 2008 to include additional cybercrime offenses and strengthen data protection. The amended Act aims to address issues like legal recognition of electronic documents, digital signatures, cybercrime offenses, and information security. It was passed in December 2008 and notified in October 2009.
SB152 is a 2005 Colorado law that restricts local governments from providing cable television, telecommunications, or high-speed internet services. Local governments can obtain exemptions from these restrictions by holding ballot initiatives to opt-out of SB152. To date, 29 counties and 66 municipalities have opted-out. A new 2017 Senate Bill seeks to entirely repeal SB152 to allow more local control over broadband investment.
The report summarizes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eviction procedures in Ottawa County, Michigan from March 2020 through November 2020. Key developments include executive orders halting most evictions, the Eviction Diversion Program providing rental assistance to help tenants avoid eviction, and a CDC moratorium on evictions through December 2020. The Eviction Diversion Program administered through local housing agencies has been very successful, providing assistance to hundreds of households in Ottawa County and helping to resolve many pending eviction cases in the 58th District Court.
This document is a project report submitted by a student to their professor on the topic of the right to privacy in India. It provides an introduction to privacy rights and concerns over personal data protection. It then summarizes the status of privacy rights in the Indian constitution and legal system, including key court cases. It also discusses international developments regarding privacy protections from the UN, OECD, and European Union. The report concludes that while privacy is recognized judicially in India, comprehensive privacy legislation is still needed.
some IT Acts which people should now for their upcomming future so that they could free from crime against them, because now-a-days the number of crimes are increasing day by day.Public should be aware of these laws.
The petitioner union filed a writ petition seeking directions to the Inspector of Factories to take action against a factory for removing the optional lock system from its computerized attendance system. The factory had implemented the system in 2003 with permission. The court dismissed the petition. It noted that the union had previously agreed to the computerized attendance system. Under the Information Technology Act and factory rules, electronic records and exemption from certain rules are allowed. The workers could complain about any violations. [/SUMMARY]
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Puerto Rico's resident commissioner Pedro Pierluisi says there is little chance Congress will extend Chapter 9 bankruptcy protections to Puerto Rico's public corporations, despite his claims of strong support. A bankruptcy policy expert says it is unlikely and would not pass currently. Pierluisi remains adamant that he has support for a bill in the House Judiciary Committee that would amend bankruptcy laws. He expects to file a bill within two weeks that would extend Chapter 9 access to Puerto Rico's municipalities and public corporations.
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This document summarizes several proposed bills relating to government transparency in Texas. It discusses bills that would expand disclosure requirements for local government conflicts of interest, require disclosure of interested parties in large government contracts, increase information available online about state water funding programs, and standardize annual financial reporting by political subdivisions. It also summarizes bills relating to recording and posting open meeting videos, complying with public information requests by referring to information on government websites, and allowing email requests for clarification in response to public information requests. The document was presented by attorneys at the law firm Lloyd Gosselink Rochelle & Townsend.
The Information Technology Act, 2000 is an Act of the Indian Parliament that aims to provide legal recognition for electronic transactions and facilitate e-governance. It recognizes electronic documents and digital signatures. The Act was amended in 2008 to include additional cybercrime offenses and strengthen data protection. The amended Act aims to address issues like legal recognition of electronic documents, digital signatures, cybercrime offenses, and information security. It was passed in December 2008 and notified in October 2009.
SB152 is a 2005 Colorado law that restricts local governments from providing cable television, telecommunications, or high-speed internet services. Local governments can obtain exemptions from these restrictions by holding ballot initiatives to opt-out of SB152. To date, 29 counties and 66 municipalities have opted-out. A new 2017 Senate Bill seeks to entirely repeal SB152 to allow more local control over broadband investment.
