The document shows statistics on villages, total population and tribal population from the 2001 census for existing Mini Multi-purpose Development Agency (MADA) pockets in Maharashtra state. It includes details for 379 villages across 4 regions of the state - Thane, Nashik, Amravati and Nagpur, with a total population of 1,901,515 people and a tribal population of 1,138,822, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.
1. The document shows district-wise, pocket-wise, tahsil-wise and ITDP-wise data on villages, total population and tribal population from the 2001 census of existing MADA pockets in Maharashtra.
2. It provides information on 1508 total villages across Maharashtra, with a total population of 8,87,028 and tribal population of 4,81,825, which accounts for 54% of the total.
3. The data is summarized in an abstract showing regional figures for villages, total population and tribal percentage across Thane, Nashik, Amravati and Nagpur regions.
Socio-economic profile of Shifting Cultivators of TripuraIndraneel Bhowmik
Study on the basis of a sample drawn from all the four districts of Tripura. Narrates the attemts at rehabilitation of Tribal people. Part of the ITTO Pre-Project commissioned by TFDPC
The document analyzes the socio-economic impacts of bauxite mining in Koraput region of Odisha, India. It discusses the bauxite deposits and reserves in Odisha. The research focuses on whether mining benefits or harms local livelihoods. The methodology includes surveying 491 households across 12 villages near mines and refineries. Key findings are that mining displaced many households from agricultural land without compensation. While some obtained jobs with NALCO, others became wage laborers with unstable incomes. The study aims to assess mining's full impacts and how benefits can be maximized for local communities.
The document describes mapping crop intensity and characterizing stress prone areas in Odisha, India using remote sensing. Key findings include:
1) Satellite imagery was used to map cropping patterns in Odisha, identifying different rice cropping classes based on irrigation and season.
2) Temporal signatures from satellite data helped differentiate cropping systems like irrigated single crop rice, irrigated double crop rice/rice, and rainfed single crop rice.
3) Spatial modeling integrated bio-physical data from remote sensing with household survey data to analyze relationships between agricultural production and socioeconomic factors.
The document provides district and taluka wise population data for tribal populations in Maharashtra based on the 2001 census. Some key details:
- Thane district has the largest tribal population of 11,99,290 people, comprising 14.74% of the district's total population.
- Nandurbar taluka in Nandurbar district has the highest percentage of tribal population at 40.82% of the total population.
- Akkalkuwa taluka in Nandurbar district also has a very high tribal population percentage at 84.76% of the total population.
- Overall, Maharashtra had a total tribal population of 85,77,276 people based on the 2001
This document provides a list of towns included in the scheduled areas of Maharashtra state according to the 2001 census. It includes the district, tahsil, name of town, population, and scheduled tribe population of 29 towns across 7 districts of Maharashtra. The total population of these scheduled areas in Maharashtra was 515,488 people as per the 2001 census, with 83,963 people belonging to scheduled tribes.
The document summarizes the total and tribal population of Maharashtra state from 1961 to 2001 in 4 decade intervals. It shows that the total population increased from 39.55 million in 1961 to 96.879 million in 2001. The tribal population increased from 2.307 million in 1961 to 8.577 million in 2001. The percentage of the tribal population to the total population increased from 5.83% in 1961 to a peak of 9.27% in 1991 before declining slightly to 8.85% in 2001.
1. The document shows district-wise, pocket-wise, tahsil-wise and ITDP-wise data on villages, total population and tribal population from the 2001 census of existing MADA pockets in Maharashtra.
2. It provides information on 1508 total villages across Maharashtra, with a total population of 8,87,028 and tribal population of 4,81,825, which accounts for 54% of the total.
3. The data is summarized in an abstract showing regional figures for villages, total population and tribal percentage across Thane, Nashik, Amravati and Nagpur regions.
Socio-economic profile of Shifting Cultivators of TripuraIndraneel Bhowmik
Study on the basis of a sample drawn from all the four districts of Tripura. Narrates the attemts at rehabilitation of Tribal people. Part of the ITTO Pre-Project commissioned by TFDPC
The document analyzes the socio-economic impacts of bauxite mining in Koraput region of Odisha, India. It discusses the bauxite deposits and reserves in Odisha. The research focuses on whether mining benefits or harms local livelihoods. The methodology includes surveying 491 households across 12 villages near mines and refineries. Key findings are that mining displaced many households from agricultural land without compensation. While some obtained jobs with NALCO, others became wage laborers with unstable incomes. The study aims to assess mining's full impacts and how benefits can be maximized for local communities.
