Horticulture and Garden Operations Mini Series: A Discriminating Palette to Fill Your Canvas: Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) for Botanic Garden Decision-Making
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the risk of plant species introduced into botanical gardens becoming invasive weeds using a Weed Risk Assessment (WRA). The study analyzed data on plant introductions at two botanical gardens to compare risk scores between conservation species and horticultural introductions. It found conservation species had significantly lower and less variable risk scores than horticultural species. No species scored above the threshold for high risk of invasiveness. The study concludes the WRA is an effective tool for evaluating managed relocations of plant species into botanical gardens, especially when uncertainty exists about a species' risk of becoming invasive.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Latin American Congress of Chemistry on 30th September 2010, in the symposium on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: the role of the chemical sciences.
Crop wild relatives - looking at trends in genetic diversity to inform conser...Bioversity International
Presentation given by Elena Fiorino, Imke Thormann and Ehsan Dullo from Bioversity International on the closing day of the International Horticultural Congress 2014.
In their presentation they tackle questions such as 'Why is in situ conservation of crop wild relatives important?' and 'How can we develop in situ conservation strategies?'
Watch this video to learn more about crop wild relatives and why they are the cornerstone of agriculture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ah7RruMZ9CU
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Latin American Congress of Chemistry on 30th September 2010, in the symposium on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: the role of the chemical sciences.
Crop wild relatives - looking at trends in genetic diversity to inform conser...Bioversity International
Presentation given by Elena Fiorino, Imke Thormann and Ehsan Dullo from Bioversity International on the closing day of the International Horticultural Congress 2014.
In their presentation they tackle questions such as 'Why is in situ conservation of crop wild relatives important?' and 'How can we develop in situ conservation strategies?'
Watch this video to learn more about crop wild relatives and why they are the cornerstone of agriculture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ah7RruMZ9CU
In light of the 'Soils and pulses: symbiosis for life – A contribution to the Agenda 2030' event that took place at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), Bioversity International's researcher Paola De Santis highlighted the importance of pulse diversity in managing pests and diseases in farmers' fields. Planting diverse pulse varieties can reduce the farm’s vulnerability to pests and diseases, and is a risk management strategy for unpredictability in rainfall and temperatures.
Learn more about Bioversity International's research on managing pests and diseases: http://bit.ly/23ZWtBW
Development and improvement of cassava source populations,Major Disease/Pest Constraints of Cassava,Agronomic characteristics, pest reactions of promising micronutrient-rich clones,Polyploid breeding for enhanced micronutrient content,Yam Genetic Improvement
28. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses – drought resistance – mechanisms of drought resistance (drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance) – features associated with drought resistance – sources of drought resistance – breeding methods for drought resistance – limitations – achievements; breeding for resistance to water logging – effects of water logging mechanism of tolerance – ideotype for flooded areas – breeding methods.
Presentation on progress toward a national strategy for conservation of CWR in the US, given at the curators and PGOC meeting, Spokane Washington June 2012
The risk myrtle rust poses to threatened Myrtaceae species in Australia is becoming more apparent with significant dieback and tree death recorded as a result of repeated infection.
Research presented in this session addresses the need to better understand the impacts of pests and diseases on the environment and the various ways that social science and the rules of community engagement can be applied for better biosecurity.
In light of the 'Soils and pulses: symbiosis for life – A contribution to the Agenda 2030' event that took place at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), Bioversity International's researcher Paola De Santis highlighted the importance of pulse diversity in managing pests and diseases in farmers' fields. Planting diverse pulse varieties can reduce the farm’s vulnerability to pests and diseases, and is a risk management strategy for unpredictability in rainfall and temperatures.
Learn more about Bioversity International's research on managing pests and diseases: http://bit.ly/23ZWtBW
Development and improvement of cassava source populations,Major Disease/Pest Constraints of Cassava,Agronomic characteristics, pest reactions of promising micronutrient-rich clones,Polyploid breeding for enhanced micronutrient content,Yam Genetic Improvement
28. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses – drought resistance – mechanisms of drought resistance (drought escape, avoidance, tolerance, and resistance) – features associated with drought resistance – sources of drought resistance – breeding methods for drought resistance – limitations – achievements; breeding for resistance to water logging – effects of water logging mechanism of tolerance – ideotype for flooded areas – breeding methods.