The report summarizes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on eviction procedures in Ottawa County, Michigan from March 2020 through November 2020. Key developments include executive orders halting most evictions, the Eviction Diversion Program providing rental assistance to help tenants avoid eviction, and a CDC moratorium on evictions through December 2020. The Eviction Diversion Program administered through local housing agencies has been very successful, providing assistance to hundreds of households in Ottawa County and helping to resolve many pending eviction cases in the 58th District Court.
This document is a project report submitted by a student to their professor on the topic of the right to privacy in India. It provides an introduction to privacy rights and concerns over personal data protection. It then summarizes the status of privacy rights in the Indian constitution and legal system, including key court cases. It also discusses international developments regarding privacy protections from the UN, OECD, and European Union. The report concludes that while privacy is recognized judicially in India, comprehensive privacy legislation is still needed.
some IT Acts which people should now for their upcomming future so that they could free from crime against them, because now-a-days the number of crimes are increasing day by day.Public should be aware of these laws.
The petitioner union filed a writ petition seeking directions to the Inspector of Factories to take action against a factory for removing the optional lock system from its computerized attendance system. The factory had implemented the system in 2003 with permission. The court dismissed the petition. It noted that the union had previously agreed to the computerized attendance system. Under the Information Technology Act and factory rules, electronic records and exemption from certain rules are allowed. The workers could complain about any violations. [/SUMMARY]
Puerto Rico resident commissioner’s bid to win Chapter 9 status for commonwea...Chuck Stanley
Puerto Rico's resident commissioner Pedro Pierluisi says there is little chance Congress will extend Chapter 9 bankruptcy protections to Puerto Rico's public corporations, despite his claims of strong support. A bankruptcy policy expert says it is unlikely and would not pass currently. Pierluisi remains adamant that he has support for a bill in the House Judiciary Committee that would amend bankruptcy laws. He expects to file a bill within two weeks that would extend Chapter 9 access to Puerto Rico's municipalities and public corporations.
Ty Embrey and Troupe Brewer: Government Transparency Update and Interactions ...TWCA
This document summarizes several proposed bills relating to government transparency in Texas. It discusses bills that would expand disclosure requirements for local government conflicts of interest, require disclosure of interested parties in large government contracts, increase information available online about state water funding programs, and standardize annual financial reporting by political subdivisions. It also summarizes bills relating to recording and posting open meeting videos, complying with public information requests by referring to information on government websites, and allowing email requests for clarification in response to public information requests. The document was presented by attorneys at the law firm Lloyd Gosselink Rochelle & Townsend.
Navigating Electronic Signature Law In FloridaClientSide
In this presentation you will learn "The 4 General Principles of ESIGN" and the difference between UETA and Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN).
Firms that have adopted E-Sign Law and Technology in their practice typically have faster client-engagement times, lower overhead costs, a happier staff, and, most importantly, happier clients.
This E-Signatures Laws and Technology CLE addresses the authentication of scanned and emailed signatures, including scenarios specific to the practice of law. The seminar will give you a survey understanding of laws behind electronic signature laws, including the Federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN Act; 15 U.S.C. 96) and Georgia’s adoption of the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA; O.C.G.A. Sec. 10-12-1 et. seq). The seminar further discusses the audit technology you should have in place for digitally received signed documents.
In this presentation you will learn "The 4 General Principles of ESIGN" and the difference between UETA and Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN)
Moving towards an electronic real estate transactionDocuSign
This document provides an overview of the legal framework for electronic signatures in real estate transactions in the United States. It discusses the key federal and state laws governing electronic signatures, including the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN) and the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA). These laws establish that electronic records and signatures have equal legal validity as paper documents with handwritten signatures. The document also outlines best practices for obtaining proper consent, logically associating signatures with records, record retention, and complying with both electronic signature laws and relevant real estate transaction laws.
1) Electronic contracts are standard form contracts with non-negotiable terms formulated by one party like a manufacturer or service provider. The Information Technology Act, 2000 recognizes the validity of e-contracts.
2) E-contracts can be formed via email exchanges or through websites using clickwrap, browsewrap, or shrinkwrap agreements. However, e-contracts raise issues around jurisdiction, capacity to contract, consent, and meeting of minds.
