Dementia is a general term for the impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with daily life. It is caused by damage to brain cells that prevents normal communication between cells, affecting thinking, behavior and feelings. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases, while vascular dementia is the second most common type. Symptoms of dementia vary but include memory loss, problems with attention, communication, reasoning and visual perception beyond normal aging.

1. Dementia is a general term for loss of memory, language, problem-solving and
other thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life.
Dementia is not a specific disease but is rather a general term for the impaired
ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with doing everyday
activities. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia. Though
dementia mostly affects older adults, it is not a part of normal aging.
Dementia is not a single disease; it’s an overall term — like heart disease — that
covers a wide range of specific medical conditions, including Alzheimer’s
disease. Disorders grouped under the general term “dementia” are caused by
abnormal brain changes. These changes trigger a decline in thinking skills, also
known as cognitive abilities, severe enough to impair daily life and independent
function. They also affect behavior, feelings and relationships.
Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60-80% of cases. Vascular dementia, which
occurs because of microscopic bleeding and blood vessel blockage in the brain,
is the second most common cause of dementia. Those who experience the brain
changes of multiple types of dementia simultaneously have mixed dementia.
There are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including
some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies.
Symptoms and signs of dementia
 Short-term memory.
 Keeping track of a purse or wallet.
 Paying bills.
 Planning and preparing meals.
 Remembering appointments.
 Traveling out of the neighborhood.
Causes

2. Dementia is caused by damage to brain cells. This damage
interferes with the ability of brain cells to communicate with each
other. When brain cells cannot communicate normally, thinking,
behavior and feelings can be affected.
The brain has many distinct regions, each of which is responsible for
different functions (for example, memory, judgment and movement).
When cells in a particular region are damaged, that region cannot carry
out its functions normally.
Signs that may point to dementia include:
 Getting lost in a familiar neighborhood
 Using unusual words to refer to familiar objects
 Forgetting the name of a close family member or friend
 Forgetting old memories
 Not being able to complete tasks independently
What are the signs and symptoms of dementia?
Because dementia is a general term, its symptoms can vary widely from
person to person. People with dementia have problems with:
 Memory
 Attention
 Communication
 Reasoning, judgment, and problem solving
 Visual perception beyond typical age-related changes in vision
Signs that may point to dementia include:
 Getting lost in a familiar neighborhood
 Using unusual words to refer to familiar objects
 Forgetting the name of a close family member or friend
 Forgetting old memories
 Not being able to complete tasks independently

3. What increases the risk for dementia?
 Age
The strongest known risk factor for dementia is increasing age, with
most cases affecting those of 65 years and older
 Family history
Those who have parents or siblings with dementia are more likely to
develop dementia themselves.
 Race/ethnicity
Older African Americans are twice more likely to have dementia than
whites. Hispanics 1.5 times more likely to have dementia than whites.
 Poor heart health
High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking increase the risk
of dementia if not treated properly.
 Traumatic brain injury
Head injuries can increase the risk of dementia, especially if they are
severe or occur repeatedly.
How is dementia treated?
Treatment of dementia depends on the underlying cause.
Neurodegenerative dementias, like Alzheimer’s disease, have
no cure, though there are medications that can help protect the
brain or manage symptoms such as anxiety or behavior
changes. Research to develop more treatment options is
ongoing.
Leading a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, healthy
eating, and maintaining social contacts, decreases chances of
developing chronic diseases and may reduce number of people
with dementia.

4. What to do if a loved one is suspicious of having dementia?
 Discuss with loved one. Talk about seeing a medical
provider about the observed changes soon. Talk about the
issue of driving and always carrying an ID.
 Medical assessment. Be with a provider that you are
comfortable with. Ask about the Medicare Annual Wellness
exam.
 Family Meeting. Start planning, and gather documents like
the Health Care Directive, Durable Power of Attorney for
Health Care, Estate Plan.