The document evaluates Uruguay's forest sector development policy through a cost-benefit analysis. The policy, begun in 1987 with the Forestry Law, provided subsidies and tax breaks to promote forest plantations and wood industries. As a result, Uruguay's forest sector has grown rapidly, attracting foreign investment. The cost-benefit analysis found the policy had a positive net impact and economic benefits of US$615.4 million, indicating the successful forest policy allocated land to more productive uses while generating income, employment, and environmental benefits.
This document provides an agenda and overview for Day 2 of a training on sustainable forest management and the green economy.
The morning will include a presentation reflecting on the previous day's training, rotating responsible teams to new roles, and a spotlight presentation on forest data collection, analysis and management, followed by an exercise on identifying gaps in priority forest data.
The document then provides context on defining sustainable forest management and criteria/indicators for assessment. It outlines challenges in forest data management and frameworks like national forest monitoring, national forest inventories, and sustainable forest management criteria/indicators that can help achieve progress by building bridges between stakeholders and informing policy.
Taking the long view USAID, USFS, USGS investment in smallholder and communit...CIFOR-ICRAF
Jordan Kimball, Scott Bode, Nicodème Tchamou, Boubacar Thiam, Diane Russell, Gray Tappan and Dan Whyner with inspiration from Tim Resch and Mike McGahuey
Taking Stock of Smallholder and Community Forestry Montpellier, 24-26 March 2010
REP093 Non timber forest products and SFM Tabalong (2), J PaJunaidi Payne
This document provides an executive summary of a report on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and sustainable forest management in the upper Tabalong region of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It finds that NTFP harvesting provides an important source of income and food for local communities but is currently unsustainable due to loss of forest from logging and land conversion. It recommends cultivating select NTFPs, allocating forest areas for exclusive community management, and maintaining open access to forest NTFPs to provide alternatives to illegal logging while supporting forest regeneration.
Agriculture and the Rural-Urban Transformation in Ethiopia:Summary Findings a...essp2
This document summarizes findings from a conference on agriculture and rural-urban transformation in Ethiopia. It includes trends showing increasing cereal production and real prices from 2000-2009. The agenda covers sessions on agricultural productivity, rural service delivery, household food security, and the macroeconomic impacts of agriculture. Presentations analyze topics like fertilizer use, extension services, food consumption patterns, non-farm economic growth, and the effects of infrastructure like electricity. Maps show improving rural access to cities over time as travel times fall. Overall, the document discusses economic development in Ethiopia through analyses of agricultural and rural issues.
Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non C...ijtsrd
This study examined the determinants of agricultural innovations adoption among cooperative and non cooperative farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design used in this study is descriptive survey research design. The area of study was Imo State, and data were gotten from the three zones, namely, Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe. Data were generated from a total population of 1184 registered cooperatives and non cooperative farmers. Using Taro Yamane formula, a total of 464 respondents were selected from both cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were employed to address the research questions and to test the promulgated hypothesis. The findings revealed that important determinant of adoption include educational level, annual income, farm experience, frequency of contact, cooperative membership, price of the produce, type of media used, government policy, availability of success stories, frequency of training, attitude to novel ideas, household size, extent of livelihood diversification, availability of markets and parents occupation. Determinants of agricultural innovation adoption were also the same for cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Based on the findings made in the study, the study recommends that cooperative extension services need to be revolutionalized and given adequate attention. This can be achieved by developing new framework for cooperative extension and forging a common ground for both cooperative and agricultural extension work. Apart from recruitment and deployment of competent and well motivated staff, there is the need for provision of work gadget and work tools that are in tune with technological changes. Supervision and retraining of extension staff should also become a priority. Michael, Maureen Chinenye | Ojiagu, Nkechi Cordelia | Umebali, E. Emmanuel "Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30329.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30329/determinants-of-agricultural-innovations-adoption-among-cooperative-and-noncooperative-farmers-in-imo-state-nigeria/michael-maureen-chinenye
This document provides an agenda and overview for Day 2 of a training on sustainable forest management and the green economy.
The morning will include a presentation reflecting on the previous day's training, rotating responsible teams to new roles, and a spotlight presentation on forest data collection, analysis and management, followed by an exercise on identifying gaps in priority forest data.
The document then provides context on defining sustainable forest management and criteria/indicators for assessment. It outlines challenges in forest data management and frameworks like national forest monitoring, national forest inventories, and sustainable forest management criteria/indicators that can help achieve progress by building bridges between stakeholders and informing policy.
Taking the long view USAID, USFS, USGS investment in smallholder and communit...CIFOR-ICRAF
Jordan Kimball, Scott Bode, Nicodème Tchamou, Boubacar Thiam, Diane Russell, Gray Tappan and Dan Whyner with inspiration from Tim Resch and Mike McGahuey
Taking Stock of Smallholder and Community Forestry Montpellier, 24-26 March 2010
REP093 Non timber forest products and SFM Tabalong (2), J PaJunaidi Payne
This document provides an executive summary of a report on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and sustainable forest management in the upper Tabalong region of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It finds that NTFP harvesting provides an important source of income and food for local communities but is currently unsustainable due to loss of forest from logging and land conversion. It recommends cultivating select NTFPs, allocating forest areas for exclusive community management, and maintaining open access to forest NTFPs to provide alternatives to illegal logging while supporting forest regeneration.
Agriculture and the Rural-Urban Transformation in Ethiopia:Summary Findings a...essp2
This document summarizes findings from a conference on agriculture and rural-urban transformation in Ethiopia. It includes trends showing increasing cereal production and real prices from 2000-2009. The agenda covers sessions on agricultural productivity, rural service delivery, household food security, and the macroeconomic impacts of agriculture. Presentations analyze topics like fertilizer use, extension services, food consumption patterns, non-farm economic growth, and the effects of infrastructure like electricity. Maps show improving rural access to cities over time as travel times fall. Overall, the document discusses economic development in Ethiopia through analyses of agricultural and rural issues.
Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non C...ijtsrd
This study examined the determinants of agricultural innovations adoption among cooperative and non cooperative farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design used in this study is descriptive survey research design. The area of study was Imo State, and data were gotten from the three zones, namely, Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe. Data were generated from a total population of 1184 registered cooperatives and non cooperative farmers. Using Taro Yamane formula, a total of 464 respondents were selected from both cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were employed to address the research questions and to test the promulgated hypothesis. The findings revealed that important determinant of adoption include educational level, annual income, farm experience, frequency of contact, cooperative membership, price of the produce, type of media used, government policy, availability of success stories, frequency of training, attitude to novel ideas, household size, extent of livelihood diversification, availability of markets and parents occupation. Determinants of agricultural innovation adoption were also the same for cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Based on the findings made in the study, the study recommends that cooperative extension services need to be revolutionalized and given adequate attention. This can be achieved by developing new framework for cooperative extension and forging a common ground for both cooperative and agricultural extension work. Apart from recruitment and deployment of competent and well motivated staff, there is the need for provision of work gadget and work tools that are in tune with technological changes. Supervision and retraining of extension staff should also become a priority. Michael, Maureen Chinenye | Ojiagu, Nkechi Cordelia | Umebali, E. Emmanuel "Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30329.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30329/determinants-of-agricultural-innovations-adoption-among-cooperative-and-noncooperative-farmers-in-imo-state-nigeria/michael-maureen-chinenye
Dit ben ik in het kort. Gelukkig valt er nog veel meer te vertellen. Bijvoorbeeld dat ik beschikbaar ben voor een nieuwe uitdaging! Ik kom graag met u in contact. Bel, mail of tweet me!
E3 Performance Group is a consulting firm that helps businesses improve efficiency and transform through team dynamics. They provide consulting services focused on business process reengineering, change management, project management, and developing key performance metrics for clients. Their approach involves working directly with frontline employees through structured improvement programs to identify, plan, implement and track the results of process improvement projects. They expect results like increased sales, reduced costs, improved productivity, engagement and accountability through their team-based continuous improvement methodology.
Bike Forward is a ground-up bike sharing initiative that aims to improve Singaporeans' health and happiness by providing an alternative mode of transportation. It plans to collect unused bikes through donations and fix them up for public use, secured through combination locks and a mobile app. The initiative's first location will be in Raffles Place and next steps include exploring partnerships and collecting more data to expand.
The document provides tips for classroom management including knowing what behaviors you want and don't want from students, acting quickly when expectations aren't met, arranging the classroom so the teacher can observe all students and the door, holding students accountable for their work, praising effort and progress rather than comparisons to others, and utilizing classroom management resources.
The Gran'Date is the first online portal in Singapore that is specially designed to the adult who want to plan outing for their elderly family members. It is a one portal that provide you wide-range of ideas and information from the healthy dining choice, multi generation activities and places to visit with the exclusively discount and age friendly information.
an ambiance based location app. A new generation of location based apps that uses the features found on everyone’s smartphone to pinpoint any location and find friends and venues around that location with the ambiance and liveliness you seek.
The Eden Strategy Institute proposes a location-based social networking app to track and share happiness. It would use geotracking to collect emotional data from users about how locations affect their happiness. Users could view "hotspots" of happiness near them, share their own happy moments, and get reminders to engage in positive behaviors. The app aims to boost happiness by encouraging users to appreciate small things and socialize happiness experiences. It could generate revenue from premium upgrades, sponsored ads, transactions at happy locations, and consulting services using the happiness data.
Forest and Wildlife resources are of great significance to millions of people, especially those whose livelihoods largely depend on them. These resources play a key role in protecting the environment and are of tremendous importance to the sustainable development of every country. Forest and Wildlife resources policies and institutions are critical to achieving sustainable forest management. Recognizing the importance of forest and wildlife resources and the need for appropriate measures to optimize their utilization and management in Ghana, various past governments formulated policies for developing a national forest estate, wildlife sites and a timber industry that guarantee a full range of sustainable benefits for the population. However, most of the forest and wildlife policies have failed to address the fundamental challenges of forest and wildlife management in the country.
Key Determinants of Forest-dependent Guyanese’ Willingness to Contribute to F...alvindoris79
This document summarizes a study that used the contingent valuation method to determine the willingness to accept and willingness to pay of forest-dependent Guyanese for forest protection. The study found that the primary commercial activities in the study sites and respondents' income were the key determinants of willingness to accept and pay. The document asserts that forest communities should be involved in forest management policies and that policies should consider the economic activities and incomes of forest dwellers.
A Forest Planning Problem Solved Via A Linear Fractional Goal Programming ModelStacy Taylor
This document presents a linear fractional goal programming model to solve a forest planning problem in Cuba. The goal is to organize and regulate a forest plantation over 25 years to achieve a more balanced age class distribution. The model aims to reach this distribution while considering economic factors. The model is applied to a Pinus caribaea plantation in Pinar del Río province, Cuba to obtain solutions that regulate the forest while respecting economic and other decision-maker targets.
National Forestry Policy Review; key emerging issues for Reflection and consi...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was prepared and delivered during a workshop that involved Members of Parliament on the Natural Resources and Climate Change Committee of Parliament. The workshop was organized by the Ecological Christian Organization. The objective of the workshop was to create awareness among the Honorable members of Parliament about the ongoing review of the National Forestry Policy, (a process coordinated by the Forest Sector Support Department in the Ministry of Water and Environment). Furthermore, to get their general feedback and specific inputs into the review process with due consideration of the various emerging issues in the Forestry sector over the last 18 years since the forestry policy and legal framework came into force in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Thus, the presentation raised various emerging issues in this respect for consideration during the review process and also suggested recommendation on how the Honorable Members of Parliament should proactively engage in the process to ensure that resultant policy framework adequately addresses the emerging issues and also stands the taste of time.