3) The Information Technology Act and Indian Evidence Act provide for the validity and evidentiary value of e-contracts in India if they meet requirements for identification of parties, subject matter, signatures. However, the laws do not address all aspects of online contracts.
Back in 2001, there were a lot of Internet Law issues that were just beginning to be explored which is what gave rise to the title "Internet Law: An Expedition" -- what we did not realize back then was that many of those issues would still be evolving 15 years later! For example, this presentation discusses use of email and whether it is safe and appropriate for confidential information; Internet or computer use policies, something that I still discuss frequently, and privacy issues in the employment context. It was fascinating to take a look back down memory lane with these presentation slides.
Ethics of Online Forms and E-Signatures for AttorneysGreg McLawsen
Did you really ever think you’d see the day when a pen-
and-ink signature on a document, or even an original document, wasn’t required? Well, that day has come – and you need to insure you are not only in compliance with court rules, but also ethics rules. We’ll examine:
• The RPCs relevant to documents and signatures (RPC 1.6 on confidentiality of information), and touch upon on the attorneys duty to supervise associate attorneys, legal support staff, and LLLTs (5.1, 5.2, 5.3, and 5.10)
• The competent use of various e-signature services
• The ethical and technical requirements for safeguarding client signatures
• How to competently and safely complete and submit on-line forms
This presentation was given at the January 22, 2016 annual CLE of the Washington State Bar Association's Solo and Small Practice Section
Electronic contracts and electronic signatures under Australian lawrun_frictionless
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www.runfrictionless.com
The document discusses the importance of electronic signatures and document management in online leasing. It notes that eSignatures allow legally binding electronic execution of leases and other documents when combined with document management. This satisfies legal requirements to ensure electronically executed leases are binding and enforceable. The document also outlines reasons why eSignatures are becoming a technology trend, including demands from the real estate industry and customers. It provides background on eSignature laws and requirements.
This document discusses key aspects of electronic governance and digital signatures in India according to the Information Technology Act 2000. It outlines sections of the act that provide legal recognition and validity to electronic records, digital signatures, and electronic transactions with the government. It also discusses sections related to the delivery of e-services, retention of electronic records, publication in an electronic gazette, and audit of electronic documents. The document concludes by discussing some legal issues in e-commerce such as online identity theft, phishing, copyright, and domain name disputes.
Information technology act (SANDEEP HARISH B).pptxsandeepharish2
In this power point I clearly explain about the information technology act, uses of information technology, what is digital signature and how the information technology act going to punish the cybercriminals? And the different kinds of punishment also explain under the power point. And I hope it will every helpful to you people to learn about information technology.
This document discusses the definition, essential elements, and validity of e-contracts under Indian law. It defines an e-contract as any contract formed through electronic means like email. The key points are:
1. The Indian Contract Act and Information Technology Act recognize the validity of e-contracts and electronic communications/records as legally binding.
2. Essential elements of a valid contract like offer, acceptance, consideration must be present in e-contracts for them to be enforceable.
3. E-contracts can be formed via websites through clickwrap/browsewrap/shrinkwrap agreements or via email exchange. The postal rule of acceptance applies to email.
4. Electronic records and digital signatures have evidentiary
In the light of the rapid technological developments in our world , it has become necessary for states to keep pace with the technological revolution in order for them to become modern and advanced countries, or, at least , to be on the road to become so, by investing in modern technologies of communication of information, and through the development and investment in favor of public services.
There is no doubt that the tremendous revolution that took place in the world of communications has led to a change in the means and methods of business transactions and expressions of the will for what is called now “Electronic Data Interchange”. In lieu of paper documents seeking the legislation of modern developments and keeping up with the technological developments of the countries, Jordanian legislators took the lead among their Arab counterparts and issued the Interim Electronic Transactions Act No. 85 for the year 2011 on 11/12/2001. This legislation comprised of the first Jordanian law in the field of information technology , which was the second Arab law in the field of e-commerce after the Tunisian law making room for other Arab countries, out of which was Dubai which enacted the Act on electronic exchanges and Bahrain which passed the Bahraini law of e-commerce.