The document describes mapping crop intensity and characterizing stress prone areas in Odisha, India using remote sensing. Key findings include:
1) Satellite imagery was used to map cropping patterns in Odisha, identifying different rice cropping classes based on irrigation and season.
2) Temporal signatures from satellite data helped differentiate cropping systems like irrigated single crop rice, irrigated double crop rice/rice, and rainfed single crop rice.
3) Spatial modeling integrated bio-physical data from remote sensing with household survey data to analyze relationships between agricultural production and socioeconomic factors.
The document provides district and taluka wise population data for tribal populations in Maharashtra based on the 2001 census. Some key details:
- Thane district has the largest tribal population of 11,99,290 people, comprising 14.74% of the district's total population.
- Nandurbar taluka in Nandurbar district has the highest percentage of tribal population at 40.82% of the total population.
- Akkalkuwa taluka in Nandurbar district also has a very high tribal population percentage at 84.76% of the total population.
- Overall, Maharashtra had a total tribal population of 85,77,276 people based on the 2001
This document provides a list of towns included in the scheduled areas of Maharashtra state according to the 2001 census. It includes the district, tahsil, name of town, population, and scheduled tribe population of 29 towns across 7 districts of Maharashtra. The total population of these scheduled areas in Maharashtra was 515,488 people as per the 2001 census, with 83,963 people belonging to scheduled tribes.
The document summarizes the total and tribal population of Maharashtra state from 1961 to 2001 in 4 decade intervals. It shows that the total population increased from 39.55 million in 1961 to 96.879 million in 2001. The tribal population increased from 2.307 million in 1961 to 8.577 million in 2001. The percentage of the tribal population to the total population increased from 5.83% in 1961 to a peak of 9.27% in 1991 before declining slightly to 8.85% in 2001.
The document provides a table showing the population statistics of India from the 2001 census. It lists all 28 states and 7 union territories of India along with their total population, percentage of tribal population, and actual tribal population figures in thousands. Some of the key details are:
- The total population of India was 10,286,100 thousand, of which 843,260 thousand (8.2%) belonged to scheduled tribes.
- States with the highest percentage of tribal population included Arunachal Pradesh (64.21%), Mizoram (94.38%), Meghalaya (85.94%), Nagaland (89.15%).
- Major states by total tribal population included Madhya Pradesh
This document provides data on inaccessible tribal areas across 13 districts in Maharashtra. It lists each district and their tahsils/blocks. It shows the number of tribal communities/hamlets in each tahsil/block and total number of tribal villages. Some key details include:
- Gadchiroli district has the highest number of inaccessible tribal areas with 174 tribal communities/hamlets across 8 tahsils/blocks and 673 total tribal villages.
- Nashik district ranks second with 28 tribal communities/hamlets across 5 tahsils/blocks and 89 total tribal villages.
- In total across all 13 districts, there are 289 tribal communities/hamlets
The document shows statistics on villages, total population and tribal population from the 2001 census for existing Mini Multi-purpose Administrative Development Agency (MADA) pockets in Maharashtra state. It includes details for 379 villages across 4 regions of the state - Thane, Nashik, Amravati and Nagpur, with a total population of 191015 and tribal population of 113822, which is 60% of the total.
1. The document shows the total and tribal population by sex in Maharashtra state according to the 1981, 1991, and 2001 census data.
2. In 1981, the total population was 627,840 of which 57,720 were tribal. The male population was 303,690 and female was 324,150.
3. By 2001, the total population had increased to 96,879 with 8,577 people identifying as tribal. The male population was 46,478 and female was 50,401.
The document provides district-wise, pocket-wise, tahsil-wise and ITDP-wise details of villages, total population and tribal population of existing MADA pockets in Maharashtra as per the 2001 census. Some key details include:
1. There are a total of 1508 villages across 12 districts, with a total population of 8,87,028 people and tribal population of 4,81,825 people (54% of total population).
2. The Thane region has 89 villages with a population of 71,090 people and tribal population of 45,932 people (65% of total).