Environmental accounting as a means of promoting sustainableAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental accounting as a means to promote sustainable forestry operations in Osun State, Nigeria. It begins by providing background on sustainable development, environmental accounting, and forestry operations. It notes that while forestry provides economic benefits, uncontrolled extraction could lead to depletion. The study examines trends in timber extraction versus tree planting in Osun State. Results show tree planting is declining as tree felling increases, impacting earnings and intergenerational equity. The document concludes current practices are not sustainable and remediation costs have not been adequate to support livelihoods and sustainability. It analyzes secondary data from 2001-2010 to test the hypothesis that environmental accountability will positively influence sustaining forestry resources and outputs.
This document summarizes a report on trends, challenges, and opportunities related to forest tenure in tropical countries between 2002 and 2008. It finds that many countries adopted new laws and policies during this period to strengthen community forest rights and decentralized forest management. Specifically, it analyzed statutory changes in over 30 tropical countries and found that community forest ownership increased in Africa and Asia, though governments still control most forests. The report discusses the implications of these findings and calls for further support to local communities to sustainably manage forests and improve livelihoods.
AFFORESTATION AND NATIONAL AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME AND ACT - 2016sangeetkhule
AFFORESTATION AND NATIONAL AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME AND ACT - 2016
Afforestation is a process where new forests are planted across land without trees. As a forest grows, it naturally removes CO2 from the atmosphere and stores it in its trees.
This document analyzes the potential for developing forest clusters in five Latin American countries based on the Nordic country model. It uses Porter's "diamond" model to examine the key factors that determine competitiveness for forest clusters, including firms, factor conditions, demand conditions, related/supporting industries, and the external business environment. The study aims to identify opportunities for forestry/forest industry development, define lessons from successful Nordic clusters, and formulate policy recommendations. An executive summary provides an overview of the objectives, analytical framework and highlights from cluster analyses of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico.
This document outlines Myanmar's 1995 Forest Policy. It identifies six key imperatives for the forestry sector: protection, sustainability, basic needs, efficiency, participation, and public awareness. It also analyzes constraints such as inadequate planning and shifting cultivation. The policy's objectives are sustainable forest management and economic prosperity while contributing to environmental protection. It provides policy measures, strategies and actions to achieve the objectives over the short, medium and long term, focusing on issues like land use, protection, regeneration, industry development, and strengthening institutions and public participation.
Applying Q Methodology To Understand Private Woodland Owners Perspectives On...Sandra Long
This document summarizes existing research on classifying private woodland owners into different types based on their objectives and motivations for ownership. Most typologies classify owners into two main groups - production oriented owners who focus on timber production and generating income, and consumption/protection oriented owners who emphasize amenity, recreation, conservation or other non-financial objectives. The document reviews over a dozen studies from Europe and North America that have developed typologies identifying between four to six main types of private woodland owners.
This document provides guidance for policymakers on developing policies to promote agroforestry. It explains that agroforestry integrates trees into crop and livestock production, providing economic, social and environmental benefits. However, agroforestry remains underutilized due to various barriers. The document outlines 10 policy actions that can help mainstream agroforestry, including raising awareness, revising land policies, providing incentives, developing markets, and ensuring stakeholder participation. Case studies from around the world illustrate successful agroforestry policies and programs. The overall aim is to establish enabling conditions that recognize agroforestry's contributions to development.
GENERAL: MIBOSQUE contributes to the reduction of local causes of climate change and environmental vulnerability by promoting governance of natural resources and self-sufficiency among populations in order to improve their living conditions
Objective 1 for 2009: That 110 communities and 11 municipalities manage and administer their renewable natural resources in a sustainable manner
Objective 2 for 2009: Build capacity in 11 local governments to administer the natural resources in their jurisdictions
Objective 3 for 2009: That 2200 families served by the project improve their incomes from activities related to forestry and agroforestry
Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in NepalDiveshShrestha1
- Private forests in Nepal can be categorized as registered, unregistered but with land ownership, and de facto ownership without formal rights. Only a small percentage are officially registered.
- Private forests make significant contributions to timber supply and the national economy, though farmers face constraints such as complex permitting processes and restrictions on harvesting and transporting high-value species.
- Recommendations include making regulations more flexible, providing financial incentives to private forest owners, and enhancing support services to increase commercialization opportunities.
Dit ben ik in het kort. Gelukkig valt er nog veel meer te vertellen. Bijvoorbeeld dat ik beschikbaar ben voor een nieuwe uitdaging! Ik kom graag met u in contact. Bel, mail of tweet me!
E3 Performance Group is a consulting firm that helps businesses improve efficiency and transform through team dynamics. They provide consulting services focused on business process reengineering, change management, project management, and developing key performance metrics for clients. Their approach involves working directly with frontline employees through structured improvement programs to identify, plan, implement and track the results of process improvement projects. They expect results like increased sales, reduced costs, improved productivity, engagement and accountability through their team-based continuous improvement methodology.
Bike Forward is a ground-up bike sharing initiative that aims to improve Singaporeans' health and happiness by providing an alternative mode of transportation. It plans to collect unused bikes through donations and fix them up for public use, secured through combination locks and a mobile app. The initiative's first location will be in Raffles Place and next steps include exploring partnerships and collecting more data to expand.
The document provides tips for classroom management including knowing what behaviors you want and don't want from students, acting quickly when expectations aren't met, arranging the classroom so the teacher can observe all students and the door, holding students accountable for their work, praising effort and progress rather than comparisons to others, and utilizing classroom management resources.
The Gran'Date is the first online portal in Singapore that is specially designed to the adult who want to plan outing for their elderly family members. It is a one portal that provide you wide-range of ideas and information from the healthy dining choice, multi generation activities and places to visit with the exclusively discount and age friendly information.
an ambiance based location app. A new generation of location based apps that uses the features found on everyone’s smartphone to pinpoint any location and find friends and venues around that location with the ambiance and liveliness you seek.
The Eden Strategy Institute proposes a location-based social networking app to track and share happiness. It would use geotracking to collect emotional data from users about how locations affect their happiness. Users could view "hotspots" of happiness near them, share their own happy moments, and get reminders to engage in positive behaviors. The app aims to boost happiness by encouraging users to appreciate small things and socialize happiness experiences. It could generate revenue from premium upgrades, sponsored ads, transactions at happy locations, and consulting services using the happiness data.