The Jordanian legislature came up with this law to put a legal framework that conforms with the international legislative framework in order to regulate the electronic transactions and to recognize all means of electronic data and electronic signatures in terms of their validity or invalidity. Moreover, the objective was the establishment of legal obligations on one side and the recognition electronic records on the other side.
The Electronic Transactions Act allowed the establishment of authorities of authentication and electronic signatures for giving evidence in a given argument.
E-Contracting: The Basic Rules (2/2/2001)Shawn Tuma
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E contracts and validity of e contracts in IndiaKajalRandhawa
what is e-contract, types of e-contract, parties to e-contract, essentials of e-contract, provisions of e-contract under various laws, judgment on the validity of e-contract, validity and enforceability of e-contracts, electronic signature, legal issues involved in e-contract, Place of formation of an E-Contract and the area of jurisdiction in case of Breach, Admissibility of Electronic contracts as evidence in Courts, suggestions, conclusion
The IT Act 2000 was passed by the Indian parliament to provide legal recognition to electronic transactions and introduce cybercrime laws. Its key objectives were to recognize digital signatures and electronic documents, facilitate e-governance, prevent computer crimes, and allow companies to maintain electronic financial records. The act granted legal validity to electronic contracts, defined security standards for digital signatures and records, and established its jurisdiction over cybercrimes committed outside India. However, it did not cover infringement of copyright or apply to power of attorney, trust, or real estate contracts.
The document discusses e-signing of contracts under Indian law. It provides details on the procedure for e-signing using Aadhaar authentication, the legal position which recognizes e-signatures as valid, and relevant provisions from the Information Technology Act that enable e-signatures and establish their validity. E-signed contracts are admissible in court under provisions added to the Indian Evidence Act that give evidentiary value to electronic records and place the onus on proving an electronic signature is incorrect on the challenging party.
This presentation provides an overview of e-governance efforts in India. It defines e-governance as using information and communication technologies to deliver government services, exchange information, and integrate systems between government, citizens, and businesses. The presentation notes that e-governance aims to provide convenient, efficient, and transparent access to government services. It also discusses key provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000 regarding legal recognition of electronic records and digital signatures, use of electronic records and digital signatures by the government, retention of electronic records, and rules for digital signatures.
Guide on the use of Artificial Intelligence-based tools by lawyers and law fi...Massimo Talia
This guide aims to provide information on how lawyers will be able to use the opportunities provided by AI tools and how such tools could help the business processes of small firms. Its objective is to provide lawyers with some background to understand what they can and cannot realistically expect from these products. This guide aims to give a reference point for small law practices in the EU
against which they can evaluate those classes of AI applications that are probably the most relevant for them.
Sangyun Lee, 'Why Korea's Merger Control Occasionally Fails: A Public Choice ...Sangyun Lee
Presentation slides for a session held on June 4, 2024, at Kyoto University. This presentation is based on the presenter’s recent paper, coauthored with Hwang Lee, Professor, Korea University, with the same title, published in the Journal of Business Administration & Law, Volume 34, No. 2 (April 2024). The paper, written in Korean, is available at <https://shorturl.at/GCWcI>.
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Back in 2001, there were a lot of Internet Law issues that were just beginning to be explored which is what gave rise to the title "Internet Law: An Expedition" -- what we did not realize back then was that many of those issues would still be evolving 15 years later! For example, this presentation discusses use of email and whether it is safe and appropriate for confidential information; Internet or computer use policies, something that I still discuss frequently, and privacy issues in the employment context. It was fascinating to take a look back down memory lane with these presentation slides.
