Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological condition that affects the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. It is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers (myelin) in the CNS. This causes inflammation and damage to the myelin, disrupting the normal flow of electrical impulses along the nerves. The damage to the myelin can occur in multiple areas of the CNS, leading to a wide range of symptoms that can vary from person to person. Common symptoms of MS include fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness or tingling in the limbs, muscle weakness, problems with coordination and balance, vision problems, cognitive difficulties, and mood changes. MS is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, neurological examination, imaging tests (such as MRI), and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. The presence of multiple areas of damage in the CNS, occurring at different times, is a key feature in diagnosing MS. The exact cause of MS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain risk factors, such as a family history of MS, being of Caucasian descent, and smoking, have been identified. Although there is no cure for MS, various treatment options are available to manage symptoms, slow down the progression of the disease, and improve quality of life. These may include disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) to reduce inflammation and immune system activity, medications to manage specific symptoms, physical and occupational therapy, and lifestyle modifications. The course of MS can vary widely among individuals. Some people may experience relatively mild symptoms with long periods of remission, while others may have more rapid disease progression and increasing disability over time. Regular follow-up with healthcare professionals is important to monitor disease activity and adjust treatment as needed. Living with MS can be challenging, and support from healthcare professionals, support groups, and organizations specializing in MS can provide valuable information, emotional support, and practical advice on managing the disease.