Forest and Wildlife resources are of great significance to millions of people, especially those whose livelihoods largely depend on them. These resources play a key role in protecting the environment and are of tremendous importance to the sustainable development of every country. Forest and Wildlife resources policies and institutions are critical to achieving sustainable forest management. Recognizing the importance of forest and wildlife resources and the need for appropriate measures to optimize their utilization and management in Ghana, various past governments formulated policies for developing a national forest estate, wildlife sites and a timber industry that guarantee a full range of sustainable benefits for the population. However, most of the forest and wildlife policies have failed to address the fundamental challenges of forest and wildlife management in the country.
Key Determinants of Forest-dependent Guyanese’ Willingness to Contribute to F...alvindoris79
This document summarizes a study that used the contingent valuation method to determine the willingness to accept and willingness to pay of forest-dependent Guyanese for forest protection. The study found that the primary commercial activities in the study sites and respondents' income were the key determinants of willingness to accept and pay. The document asserts that forest communities should be involved in forest management policies and that policies should consider the economic activities and incomes of forest dwellers.
A Forest Planning Problem Solved Via A Linear Fractional Goal Programming ModelStacy Taylor
This document presents a linear fractional goal programming model to solve a forest planning problem in Cuba. The goal is to organize and regulate a forest plantation over 25 years to achieve a more balanced age class distribution. The model aims to reach this distribution while considering economic factors. The model is applied to a Pinus caribaea plantation in Pinar del Río province, Cuba to obtain solutions that regulate the forest while respecting economic and other decision-maker targets.
National Forestry Policy Review; key emerging issues for Reflection and consi...Dr. Joshua Zake
This presentation was prepared and delivered during a workshop that involved Members of Parliament on the Natural Resources and Climate Change Committee of Parliament. The workshop was organized by the Ecological Christian Organization. The objective of the workshop was to create awareness among the Honorable members of Parliament about the ongoing review of the National Forestry Policy, (a process coordinated by the Forest Sector Support Department in the Ministry of Water and Environment). Furthermore, to get their general feedback and specific inputs into the review process with due consideration of the various emerging issues in the Forestry sector over the last 18 years since the forestry policy and legal framework came into force in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Thus, the presentation raised various emerging issues in this respect for consideration during the review process and also suggested recommendation on how the Honorable Members of Parliament should proactively engage in the process to ensure that resultant policy framework adequately addresses the emerging issues and also stands the taste of time.
Environmental accounting as a means of promoting sustainableAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental accounting as a means to promote sustainable forestry operations in Osun State, Nigeria. It begins by providing background on sustainable development, environmental accounting, and forestry operations. It notes that while forestry provides economic benefits, uncontrolled extraction could lead to depletion. The study examines trends in timber extraction versus tree planting in Osun State. Results show tree planting is declining as tree felling increases, impacting earnings and intergenerational equity. The document concludes current practices are not sustainable and remediation costs have not been adequate to support livelihoods and sustainability. It analyzes secondary data from 2001-2010 to test the hypothesis that environmental accountability will positively influence sustaining forestry resources and outputs.
This document summarizes a report on trends, challenges, and opportunities related to forest tenure in tropical countries between 2002 and 2008. It finds that many countries adopted new laws and policies during this period to strengthen community forest rights and decentralized forest management. Specifically, it analyzed statutory changes in over 30 tropical countries and found that community forest ownership increased in Africa and Asia, though governments still control most forests. The report discusses the implications of these findings and calls for further support to local communities to sustainably manage forests and improve livelihoods.
AFFORESTATION AND NATIONAL AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME AND ACT - 2016sangeetkhule
AFFORESTATION AND NATIONAL AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME AND ACT - 2016
Afforestation is a process where new forests are planted across land without trees. As a forest grows, it naturally removes CO2 from the atmosphere and stores it in its trees.
This document analyzes the potential for developing forest clusters in five Latin American countries based on the Nordic country model. It uses Porter's "diamond" model to examine the key factors that determine competitiveness for forest clusters, including firms, factor conditions, demand conditions, related/supporting industries, and the external business environment. The study aims to identify opportunities for forestry/forest industry development, define lessons from successful Nordic clusters, and formulate policy recommendations. An executive summary provides an overview of the objectives, analytical framework and highlights from cluster analyses of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico.
This document outlines Myanmar's 1995 Forest Policy. It identifies six key imperatives for the forestry sector: protection, sustainability, basic needs, efficiency, participation, and public awareness. It also analyzes constraints such as inadequate planning and shifting cultivation. The policy's objectives are sustainable forest management and economic prosperity while contributing to environmental protection. It provides policy measures, strategies and actions to achieve the objectives over the short, medium and long term, focusing on issues like land use, protection, regeneration, industry development, and strengthening institutions and public participation.
Applying Q Methodology To Understand Private Woodland Owners Perspectives On...Sandra Long
This document summarizes existing research on classifying private woodland owners into different types based on their objectives and motivations for ownership. Most typologies classify owners into two main groups - production oriented owners who focus on timber production and generating income, and consumption/protection oriented owners who emphasize amenity, recreation, conservation or other non-financial objectives. The document reviews over a dozen studies from Europe and North America that have developed typologies identifying between four to six main types of private woodland owners.
This document provides guidance for policymakers on developing policies to promote agroforestry. It explains that agroforestry integrates trees into crop and livestock production, providing economic, social and environmental benefits. However, agroforestry remains underutilized due to various barriers. The document outlines 10 policy actions that can help mainstream agroforestry, including raising awareness, revising land policies, providing incentives, developing markets, and ensuring stakeholder participation. Case studies from around the world illustrate successful agroforestry policies and programs. The overall aim is to establish enabling conditions that recognize agroforestry's contributions to development.