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• The ethical and technical requirements for safeguarding client signatures
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This document discusses the definition, essential elements, and validity of e-contracts under Indian law. It defines an e-contract as any contract formed through electronic means like email. The key points are:
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2. Andrei D. Tsygankov
• Partner at Founders Legal® (Bekiares Eliezer LLP)
• IP Licensing, Trademark & Corporate Law
• General Counsel for ClientSideTM
• Education
• B.S. in Management from Georgia Tech
• J.D. from Georgia State University College of Law
4. Earliest Instances of ‘E-Signatures’
The first widely used system for sending signatures across
large distances was finalized in 1862.
The “Pantelegraph” sent signatures or small drawings over
existing telegraph lines.
It’s first transmission carried a signature over 80 miles in less
than two minutes!
6. Relevant Laws
• Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)
• Model law drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws
• Presented for adoption by individual states in 1999
• http://www.uniformlaws.org/Act.aspx?title=Electronic%20Transactions%20Act
• Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN)
• 15 U.S.C. §§ 7001-7031 (“ESIGN”)
• Passed into Federal Law in 2000
• http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-106publ229/html/PLAW-106publ229.htm
7. Relevant Laws
• Georgia’s Adoption of Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (UETA)
• O.C.G.A. §10-12-1 et. seq.
• Became effective July 1, 2009
• http://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2010/title-10/chapter-12/
8. E-Signature Definition
Electronic Signature:
• “an electronic sound, symbol or process, attached to or logically
associated with a [contract or other] record, and executed or
adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record”
• 15 U.S.C. § 7006(5) (ESIGN)
• O.C.G.A § 10-12-2(8) (GA UETA)
9. Contract terms by ‘Click-Wrap’ agreement are valid
• Metro. Reg'l Info. Sys., Inc. v. Am. Home Realty Network, Inc., 722 F.3d 591, 600-
03 (4th Cir. 2013) (finding that, by clicking “yes” in response to electronic terms of use
agreement prior to uploading copyrighted photographs, a subscriber signed a written
assignment of exclusive copyright ownership in those photographs).
• Bergenstock v. LegalZoom.com, Inc. 2015 WL 3866703 (finding that, clicking “Agree
and Place Order” is valid acceptance of terms and conditions, including arbitration
provision).
E-Signatures in Practice
10. Electronic Terms of Service are enforceable if presented to a
user-signer together with a required ‘Sign Up’ button
• Fteja v. Facebook, Inc., 841 F.Supp.2d 829 (SDNY 2012) (finding that consumers must
be informed of terms of the transaction before signing electronically).
E-Signatures in Practice
11. ESIGN Act
• States must allow the use of electronic signatures if the parties involved agree to
this method of signing.
• Applies to TRANSACTIONS:
• In Interstate Commerce
• In Foreign Commerce
• With the Federal Government
12. ESIGN Act General Principles
• 1. A signature, contract, or other record related to any transaction cannot be
denied legal effect, validity or enforceability solely because it is in electronic
form.
• 2. Transaction is defined BROADLY:
• Sale, lease, exchange, licensing or other disposition of personal property, goods,
intangibles, services or combination thereof;
• Sale, lease, exchange or other disposition of any interest in real property. 15 U.S.C. § 7006
(13).
13. ESIGN Act General Principles
• 3. A contract relating to any transaction (in or affecting Interstate Commerce or
Foreign Commerce) may NOT be denied legal effect, validity, or enforceability
solely because:
• An electronic signature or electronic record was used in its formation.
15 U.S.C. § 7001(a)(2).
14. ESIGN Act General Principles
• 4. If the law requires that a contract or other record must be in writing to have
legal effect, validity or enforceability, electronic form may be denied if:
• Such record CANNOT be retained and accurately reproduced by all parties. 15
U.S.C. § 7001(e).
15. ESIGN Act General Principles
• 5. ESIGN does NOT require any person to use or accept electronic records or signatures.
15 U.S.C. § 7001(b)(2).
• If parties agree to electronic signatures, then ESIGN gives them legal effect.