Presentation on progress toward a national strategy for conservation of CWR in the US, given at the curators and PGOC meeting, Spokane Washington June 2012
Similar to Horticulture and Garden Operations Mini Series: A Discriminating Palette to Fill Your Canvas: Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) for Botanic Garden Decision-Making
The risk myrtle rust poses to threatened Myrtaceae species in Australia is becoming more apparent with significant dieback and tree death recorded as a result of repeated infection.
Research presented in this session addresses the need to better understand the impacts of pests and diseases on the environment and the various ways that social science and the rules of community engagement can be applied for better biosecurity.
Nuts & Bolts: Genetically Appropriate Choices for Plant Materials to Maintain...nycparksnmd
Dr. Arlee Montavalo, University of California, Riverside
Symposium:
What is Local? Genetics & Plant Selection in the Urban Context. (Tuesday, May 23, 2006, American Museum of Natural History)
Pierce’s disease, bacterial canker, citrus greening, crown gall, and many other diseases share a common mechanism. Each is caused by bacterial populations plugging the plant’s vascular tissue, preventing transport of nutrients and water in the plant.
Fields where vascular bacterial diseases become established often have similar environmental and nutritional characteristics. Emerging research describes how these organisms thrive in environments where manganese availability is very low, as a result of chelation or soil oxidation, and where plant sap accumulates elevated ammonium as a result of photorespiration with inadequate carbohydrate reserves.
By understanding the root causes of these diseases we can begin correcting nutrition imbalances and cultural practices to increase resistance and reduce severity. In this webinar, John Kempf describes how to prevent vascular bacterial diseases with organic practices. Watch the video at https://youtu.be/oDumwyNE0CI.
Tracey Gray, fropm Port Fairy Consolidated School, delivered this presentation to VCE Environmental Science stuednts in May, 2008 as part of the Unit 3: Biodiversity course.
Advances in Apple Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the binomial Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name (Korban and Skirvin, 1984). It belongs to the family Rosaceae and subfamily Maloideae and haploid chromosome number is x = 17 and somatic chromosome is 2x =34. The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crab apples(Malus baccata). Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid. While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars (‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size. Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in these relatives of cultivated apple.
There are over 30 primary species of apple and most can be readily hybridized (Korban 1986, Way et al. 1991). The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by inter-specific
hybridization (Harris et al. 2002). Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border between western China and the former Soviet Union. Apples are the main forest tree there and display the full range of colors, forms and tastes found in domesticated apples across the world (Forsline et al. 1994, Hokanson et al. 1997). The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al. (2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii. Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M. baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia from China. It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002).
Malus has 25 to 30 species and several sub-species, many of which are cultivated as ornamental trees for their profuse blossoms and attractive fruits. Many of the species intercross freely and semi selfincompatibility is common. Trees grown from collection of Malus are frequently inter-specific or inter-varietal hybrids. The cultivated apple is botanically Malus domestica Borkh. Malus baccata (Crab apple) and M. sikkimensis occur wild in India. M. baccata var. himalaica in North Western region and Meghalaya and M. baccata var. dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh. Seven ecotypes of M. baccata have also been collected from different temperate region. (Randhawa, 1987). Varietal diversity of apple in Indian Himalayas is primarily introduction from Europe and North American
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Horticulture and Garden Operations Mini Series: A Discriminating Palette to Fill Your Canvas: Weed Risk Assessment (WRA) for Botanic Garden Decision-Making
1. Weed risk assessment for botanical garden plant introductions:balancing the risks and benefits of ex situ conservation Hong Liu: Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Florida International University Chad Husby: Montgomery Botanical Center Sarah Reichard: University of Washington
2. Cultivation of food (ca. 12,000 BC) Cultivation of ornamental plants (1400 BC?) What are gardens for? Historically:
7. Conservation through Cultivation Propagation of rare species ex situ can contribute substantially to conservation efforts Exchange of horticultural expertise and technology from such efforts can greatly enhance both in situ and ex situ conservation but…should we be cautious about introducing and propagating some rare species ex situ?