GENERAL: MIBOSQUE contributes to the reduction of local causes of climate change and environmental vulnerability by promoting governance of natural resources and self-sufficiency among populations in order to improve their living conditions
Objective 1 for 2009: That 110 communities and 11 municipalities manage and administer their renewable natural resources in a sustainable manner
Objective 2 for 2009: Build capacity in 11 local governments to administer the natural resources in their jurisdictions
Objective 3 for 2009: That 2200 families served by the project improve their incomes from activities related to forestry and agroforestry
Potentiality and constraint of Private Forest in NepalDiveshShrestha1
- Private forests in Nepal can be categorized as registered, unregistered but with land ownership, and de facto ownership without formal rights. Only a small percentage are officially registered.
- Private forests make significant contributions to timber supply and the national economy, though farmers face constraints such as complex permitting processes and restrictions on harvesting and transporting high-value species.
- Recommendations include making regulations more flexible, providing financial incentives to private forest owners, and enhancing support services to increase commercialization opportunities.
The role of private sector in forest conservation & finance CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Aida Greenbury, Chair of Private Sector Roundtable at the 3rd Asia-Pacific Rainforest Summit, on 23–25 April 2018 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) conducts research on sustainable forest management, agroforestry, and tree genetic resources. It has over 100 partners worldwide and works across six research themes. Key achievements include over 1,300 publications, significant outcomes, strong monitoring and evaluation, gender mainstreaming, capacity building activities, and securing over $45 million in funding. FTA aims to refine its approach based on evaluations and adapt its research themes and focus over subsequent phases to 2025 to maximize impacts.
The document discusses several main challenges facing Georgia's forest sector, including unsustainable and illegal logging, overgrazing by livestock, pests and diseases, invasive tree species, forest fires, climate change, and unsustainable forest management practices. It proposes strategic approaches to address these issues such as developing an effective wood tracking system, prioritizing native tree species in reforestation efforts, conducting studies on pests/diseases, and increasing education on sustainable forest management.
Forests are an important natural resource in Ethiopia, providing materials, ecosystem services, and supporting the livelihoods of many. However, Ethiopia's forest cover has declined significantly over time due to population growth and unsustainable use. Forest policy and legislation aim to manage this valuable resource sustainably by outlining principles and plans for forest conservation, protection, management, and utilization, as well as related industries, in order to maximize benefits for society while preserving forests for future generations. An effective forest policy provides guidance for government agencies and helps coordinate decision-making across sectors to balance forest conservation with community development needs.
This document outlines the proposed framework for sentinel landscapes - long term socio-ecological research sites that will be used to study topics related to forests, trees and agroforestry. It describes 5 components that will be studied: smallholder systems, forest/tree resources, environmental services, climate change impacts, and trade/investment impacts. For each component, key research themes are identified. It also discusses establishing 8 geographically bounded sentinel landscapes and using a network of sites to study specific thematic questions. Methodologies are proposed for ecosystem and household monitoring. The goal is to provide long term data on social and ecological indicators across sites to better understand impacts of changes and policies.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
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Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
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Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
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2. zil. In 2005 its gross domestic product
(GDP) equaled US$18 billion (BCU 2005).
Agriculture and livestock contributed 8.7%
to the GDP. The silviculture subsector,
which comprises forest plantations, has in-
creased its share in the agricultural product
from 3.8 to 9% between 1990 and 2005
(DIEA 2006a).
Forests cover 1.5 million ha or nearly
9% of land area (Food and Agriculture
Organization [FAO] 2005). They are classi-
fied as either plantations or natural forests.
Forest plantations cover 751,000 ha and
their area has grown rapidly from 97,000 ha
in 1990. Eucalyptus species account for
76% of the planted area and pine accounts
for 22% (Figure 1). Natural forests cover Figure 1. Area planted by species (cumulative).
740,000 ha, representing 4% of the coun-
try’s land area (MGAP 2000). wood harvest, which, in turn, would sup- The main objectives of the 1987 For-
Wood products manufacturing has be- port export-oriented production. Pulpwood estry Law were to increase planted forest
gun developing rapidly in the 1990s. The exports (roundwood and chips) increased cover and to protect native forests. The pol-
forest sector today is characterized by the from 46,251 m3 in 1988 to 1.6 million m3 icy instruments used included regionaliza-
coexistence of large, vertically integrated in 2004 (Forest Division 2005). During tion, tax exonerations, subsidies, and credit.
firms with many small-scale primary pro- the 1990s pulpwood was primarily ex- Regionalization consisted of defining forest
ducers and a substantial presence of foreign ported to Europe, mainly Spain, Norway, priority zones in the country, which com-
investors (Duran 2003, Mendell et al.
´ Finland, and Portugal. Lumber exports in- prised land available for afforestation under
2007). creased from a mere 2,135 m3 in 1990 to the policy. When certain conditions were
Two domestic firms, Fymnsa and Uru- 120,347 m3 in 2004. Lumber was primarily met, landowners in the forest priority zones
for, control the largest sawmills in the coun- shipped to Italy, the United States, and were eligible for support provided by the
try and currently are increasing their pro- Japan. policy.
duction capacities. Plywood is produced by Forest Policy and Law. The Parlia-
Weyerhaeuser and Chilean Urupanel. Finn- ment approved the nation’s first Forestry Methods
ish Botnia completed a pulp mill at the end Law in 1968 (Parliament of Uruguay 1968), The Uruguayan forest policy was eval-
of 2007. This mill, with its value exceeding and the forest sector became the only sector uated by conducting a CBA from the point
US$1 billion, represents the single largest in- of the economy with a promotion policy. of view of the entire economy. This com-
vestment in the country’s history. Spanish The policy’s objective was to increase the prehensive procedure considers all potential
Empresa Nacional de Celulosa has partner- forest cover. The law did not achieve its gains and losses from a policy and is partic-
ships with several domestic manufacturers objectives for a variety of reasons, mainly be- ularly designed for the evaluation of public
and is planning the development of a pulp cause the provisions were incomplete, re- projects. Costs and benefits are measured
mill. Finally, the most recent arrival, Swed- quested funds were not allocated to the for- in terms of social utility gains and losses
ish Stora Enso is also planning the develop- est fund, and priority zones for afforestation rather than cash or revenue flows. Therefore,
ment of a pulp mill. were not identified. Furthermore, credit taxes and subsidies are not included in the
Wood Harvest, Manufacturing, and provisions were not designed in accordance CBA because they represent transfers be-
Trade. Growing plantation wood harvest with the long-term characteristics of forest tween agents within the economy (Little and
fueled a rapid growth in wood exports. The investments. Mirrlees 1974, Boardman 2001).