• In Business-to-Business (B2B) transactions, prior behavior among the parties can
govern acceptance of electronic signatures and records.
• In Business-to-Consumer (B2C) transactions, Consumers must have notice, and
must consent.
16. ESIGN Does NOT Affect
• Substantive protections provided by consumer protection laws. 15 U.S.C. § 7001(b)(1).
• Content or timing of disclosures required by law. 15 U.S.C. § 7001(c)(2)(a).
• Any requirement by a federal regulatory agency, self-regulatory organization, or state regulatory
agency that records be filed in a specified standard. 15 U.S.C. § 7004(a).
17. ESIGN Does NOT Apply To
• (a) Any contract or record if it is governed by:
• (1) A statute, regulation, or other rule of law governing the creation and execution
of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts. 15 U.S.C. § 7003(a)(1).
• (2) A State statute, regulation, or other rule of law governing adoption, divorce, or
other matters of family law. 15 U.S.C. § 7003(a)(2).
• (3) the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), as in effect in any State, other than
sections 1–107 and 1–206 and Articles 2 and 2A. 15 U.S.C. § 7003(a)(3).
18. ESIGN Does NOT Apply To (Cont’d)
• (b)(1) court orders or notices, or official court documents (including briefs, pleadings,
and other writings) required to be executed in connection with court proceedings. 15
U.S.C. § 7003(b)(1).
19. ESIGN Does NOT Apply To (Cont’d)
• (b) (2) any notice of—
• (A) the cancellation or termination of utility services (including water, heat, and power). 15
U.S.C. § 7003(b)(2)(a).
• (B) default, acceleration, repossession, foreclosure, or eviction, or the right to cure, under a
credit agreement secured by, or a rental agreement for, a primary residence of an
individual. 15 U.S.C. § 7003(b)(2)(b).
20. ESIGN Does NOT Apply To (Cont’d)
• (b) (2) any notice of—
• (C) the cancellation or termination of health insurance or benefits or life insurance benefits
(excluding annuities). 15 U.S.C. § 7003(b)(2)(a).
• (D) recall of a product, or material failure of a product, that risks endangering health or
safety. 15 U.S.C. § 7003(b)(2)(d).
21. ESIGN Does NOT Apply To (Cont’d)
• (3) any document required to accompany any transportation or handling of hazardous
materials, pesticides, or other toxic or dangerous materials. 15 U.S.C. § 7003(b)(3).
22. UETA
• Model law presented to states to codify into state law
• Establishes that electronic signatures have the same legal authority as ‘wet’
signatures
• Adopted by 47 states, D.C., Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands. Exceptions:
• Illinois
• New York
• Washington
23. UETA & Reverse Pre-Emption
• States given option to enact UETA substantially as written, or face pre-emption by
ESIGN Act
• If state adopted UETA in substantially Model form, the state’s law would prevail over
ESIGN
• If a state’s UETA provision is inconsistent with ESIGN, the Federal law would again
pre-empt as to that provision.
24. • O.C.G.A. §10-12-1 et. seq.
• Effective for transactions involving electronic signatures & records on
or after July 1, 2009
Georgia UETA
25. • O.C.G.A § 10-12-7
• (a) A record or signature shall not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely
because it is in electronic form.
• (b) A contract shall not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because
an electronic record was used in its formation.
• (c) If a law requires a record be in writing, an electronic record shall satisfy the
law.
• (d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature shall satisfy the law.
Georgia UETA
26. Georgia UETA
• O.C.G.A § 10-12-12
• (a) If a law requires that a record be retained, such requirement shall be satisfied
by retaining an electronic record of the information in the record which:
• (1) Accurately reflects the information set forth in the record after it was first
generated in its final form as an electronic record or otherwise; and
• (2) Remains accessible for the retention period required by law.
27. Georgia UETA
• O.C.G.A § 10-12-12 – Cont’d
• (c) A person may satisfy subsection (a) of this Code section by using the services
of another person if the requirements of that subsection are satisfied.
