Filters in Mule determine whether a message can proceed in a flow. There are 12 bundled filters including Expression and Payload filters that are often used to filter messages. Filters can also apply boolean logic and nest other filters for complex conditions. Custom filters can be created and global filters defined for reuse across flows. For example, filters can be added to airline flows to prevent messages when there are no flights, and ensure payloads are Array Lists for multicast results.