harvest volume increased 48% between The second Forestry Law was approved The period of analysis was from 1989 to
2000 and 2005, rising from 2.9 million to in 1987 (Parliament of Uruguay 1988), 2005, beginning with the establishment of
5.7 million m3. Pulpwood production in- with broad support even though some first plantations resulting from the passage
creased from 893,000 to 1.6 million m3, and members of the Parliament expressed their of the Forestry Law 15939. The discount
fuelwood production increased from 1.4 to concerns about some of its provisions. Sub- rate used in this project was 6%. This is the
1.6 million m3. Much of the harvest, except sidies proved to be particularly contentious. social interest rate that is being used in the
for fuelwood, is exported (Forest Division The main issues were (1) whether the sub- country to evaluate local development
2005). sidies were necessary to attract invest- projects.
Although export growth has been rapid, ments; (2) whether to subsidize other, al- “With” and “Without” CBA. The
its share in the country’s trade balance re- ready established, sectors of the economy; “with” and “without” analysis consists of es-
mains low. Forest products exports account and (3) whether the subsidies should be in timating the net marginal benefit induced
only for 5% of the country’s total exports effect for regions where better alternative by the new policy to show what would be the
(ALADI 2006). It is expected, however, uses exist for lands allocated to forest devel- situation in the area of study with and with-
that maturing plantations will increase opment. out the project (Londero and Cervini 2003).
64 Journal of Forestry • March 2009
3. In this article, the “with” case is defined as “without” case. The analysis considered from studies conducted by Vazquez Platero
´
the case with the Forestry Law established in three types of cash flows: benefits, invest- (1996) and Ramos and Cabrera (2001).
1987. This case encompasses forest planta- ments, and costs. Benefits represented posi- Growth rates and management plans were
tions established as a result of the law from tive changes for the economy, e.g., increased also obtained from these studies and were
1989 onward along with forest industries employment, decreased imports, or in- supplemented with current information ob-
that used plantation harvest to manufacture creased exports. Costs consisted of forest tained from the survey and the Forest Pro-
wood products, primarily sawmills. The production costs such as planting, thinning, ducers Society.
“without” case is defined as the case without and harvesting, followed by wood product It was assumed that 70% of the euca-
the Forestry Law, assuming that land uses manufacturing, transportation, and export. lyptus plantation area was grown for pulp
preceding the policy (livestock production) The analysis considered two types of invest- and 30% was grown for sawtimber (Tables 1
continued throughout the evaluation pe- ments: forest plantations and wood product and 2). Both thinnings produced pulp-
riod. Therefore, meat processing, tanning, manufacturing. Although investments are wood, and volume estimates were based on
and wool industries were considered as alter- generally considered positive for the econ- Methol’s model (Methol 2003). It was as-
native industries. omy, in the cash flow analysis they were sumed that 100% of the pine plantations
The question may arise whether the tra- given a negative sign as they took resources were grown for sawtimber (Table 3). This
ditional land uses, i.e., livestock production, (land, labor, and capital) from other sectors assumption was based on Ramos and Ca-
would continue during the evaluation pe- of the economy and resulted, at least during brera’s model for pine in northern Uruguay
riod without the forest policy. Although we the evaluation period, in increased imports (Ramos and Cabrera 2001).
do not know for certain, it is quite likely that of primarily manufacturing equipment. Plantation costs included fencing, soil
livestock production will remain a predom- An NPV greater than zero indicates preparation, ant control, fertilization, seed-
inant land use without the forest policy. In that forestry compared with livestock pro- lings, planting, and other minor costs and
reality, only marginal agricultural lands were duction generates more benefits than costs were taken from Ramos and Cabrera
converted to forestry and, in some cases, to the economy. On the other hand, an (2001). The total production costs for euca-
agroforestry uses. Beyond agriculture and NPV smaller than zero indicates that the lyptus and pine plantations are presented in
forestry there have not been any other devel- costs were higher than the benefits, and Tables 4 and 5. Labor accounted for 16% of
opmental pressures. So, the question really therefore the continued livestock produc- the costs, and imported items accounted for
becomes whether the forest sector would tion would have been preferable. In addi- another 10%. Only labor and imported
have developed without the forest policy. tion, the internal rate of return (IRR) of items were included because they represent
That too seems quite unlikely. the net cash flows was calculated. The IRR is the opportunity cost of resources foregone
Uruguay’s Forestry Law passed in 1968 the discount rate for which benefits and for the economy.
was the first forest sector promotion policy costs from the project are equal; therefore, In estimating wood industry manufac-
in the country. Because its provisions were the NPV at the IRR is equal to zero. An turing costs, sawmills were included for the
incomplete or insufficient funds were allo- IRR higher than the discount rate reflecting case “with” the law. The case “without” the
cated, the policy failed. Only with the sec- the opportunity cost of the capital indicates 1987 law consisted of meat processing, tan-
ond Forestry Law of 1987 did the forest sec- that the policy provided benefits for the ning, and wool industries. Transportation
tor begin to develop. economy. cost from the plantation to the sawmill was
It is unlikely that domestic entities In addition, the analysis uses shadow assumed at US$0.11/tn per km and from
would initiate a rapid forest sector develop- prices to evaluate the policy’s impacts. the sawmill to the port was assumed at
ment. The reasons for that are numerous. Shadow prices are defined as increases in US$0.045/tn per km (Ramos and Cabrera
Capital in Uruguay is very limited and diffi- welfare resulting from marginal changes in 2001). In case of livestock production, live-
cult to obtain. There also was not the know- the availability of commodities or factors of stock transportation cost was estimated at
how necessary for the rapid deployment of production. They are used when market US$0.11/tn per km (Ramos and Cabrera
fast-growing plantations including genetic prices do not reflect the opportunity cost of 2001, DIEA 2006b).