28. • O.C.G.A § 10-12-13
• Record or signature evidence not to be excluded solely on the basis of electronic
format.
Georgia UETA
29. Georgia UETA
• O.C.G.A § 10-12-20
• This chapter modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in
Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001, et seq., but does not
modify, limit, or supersede…15 U.S.C. Section 7001(c) [Consumer
Disclosures], or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described
in… 15 U.S.C. Section 7003(b) [Notices].
30. UETA vs. ESIGN: Family Law
Georgia’s UETA
• Does NOT expressly limit applicability to
family law.
ESIGN Act
• [Not applicable to any] State statute,
regulation, or other rule of law governing
adoption, divorce, or other matters of
family law…
31. UETA vs. ESIGN: Admissibility in Court
UETA
UETA specifically states that an electronic
record and signature is not to be excluded
solely on the basis of electronic format.
ESIGN Act
ESIGN Act does not provide specific rules
and guidance on when e-signature and e-
records are considered admissible.
32. UETA vs. ESIGN: Consumer Protections
UETA
• Very lenient
• Enforceability against consumers determined by
actions of the parties, the context and overall
circumstances.
• Context, actions and circumstances taken into
account when determining if a consumer
provided consent.
ESIGN Act
• Consumers must affirmatively consent to
electronic records.
• Consumers must be provided notice of
their:
• Rights to hardcopy records
• Rights to withdraw consent and be
provided information on how to do so
• Need to review and store the e-records
33. UETA vs. ESIGN: Signature Authentication
UETA
• Authentication of a signer’s signature or
mark is critical.
• There must be proof that a signature is the
mark (or the act) of a person who is
supposed to sign.
• Extrinsic evidence may be used in proving
this (for example: an IP address; exclusive
access or use of an email account, etc.)
ESIGN Act
ESIGN Act does not address how or when
signatures need to be authenticated or
attributed to a specific signer.
34. UETA vs. ESIGN: Variation by Parties
Georgia’s UETA
Parties may privately agree to vary the effects
of UETA provisions.
ESIGN Act
No specific language in place that allows
parties to privately change provisions of
ESIGN.
35. UETA vs. ESIGN: Transmission & Receipt
UETA
• UETA is lenient on the transmission and
receipt of records. Generally,
• A record is sent once it leaves control of the
sender.
• A record is received when it enters the
system a recipient uses and becomes
accessible to the recipient.
ESIGN Act
ESIGN Act does not address how or when
a record is considered to have been sent or
when it has been received.
36. Electronic signatures satisfy state law writing requirement
• Barwick v. Gov’t Employee Ins. Co., Inc., No. 10-1076, 2011 Ark. LEXIS 111 (Ark.S. Ct.
2011). (Affirmation of lower court finding that electronic signature meets the requirement
that a rejection of no-fault coverage be “in writing” under state law).
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
37. Written agreement in downloadable, electronic form is valid.
“…agreement is a “written provision” despite being provided to
users in a downloadable electronic form. The latter point has been
settled by the Electronic Signatures in Global and National
Commerce Act (“E–Sign Act”)…”
• Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp. 306 F.3d 17 (2nd Cir. 2002)
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
38. • Common Hurdles:
• NOT validity of electronic signatures themselves, but Issues of substantive
law. For example:
• Did the parties have INTENT to form a contract?
• Did all parties have NOTICE (actual or constructive) of the transaction
terms?
• Did all parties give proper CONSENT to the terms?
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
39. Receipt of announcement email insufficient to change
terms of an agreement
• Campbell v. Gen. Dynamics Gov't Sys. Corp., 407 F.3d 546, 559 (1st Cir. 2005)
(finding that e-mail announcement regarding new dispute resolution policy was insufficient
to put employee on notice that the policy was a contract that extinguished the right to
access a judicial forum for resolution of federal employment discrimination claims ).
