This dissertation examines the nature of service and participation through a dialectic approach. It explores whether there is an underlying principle of service, defines the nature of service through a historical analysis, identifies layers of participation, and applies the framework to conceptual models. The dissertation was submitted to Carnegie Mellon University's School of Design to earn a Doctor of Philosophy degree under the supervision of a dissertation committee.

1. Designing for Participation:
An Inquiry into the Nature of Service
A dissertation submitted to the School of Design, Carnegie Mellon University,
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Candidate: Miso Kim
Dissertation Committee
Prof. Richard Buchanan (Chair)
Prof. Terry Irwin
Prof. Suguru Ishizaki
Prof. Kristin Hughes

2. Dialectic approach
1. Is there principle of service?
• Problem and hypothesis
2. What is the nature of service?
• History of service
3. What is the character of participation?
• Layers of participation
4. How does the framework apply?
• Participatory economy, conceptual models
5. Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

3. Top 20 word cloud of 40 definitions of service design
Problem
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance

4. Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Problem
IDEO for Zen Hospice, “Redesigning Death”

5. Problem
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Facebook | Elizabeth Sedway

6. Hypothesis
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance

7. Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015
Hypothesis
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance

8. ?
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015
Hypothesis
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance

9. My hypothesis: service as system of participation
The collective action of people connecting to the whole to achieve a shared goal.
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

10. A Historical survey on the perspectives on service
SERVICE
The Antiquity
The Contemporary
Objectified labor
Modern
Contracted assistance
Rome
Mutual aid
Middle Age
Communal sharing
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

11. Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
The Philosopher in Meditation, Rembrandt
Service as objectified labor

12. Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Service as mutual aid
“Gaius addressing the Plebeians” from Wikipedia.com

13. Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Service as communal sharing
An Icon of the Good Samaritan

14. Service as assistance by contract
The Love Letter, Vermeer
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance

15. The industrialization of service
http://gold-silver.us/forum/showthread.php?60798-Original-McDonalds-Menu
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance

16. The historical perspectives in service blueprint
Lynn Shostack’s initial blueprint
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance

17. The historical perspectives in service blueprint
Bluepint by Mary Joe Bitner
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance

18. The historical perspectives in service blueprint
Blueprint by Carrie Chan and IBM Research
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance

19. The historical perspectives in service blueprint
Le Corbusier with his blueprint
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance

20. A Historical survey on the perspectives on service
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015
SERVICE
The Antiquity
The Contemporary
Objectified labor
Modern
Contracted assistance
Rome
Mutual aid
Middle Age
Communal sharing

21. Layers of participation
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015
PARTICIPATION
Coproduction
Argumentation Experience
Commitment

22. Layers of participation
PARTICIPATION
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015
Coproduction
Experience
Argumentation
Commitment

23. PARTICIPATION
Coproduction
Experience
Argumentation
Commitment
Layers of participation
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

24. PARTICIPATION
Layers of participation
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015
Coproduction
Experience
Argumentation
Commitment

25. Coproduction
Experience
Argumentation
Commitment
PARTICIPATION
Layers of participation
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

26. Participation as coproduction
• Part: Resource
• Whole: Service factory
• Cohesive force: Ownership
• Action: activity (unit of productivity)
• Action gpassion
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

27. Participation as argumentation
• Part: Role
• Whole: Performance
• Cohesive force: Negotiation
• Action: Acting (performance)
• Action f passion
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

28. Participation as experience
• Part: Living organism
• Whole: Environment
• Cohesive force: Causality
• Action: Conscious action
• Action / passion in balance
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

29. Participation as commitment
• Part: Soul
• Whole: Idea
• Cohesive force: Harmony
• Action: Non-action
• Action = passion
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

30. Participatory economy and layers of participation
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

31. Sharing economy
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

32. Participatory economy
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

33. Participation as coproduction
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

34. Participation as argumentation
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

35. Participation as experience
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

36. Participation as commitment
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

37. Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Conceptual Models
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

38. A model for service design education
DESIGN
PRCESS
2. Research
3. Invention 4. Synthesis
1. Framing
5. Delivery
Coproduction
Argumentation Experience
Commitment
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

39. 1. Framing
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Student works from the service design classes taught by the author, Carnegie Mellon School of Design, 2009~2012

40. 2. Research
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Student works from the service design classes taught by the author, Carnegie Mellon School of Design, 2009~2012

41. 3. Invention
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Student works from the service design classes taught by the author, Carnegie Mellon School of Design, 2009~2012

42. 4. Synthesis
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Student works from the service design classes taught by the author, Carnegie Mellon School of Design, 2009~2012

43. 5. Delivery
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Student works from the service design classes taught by the author, Carnegie Mellon School of Design, 2009~2012

44. Significance
• Brings the discourse around service onto human-centric principle with a deeper
and broader understanding on service as a collective human activity.
• Provides common framework for critique, discussion, and case studies
• Expands the discourse on core designer competency in service, thereby
contributing to a richer collaboration with other fields.
• Helps the interdisciplinary team to develop shared understanding of service
• Inspires the development of new methods and the integration of tools from
related fields by articulating why certain method is particularly useful.
• Can serve as a model for problem analysis, opportunity exploration, and
qualitative evaluation of service design practice.
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

45. Coproduction
Experience
Argumentation
Commitment
PARTICIPATION
Significance
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

46. Argumentation
Experience Commitment
Coproduction
PARTICIPATION
Significance
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

47. Argumentation
Experience
PARTICIPATION
Commitment
Coproduction
Significance
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015

48. Questions and feedbacks
Thank you! :)
Problem • Hypothesis • History of service • Layers of participation • Applications • Significance
Designing for Participation: An Inquiry into the Nature of Service • Carnegie Mellon School of Design • April 30, 2015