material selection, appropriate management using the resources. A CBA uses prices that Investments in plantations were calcu-
regimes, adequate wood manufacturing aim at capturing the money measures of lated as the total area reported to the Forest
capacity, and developed exports markets. the effects attributable to an additional de- Division multiplied by the land price per
This expertise was to a large extent brought mand or supply of goods and services on all hectare for the same year. Forest and live-
in by foreign investors. Investors could have individuals affected (Londero and Cervini stock land price series were provided by
come to the country earlier but they chose 2003). DIEA (2006c).
not too, at least not until the 1987 Forestry Data. Costs, investments, and benefits For the case “with” the 1987 law, total
Law was passed. These factors indicate that were estimated from primary and secondary wood exports were estimated according to
the rapid development of the forest sector information. Primary information was ob- the level of production. The total volume
would not have taken place without the pro- tained from a survey of five key forest com- extracted until 2005 was 35 million m3 of
motion policy. panies in the country conducted in July pulpwood and 4 million m3 of sawtimber.
The net present value (NPV) was calcu- 2006 (Morales Olmos 2007). Market prices As of 2005, there were no pulp mills in the
lated to determine whether the forest policy were converted to shadow prices according country; therefore, it was assumed that all
generated net benefits for the economy. It to two studies conducted in 1995 and 2004 pulpwood was exported. The sawn wood
represents the difference between cash flows (Fernandez Gaeta 1995, Pereyra 2004). For-
´ was processed and exported as lumber. Ex-
for the “with” case and cash flows for the est plantation and sawmill data were taken port value was estimated by considering av-
Journal of Forestry • March 2009 65
4. Table 1. Eucalyptus management regime Table 3. Pine management regime.
(pulpwood).
Cubic meters
Growth rate (m3/ha per yr) 30 Extraction per hectare Year Sawtimber Fuelwood Nonvalue
Rotation age (yr) 9
Extraction (m3/ha) 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First thinning 11 4 0 0 100
Source: Methol (2001). Second thinning 93 12 50 50 0
Third thinning 188 18 70 30 0
Table 2. Eucalyptus management regime Final harvest 255 22 85 15 0
(sawtimber). Source: Ramos and Cabrera (2001).
Cubic meters
Table 4. Eucalyptus production costs. Table 5. Pine production costs.
Extraction per hectare Product Year
First thinning 50 Pulpwood 9
Pulpwood Establishment costs (US$/ha) 400
Second thinning 140 Pulpwood 13
Establishment costs (US$/ha) 400 Pruning (US$/ha) 60
Final harvest 340 Sawtimber 18
Administration and management (US$/ha) Administration and management (US$/ha)
Source: Methol (2001). Ant control (year 1) 70 Ant control (year 1) 70
Coppice control (years 1 and 2) 19 Roads 4.6
Roads 4.6 Administration (annual) 4.7
Administration (annual) 4.7 Thinning (US$/m3) 8
erage values obtained from the Forest Divi- Harvest (US$/m3) 8 Harvest (US$/m3) 8
sion. Pulpwood prices ranged from US$20 Sawtimber
Sources: Ramos and Cabrera (2001), Forest Industries Survey
to 30/m3, and lumber prices ranged from Establishment costs (US$/ha) 400
(2006).
Pruning (US$/ha) 60
US$84 to 112/m3 (Forest Division 2004). Administration and management (US$/ha)
For the scenario “without” the 1987 law, Ant control (year 1) 70
exports from alternative activities were based Coppice control (years 1 and 2) 19
Roads 4.6
on existing production levels and producer Administration (annual) 4.7
crease by more than 3% and the NPV would
prices (Table 6). Thinning (US$/m3) 8 decrease more than 26%. A reduction in
The bare land value (BLV) criterion Harvest (US$/m3) 8 eucalyptus yields has more impact on NPV
was used to estimate the terminal value of Sources: Ramos and Cabrera (2001), Forest Industries Survey
and IRR than a reduction in pine yields.
the plantations investments. A BLV, associ- (2006). This is because approximately 76% of the
ated with a given rotation age, is the NPV of area is covered with eucalyptus and only
the returns from all the rotations in the con- 22% is covered with pine.
tinuing series (Clutter et al. 1983). The BLV was 32.4%. The results implied that the The results were also sensitive to
for the land devoted for eucalyptus planta- country was better off by allocating low pro- changes in land prices. A drop of 20% in
tions was estimated at US$4,106/ha and ductivity lands to forestry rather than live- land prices would result in a 14% increase in
for the land devoted to pine plantations stock production, because it generated a pos- the IRR and a 21% increase in the NPV. On
was estimated at US$1,982/ha. This BLV itive NPV compared with grazing and a rate the other hand, a 20% increase would lower
approach is conservative in the sense that it of return higher than the discount rate used the IRR by 8% and the NPV by 10%. The
does not include the value of standing tim- to evaluate the project. The results showed IRR is less sensitive to changes in manage-
ber; however, we did not have sufficient in- that when harvesting starts, the costs of for- ment costs. An increase of 10% in thinning,
formation to develop a reliable estimate of estry increase but the benefits increase even harvesting, and management costs alters the
that value. more (Figure 2). It should be noted that the IRR by 2%.