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
40. Signers must have NOTICE of terms
BEFORE accepting electronically
• Labajo v. Best Buy, 478 F.Supp.2d 523 (SDNY 2007) (finding that consumers must be
informed of terms of the transaction before signing electronically).
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
41. Third Party Agent’s electronic signature is valid
IF authority is given by principal
• Long v Time Insurance Company, 572 F.Supp. 2d 907 (OH 2008) (finding that
electronic signature of insurance agent is valid if done on behalf of insured, if the insured
had the opportunity to review the application and authorize the signature).
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
42. Record integrity & tamper-proof storage is crucial
• Adams v. Quicksilver, 210 Cal App. Unpub. LEXIS 1236 (2010) (finding that a party
cannot prove, by preponderance of the evidence, that post-signature alteration of a
document did not occur in a system that allowed post-signature alteration of the
document).
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
43. Admissibility in court
• “To meet FRE 901(a) requirements for authentication, the audit
trail, signatures and documents must also be secured in a manner
that renders the information unalterable without detection”
• Lorraine v. Markel American Ins. Co., 241 F.R.D. 534 (D.Md 2007)
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
44. Admissibility in court
• “Organizations must demonstrate to the Court’s satisfaction that
they have maintained a secure retrieval process of the audit trail
and signed records by which a credible witness can confidently
testify.”
• Lorraine v. Markel American Ins. Co., 241 F.R.D. 534 (D.Md 2007)
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
45.
46. Authentication may be problematic if use of account or
medium through which signatures take place is not exclusive
to signer
• Kerr v. Dillard Store Services, Inc., 2009 BL 30588 (D.Kan 2009) (finding that
mandatory arbitration provision in electronic agreement is unenforceable against employee
because supervisor had access to employee’s account and opportunity to sign employee’s
name).
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
47. Enforcing party has burden to show that the agreement was
actually signed by party against whom it is being enforced
• Ruiz v. Moss Bros. Auto Group, Inc. 232 Cal.App.4th 836 (2014) (finding, on de novo
review, that defendant did not prove by a preponderance of the evidence that plaintiff
signed an arbitration agreement that defendant was seeking to enforce).
ESIGN & UETA in Practice
48. Takeaways
• For E-Signatures to be valid and enforceable:
• All parties must consent to working together electronically
• Terms being accepted must be clearly presented before requiring signature
• All parties must express their consent to the terms being presented
• All parties must have an exclusive way to sign or accept terms
• All parties must have access to the signed contract, records or data after
signing
49. Best Practices
• Best Practices for Using E-Signatures:
• Implement a way to authenticate the signing parties
• Provide a secure method for each signer to access and sign documents
• Have a record or audit trail of the signing process
• Utilize a system that will prevent document tampering
• Use a secure storage and retrieval method that can be proven
51. • A Few of Many Advantages
• Legal Integrity
• Administrative Efficiencies
• Professionalism
Legal Integrity with E-Signature Technology
52. Legal Integrity with E-Signature Technology
• Do you ensure the document you sent was not modified?
• Single Document Accessed at a Central Server
• Signed Document Locking with Tamper Evident Markers
• Secure Storage and Retrieval of Signed Document
53. Legal Integrity with E-Signature Technology
• Do you verify a signer’s identity?
• Multiple signers, sequential signing
• ID Verification and Access Logs
• Audit Trail for Every Signed Document
54. Admin Efficiency with E-Signature Technology
• Advantages:
• Automated Docketing
• Faster Turn Around
• Less Errors
• Time Savings (and Increased Billing)
55. Legal Documents
• Fee Agreements
• Engagement Letters
• Settlement Agreements
• IP Assignment Agreements
General Contracts
• Partnership Agreements
• Joint-Venture Agreements
• Services Agreements
• Contracts for Sale of Goods
Admin Efficiency with E-Signature Technology
57. Professionalism with E-Signature Technology
• Clients are Making the Switch
• Corporate Clients
• University Clients
• Startups and Growth Companies
• Stay ahead of your clients and exceed their expectations!