3. Yavatmal district has the highest number of villages at 169 and population of
The document provides district-wise data on the number of villages/towns covered under the Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) area, Multi-Agency Development Authority (MADA) pockets, Mini MADA pockets, and Areas of Tribal Sub Plan (ATSP) in Maharashtra as per the 2001 census. Some key details include:
- There are 24 districts in Maharashtra covered under TSP, with a total of 8428 villages/towns.
- The districts are divided into the Sahyadri and Gondwana regions. In the Sahyadri region, Thane district has the highest number of villages/towns covered at 1243.
- In
This document provides district-wise data on tribal populations in Maharashtra according to the 2001 census. It shows the tribal population living in officially designated Tribal Sub-Plan areas and Outside Tribal Sub-Plan areas, including those under the Multi-purpose Area Development Administration program. The largest tribal populations were found in Thane, Nashik, Nandurbar, and Dhule districts within Tribal Sub-Plan areas, while outside these areas the largest populations were in Jalgaon, Ahmednagar, Pune, and Thane districts. In total, the scheduled tribal population in Maharashtra was 39.38 million people according to the 2001 census.
This document provides a list of towns included in the Scheduled areas of Maharashtra state according to the 2001 census. It includes the district, tahsil, name of town, population, and scheduled tribe population of 29 towns across 7 districts of Maharashtra. The total population of these scheduled areas in Maharashtra was 515,488 people as per the 2001 census, of which 83,963 were from scheduled tribes.
The document summarizes the total and tribal population of Maharashtra state from 1961 to 2001 in 4 decade intervals. It shows that the total population increased from 39.55 million in 1961 to 96.879 million in 2001. The tribal population increased from 2.307 million in 1961 to 8.577 million in 2001. The percentage of the tribal population to the total population increased from 5.83% in 1961 to a peak of 9.27% in 1991 before declining slightly to 8.85% in 2001.
The document provides district and taluka wise population data for tribal communities in Maharashtra based on the 2001 census. Some key details:
- Thane district has the highest tribal population of 11,99,290 people, comprising 14.74% of the district's total population.
- Nandurbar taluka in Nandurbar district has the highest percentage of tribal population at 40.82% of the total population.
- Akkalkuwa taluka in Nandurbar district also has a very high tribal population percentage at 84.76% of the total population.
- Overall, Maharashtra has a total tribal population of 85,77,276 people, which is 8
The document provides a table showing the population statistics of India from the 2001 census. It lists all 28 states and 7 union territories of India along with their total population, percentage of tribal population, and actual tribal population in thousands. Some of the key details from the table are:
- The total population of India in 2001 was 1,028.61 million, of which 8.20% or 84.32 million were tribal populations.
- States with the highest percentage of tribal populations included Mizoram at 94.38%, Meghalaya at 85.94%, and Nagaland at 89.15%.
- States with the largest tribal populations in absolute numbers included Madhya Pradesh at 12.23
1) The document provides data on inaccessible tribal areas across 13 districts in Maharashtra. It lists the number of tribal hamlets and villages in each tahsil/sub-district across these districts.
2) The districts with the most inaccessible tribal areas are Gadchiroli with 174 areas and 673 villages, followed by Nashik with 28 areas and 89 villages.
3) In total, there are 289 inaccessible tribal areas and 1472 villages across the 13 districts in Maharashtra.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
The document provides a table showing the population statistics of India from the 2001 census. It lists all 28 states and 7 union territories of India along with their total population, percentage of tribal population, and actual tribal population figures in thousands. Some of the key details are:
- The total population of India was 10,286,100 thousand, of which 843,260 thousand (8.2%) belonged to scheduled tribes.
- States with the highest percentage of tribal population included Arunachal Pradesh (64.21%), Mizoram (94.38%), Meghalaya (85.94%), Nagaland (89.15%).
- Major states by total tribal population included Madhya Pradesh
This document provides data on inaccessible tribal areas across 13 districts in Maharashtra. It lists each district and their tahsils/blocks. It shows the number of tribal communities/hamlets in each tahsil/block and total number of tribal villages. Some key details include:
- Gadchiroli district has the highest number of inaccessible tribal areas with 174 tribal communities/hamlets across 8 tahsils/blocks and 673 total tribal villages.
- Nashik district ranks second with 28 tribal communities/hamlets across 5 tahsils/blocks and 89 total tribal villages.