Finally, we assessed how sensitive the biggest forest industry investments consist- Forestry generates higher employment
results were with respect to the assumptions ing of pulp mills were not included because than livestock production on the same land
made. The sensitivity analyses helped iden- they had not started their operations by the base. Considering the primary production
tify key variables that affect the policy’s re- conclusion of this study. costs in both alternatives, forestry costs are
sults. They were conducted by varying wood The results are more sensitive to higher. Labor accounts for much of the
prices, wood yields, transportation costs, changes in pulpwood prices than in lumber costs; therefore, the forest activity has a pos-
land prices and thinning, administration, prices. A 10% rise in pulpwood prices would itive impact on employment. Results show
and harvesting costs. increase the IRR by 1.3%. Meanwhile, the that, on average, forestry labor costs were
same increase in lumber prices would in- four times higher than labor costs in live-
Results crease the IRR by only 0.2%. This probably stock production. If pruning, thinning,
The results indicated that the develop- results from the fact that pulpwood accounts management, administration, and harvest-
ment of the forest sector (“with” the 1987 for most of the wood harvest; therefore, a ing costs are added, labor costs are 20 times
Forestry Law) has had a net positive impact change in its price had a larger impact on the higher than those in livestock production.
on the Uruguayan economy from 1989 to model’s results. These results are consistent with those esti-
2005. The NPV for the forest sector alterna- The results are also sensitive to changes mated by the Forest Division and Ramos
tive equaled US$615.4 million, using a 6% in yields. If eucalyptus and pine plantations and Cabrera (Ramos and Cabrera 2001, San
discount rate. The IRR for the forest sector yields decrease by 20%, the IRR would de- Roman 2004).
´
66 Journal of Forestry • March 2009
5. Table 6. Livestock production and prices.
Production Prices
Product (kg/ha per yr) (US$/kg)
Beef 44–51 0.42–0.7
Lamb 5 0.29–0.7
Wool 3 1.2–3.5
Source: Ramos and Cabrera (2001).
Discussion and Conclusions
The 1987 Forestry Law in Uruguay was
developed to promote economic growth and
generate environmental benefits. The gov-
ernment considered it as a tool to transform
marginal agricultural lands offering good
forest growth conditions into a thriving,
Figure 2. Forestry and livestock: Incremental costs and benefits.
globally competitive forest sector. The gov-
ernment thought that effective policies will
help in developing a higher-value land use has reached such a development stage that it general equilibrium structure. It requires the
while promoting economic development, can be self-sustaining from now on. As a re- estimation of macroeconomic equations,
creating employment, attracting foreign in- sult, the 1987 Forestry Law and the ensuing which was beyond the scope of this project.
vestment, and increasing exports. Although reallocation of land to forestry have been An I–O model uses a matrix to represent a
the development of the Forest Law benefited beneficial to the national economy. nation’s economy in terms of linkages be-
from broad support in the legislature, it still The future is promising and the policy tween sectors, households, and government.
was controversial. Subsidies, tax breaks, and results will likely be even better when cur- The rationale for a more comprehensive ap-
regionalization were hotly debated. rent developments are taken into the ac- proach is that in a small country such as
The results of this analysis strongly in- count. The large Botnia mill started opera- Uruguay, the forest sector, once large pulp
dicate that the law has been successful and tions in the end of 2007 and two other mills mill, and other manufacturing facilities as-
achieved its stated goals. The forest planta- are under various stages of planning. At the sume production, will account for a larger
tion cover in Uruguay is currently nearly same time, the global demand for pulp has share of the country’s economy.
four times higher than in 1990, employment increased by 4% in 2006 (Wood Resources Finally, additional research should in-
and income increased, large investments in International 2006). In addition, the de- corporate nonmarket variables. They in-
wood manufacturing were made, and wood mand for paper and board has also been clude a range of environmental services that
products exports are rapidly increasing. Al- growing, gaining 4.8% in 2004 only—the are provided by forest plantations. Environ-
though subsidies and tax exonerations were largest increase since 1997. While lumber mental values are increasingly important in
important factors in promoting the forest demand has decreased in the United States, policy debates, and Uruguay is no exception.
investments, equally important were signals it has increased in Europe and Japan. The Although the plantations have been criti-
that the policy sent to investors. Basically, growing demand represents an opportunity cized on environmental grounds, they ap-
the government signaled that it was seriously for Uruguayan products; however, an anal- pear to put less stress on the environment
committed to forest sector development. ysis of price trends and markets would be than agriculture and livestock. They offer a
This helped to mass start forest plantation required to assess potential benefits. As a re- wide range of benefits from erosion protec-
programs. Maturing plantations substan- sult, an extension of this CBA analysis tion to carbon storage, bird watching, and
tially increased harvest volumes, attracting should be conducted in a few years time. protection of native forests as they decrease
wood products manufacturing. This is because large wood manufacturing harvest pressures (FAO 2005). The country
The arrival of substantial foreign invest- facilities are nearing completion and will ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 and has
ments flows was further promoted by gener- start operating in the next few years. Their been promoting participation in the clean
ally stable economic conditions, the de- massive, value-added production targeting development mechanism for forestry and
nomination of investments in US dollars, global wood and paper markets will have a agricultural projects. The opportunity cost
thus reducing foreign exchange risks and major impact on the country’s economy. of sequestering carbon has to be evaluated.
regulations allowing setting up operations in The use of a more comprehensive In addition, plantation forests provide shel-
free trade zones therefore repelling a number evaluation method may also cast more in- ter for cattle as agroforestry systems have
of taxes for up to 15 years. Where acquisi- formation on the policy’s impacts. Three been adopted in recent years. Certainly,
tion of forest plantations took place, private approaches are generally used to evaluate some impacts could have negative environ-
landownership and secure land tenure cer- forest policies. They include the computable mental consequences. All these impacts need
tainly played a large role. general equilibrium (CGE) models, input– to be evaluated to inform policy debates and
Even though many subsidies, particu- output (I–O) models, and CBA, which was permit rational land-use decisionmaking.
larly those targeting tree planting, already used in this study. A CGE model simulates a In summary, this study evaluated the
expired, it is apparent that the forest sector market economy by considering an abstract 1987 Forestry Law in Uruguay nearly 20
Journal of Forestry • March 2009 67
6. years after it was developed using a CBA ap- CLUTTER, J.L., J.C.FORTSON, L.V. PIENAAR, MENDELL, B., V. MORALES, Z. BENNADJI, A.
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68 Journal of Forestry • March 2009