8. What are the risks of ex situ conservation introductions and other managed relocations (MR)? May behave as an invasive species or introduce associated pests or pathogens (Ricciardi and Simberloff, 2008)
9. Example of an endangered species that has become problematic ex situ Monterey pine (Pinus radiata): A rare declining species - 3 small California coastal populations - 2 island populations in Mexico Very popular plantation and landscape species Naturalized and invasive in southern hemisphere and northern California http://www.craigpine.co.nz/Seedlings.jpg
10. Botanical garden introductions 14 species of exotic mangroves introduced to Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (1940s-1980s) Most were hard to grow over the long term - often the case with plant introductions http://www.flickr.com/photos/edgley_cesar/3366002009/sizes/l/
11. Botanical garden introductions One escaped: Lumnitzera racemosa -showing weedy tendencies (Forquerean et al. 2009) http://ecobird.tncg.gov.tw/ecobird/warehouse/B00/971021030.jpg
12. Another barely persisted, but is not a problem:Bruguiera gymnorhizza http://www.efloras.org/gallery_image.aspx?flora_id=600&gallery_id=1091&image_id=1476 http://www.flickr.com/photos/ilmare77/3224619063/sizes/l/
13. Can we predict which species are a real risk? A priori approach: Not native = too risky Automatically “guilty” based on geographic origin location during a recent period of earth’s history Data driven approach Weed Risk Assessment Give species a multifaceted hearing – no a priori condemnation based on geographic origin Photo by Mike Bush
14. Why Managed Relocations (MR)? In situ conservation not always feasible Climate change may make this the only choice for many rare species Other types of habitat destruction and degradation – e.g. .deforestation, flooding, pollution
15. What is a weed? A “weed” does not exist objectively Concept of a weed flows from a combination of: Biological characteristics Ecological context History Human context
16. Australian WRA 49 Questions: Climate/distribution Domestication Weed elsewhere Undesirable traits for humans Plant type Reproduction Dispersal Persistence attributes <1 = not a pest 1-6 evaluate further > 6 = a pest
17. Sample Questions: Reproduction 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproduction failure in the native habitat 6.02 Produces viable seed 6.03 Hybridizes naturally 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic 6.05 Require specialist pollinators 6.06 Reproduction by vegetatative fragmentation 6.07 Minimum generative time (years)
18. General Applicability Tested in New Zealand, Hawaii, Pacific Islands, Czech Republic, Bonin Islands, Florida Across sites 90% accurate in predicting invaders, 70% accurate with non-invaders Gordon et al. 2008
19. Casuarina vs. Gymnostoma:Pacific island WRA Casuarina equisetifolia: score = 21, High Risk Casuarina glauca: score = 20, High Risk Casuarina cunninghamiana: score = 12, High Risk Gymnostoma papuanum: score = 0, Low Risk
22. Testing the WRA for Managed Relocations in Botanical Gardens Data from ex situ introduced species in botanical gardens: Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (FTBG) Montgomery Botanic Center (MBC) Address two questions: Do threatened species have lower weed risk than non-threatened horticulturally introduced species? Can the WRA pick out the high risk species among the FTBG introductions?
23. Using the WRA for Botanic Garden Introductions Conservation species (22 spp.) Ex situ conservation from Caribbean, tropical America, Asia, etc. General horticultural species (22 spp.) Sale species promoted by FTBG to the general gardening public from 1955-1979 Matched with ex situ conservation species by habit (e.g., tree/shrub, palm, etc.)
24. Implementing the WRA Species evaluated using Florida WRA, risk scores calculated (1<not a problem, 1-6 evaluate further, >6 a problem) Data from FTBG/MBC records, internet and published sources, and field observations 3 evaluators, then checked for consistency
27. Diospyros maritimaa high-scoring horticultural introduction species Collected by David Fairchild from El Templo Island, Philippines Introduced into the Fairchild Garden in 1940 after Cheng-Ho Expedition Seedlings found recently in Matheson Hammock park, next to the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Photo by Edward Beckwith Photo by Dr. Carl Lewis
29. Examples of low scoring species Croton fishlockii, Endemic to St. John Island (The US Virgin Islands) Buxus vahlii, Endemic to Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands (U.K.) - Anegada
30. Using the WRA for Garden Introductions Scores of conservation species varied significantly less than horticultural introduction species The conservation scores were substantially lower than the cut off point determining non-invasiveness Scores for both groups were low
31. General recommendation We recommend implementation of the Modified Australia Weed Risk Assessment Protocol as one of the tools to evaluate managed relocation Candidates: …especially when there is prior concern or uncertainty about the risks posed by a plant species
32. Acknowledgements Staff of FTBG (Mary Collins and Marilyn Griffiths) and MBC (Arantza Strader) are acknowledged for their help in providing data on the evaluated species. Jason Downing (Florida International University) helped with scoring, supported by Montgomery Botanical Center fellowship