- In total across all 13 districts, there are 289 tribal communities/hamlets
The document shows statistics on villages, total population and tribal population from the 2001 census for existing Mini Multi-purpose Administrative Development Agency (MADA) pockets in Maharashtra state. It includes details for 379 villages across 4 regions of the state - Thane, Nashik, Amravati and Nagpur, with a total population of 191015 and tribal population of 113822, which is 60% of the total.
1. The document shows the total and tribal population by sex in Maharashtra state according to the 1981, 1991, and 2001 census data.
2. In 1981, the total population was 627,840 of which 57,720 were tribal. The male population was 303,690 and female was 324,150.
3. By 2001, the total population had increased to 96,879 with 8,577 people identifying as tribal. The male population was 46,478 and female was 50,401.
The document provides district-wise, pocket-wise, tahsil-wise and ITDP-wise details of villages, total population and tribal population of existing MADA pockets in Maharashtra as per the 2001 census. Some key details include:
1. There are a total of 1508 villages across 12 districts, with a total population of 8,87,028 people and tribal population of 4,81,825 people (54% of total population).
2. The Thane region has 89 villages with a population of 71,090 people and tribal population of 45,932 people (65% of total).
3. Yavatmal district has the highest number of villages at 169 and population of
The document provides district-wise data on the number of villages/towns covered under the Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) area, Multi-Agency Development Authority (MADA) pockets, Mini MADA pockets, and Areas of Tribal Sub Plan (ATSP) in Maharashtra as per the 2001 census. Some key details include:
- There are 24 districts in Maharashtra covered under TSP, with a total of 8428 villages/towns.
- The districts are divided into the Sahyadri and Gondwana regions. In the Sahyadri region, Thane district has the highest number of villages/towns covered at 1243.
- In
This document provides district-wise data on tribal populations in Maharashtra according to the 2001 census. It shows the tribal population living in officially designated Tribal Sub-Plan areas and Outside Tribal Sub-Plan areas, including those under the Multi-purpose Area Development Administration program. The largest tribal populations were found in Thane, Nashik, Nandurbar, and Dhule districts within Tribal Sub-Plan areas, while outside these areas the largest populations were in Jalgaon, Ahmednagar, Pune, and Thane districts. In total, the scheduled tribal population in Maharashtra was 39.38 million people according to the 2001 census.
This document provides a list of towns included in the Scheduled areas of Maharashtra state according to the 2001 census. It includes the district, tahsil, name of town, population, and scheduled tribe population of 29 towns across 7 districts of Maharashtra. The total population of these scheduled areas in Maharashtra was 515,488 people as per the 2001 census, of which 83,963 were from scheduled tribes.
The document summarizes the total and tribal population of Maharashtra state from 1961 to 2001 in 4 decade intervals. It shows that the total population increased from 39.55 million in 1961 to 96.879 million in 2001. The tribal population increased from 2.307 million in 1961 to 8.577 million in 2001. The percentage of the tribal population to the total population increased from 5.83% in 1961 to a peak of 9.27% in 1991 before declining slightly to 8.85% in 2001.
The document provides district and taluka wise population data for tribal communities in Maharashtra based on the 2001 census. Some key details:
- Thane district has the highest tribal population of 11,99,290 people, comprising 14.74% of the district's total population.
- Nandurbar taluka in Nandurbar district has the highest percentage of tribal population at 40.82% of the total population.
- Akkalkuwa taluka in Nandurbar district also has a very high tribal population percentage at 84.76% of the total population.
- Overall, Maharashtra has a total tribal population of 85,77,276 people, which is 8
The document provides a table showing the population statistics of India from the 2001 census. It lists all 28 states and 7 union territories of India along with their total population, percentage of tribal population, and actual tribal population in thousands. Some of the key details from the table are:
- The total population of India in 2001 was 1,028.61 million, of which 8.20% or 84.32 million were tribal populations.
- States with the highest percentage of tribal populations included Mizoram at 94.38%, Meghalaya at 85.94%, and Nagaland at 89.15%.
- States with the largest tribal populations in absolute numbers included Madhya Pradesh at 12.23
1) The document provides data on inaccessible tribal areas across 13 districts in Maharashtra. It lists the number of tribal hamlets and villages in each tahsil/sub-district across these districts.
2) The districts with the most inaccessible tribal areas are Gadchiroli with 174 areas and 673 villages, followed by Nashik with 28 areas and 89 villages.
3) In total, there are 289 inaccessible tribal areas and 1472 villages across the 13 districts in Maharashtra.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.