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Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
Estimates of the per-contact probability of transmission between farms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus of H7N7 subtype during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are important for the design of better control and biosecurity strategies.
We used standardized data collected during the epidemic and a model to extract data for untraced contacts based on the daily number of infectious farms within a given distance of a susceptible farm.
With these data, the ‘maximum likelihood estimation’ approach was used to estimate the transmission probabilities by the individual contact types, both traced and untraced.
The outcomes were validated against literature data on virus genetic sequences for outbreak farms. The findings highlight the need to
1) Understand the routes underlying the infections without traced contacts and
2) To review whether the contact-tracing protocol is exhaustive in relation to all the farm’s day-to-day activities and practices.
L
La interfaz provee calidad e información a todas las funciones de la empresa, incluyendo diseño, manufactura, embarque y marketing. La manufactura y ensamble traducen los planes de la administración en términos de capacidad e interacción de información para ejecutar los planes a través de programación y compras.
$1000 Note Inquiry Instructions
Instructions for a social studies research task on famous new zealanders - Katikati College, New Zealand
Eia D Chart
This document provides an overview of the structure and content for designing and presenting an environmental impact assessment training course. The course design involves conducting a training needs analysis in two parts, designing training modules that cover the EIA process from screening through decision-making and follow up, and gathering local materials. The training modules will then be delivered, evaluated, and reviewed.
Introduction to InduSoft Web Studio
This is the full introductions to InduSoft Web Studio v7.0! Learn all about our top SCADA and HMI software here.
Proof of Principle Anoxia Method Poultry Science 2013
In May 2013, the results of the assessment of the Anoxia Method were published in Poultry Science (2013 Poultry Science 92:1145–1154). The focus of the assessment was on the welfare implications for poultry of the use of high-expansion gas-filled foam as a potentially humane, emergency killing method.
In laboratory trials, broiler chickens, adult laying hens, ducks, and turkeys were exposed to air-, N2-, or CO2-filled high expansion foam (expansion ratio 300:1) under standardized conditions.
One of the main conclusions was that the Anoxia Method is fundamentally different from low expansion fire fighting foam. Physiological observations and postmortem examination showed that the mode of action of the Anoxia Method is anoxia, not occlusion of the airway.
The most important conclusion however is that the trials provide proof – of - principle for the Anoxia Method (submersion in gas-filled, high expansion foam).
McKeegan et al concluded: The Anoxia Method provides a rapid and highly effective method of euthanasia, which may have potential to provide humane emergency killing or routine depopulation.
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Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
Estimates of the per-contact probability of transmission between farms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus of H7N7 subtype during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are important for the design of better control and biosecurity strategies.
We used standardized data collected during the epidemic and a model to extract data for untraced contacts based on the daily number of infectious farms within a given distance of a susceptible farm.
With these data, the ‘maximum likelihood estimation’ approach was used to estimate the transmission probabilities by the individual contact types, both traced and untraced.
The outcomes were validated against literature data on virus genetic sequences for outbreak farms. The findings highlight the need to
1) Understand the routes underlying the infections without traced contacts and
2) To review whether the contact-tracing protocol is exhaustive in relation to all the farm’s day-to-day activities and practices.
L
La interfaz provee calidad e información a todas las funciones de la empresa, incluyendo diseño, manufactura, embarque y marketing. La manufactura y ensamble traducen los planes de la administración en términos de capacidad e interacción de información para ejecutar los planes a través de programación y compras.
$1000 Note Inquiry Instructions
Instructions for a social studies research task on famous new zealanders - Katikati College, New Zealand
Eia D Chart
This document provides an overview of the structure and content for designing and presenting an environmental impact assessment training course. The course design involves conducting a training needs analysis in two parts, designing training modules that cover the EIA process from screening through decision-making and follow up, and gathering local materials. The training modules will then be delivered, evaluated, and reviewed.
Introduction to InduSoft Web Studio
This is the full introductions to InduSoft Web Studio v7.0! Learn all about our top SCADA and HMI software here.
Proof of Principle Anoxia Method Poultry Science 2013
In May 2013, the results of the assessment of the Anoxia Method were published in Poultry Science (2013 Poultry Science 92:1145–1154). The focus of the assessment was on the welfare implications for poultry of the use of high-expansion gas-filled foam as a potentially humane, emergency killing method.
In laboratory trials, broiler chickens, adult laying hens, ducks, and turkeys were exposed to air-, N2-, or CO2-filled high expansion foam (expansion ratio 300:1) under standardized conditions.
One of the main conclusions was that the Anoxia Method is fundamentally different from low expansion fire fighting foam. Physiological observations and postmortem examination showed that the mode of action of the Anoxia Method is anoxia, not occlusion of the airway.
The most important conclusion however is that the trials provide proof – of - principle for the Anoxia Method (submersion in gas-filled, high expansion foam).
McKeegan et al concluded: The Anoxia Method provides a rapid and highly effective method of euthanasia, which may have potential to provide humane emergency killing or routine depopulation.
lotro gold
Looking for cheap gold for the Lord of the Rings Online? Check out your server for the stock availability! We offer competitive prices, quality services and latest game information on our site. No other website is as committed to offering a superior shopping experience as we are.
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The document provides an overview of SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model), which defines how online training content and learning management systems interact. It describes how SCORM allows content to be packaged and communicated to different LMSs, and explains the benefits of using SCORM, such as enabling content to be reused across different systems. It also defines key SCORM concepts like Shareable Content Objects and the different versions of the SCORM standard.
Manufacturing Orgnization
La función de Calidad en la empresa se encarga de verificar la calidad de los insumos provistos por los proveedores y monitorear la calidad de cada pieza manufacturada para garantizar que cumpla con las especificaciones requeridas. Calidad interactúa con todas las demás funciones como Almacén, Producción, Ventas y Finanzas para asegurar que se cumplan los estándares de calidad en todas las áreas.
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Caused by
Obesity is caused by a lack of physical activity, genetic factors, endocrine disorders, medications, and psychiatric illness. It affects the body by increasing risks of heart disease, diabetes, cancers, breathing problems during sleep, and osteoarthritis, and can lead to early death. Body mass index (BMI) is used to define weight categories, comparing weight in kilograms to height in meters. A BMI between 25-30 is considered overweight, and over 30 is obese, with higher BMIs indicating more severe obesity levels such as morbid or super obesity.
Shop Floor
El documento describe el flujo de trabajo en una planta de manufactura, incluyendo las funciones de reporte y planeación, movimiento de materiales, proceso de manufactura, control en piso de producción, y control de calidad. El piso de producción obtiene insumos del almacén para cumplir con la programación de manufactura y ensamble. La calidad del trabajo se revisa para cumplir con las especificaciones del cliente. Las órdenes terminadas se envían a embarque para empaquetar y enviar al cliente.
Market review day-old chickens as zoo food and pet food 2010 (in Dutch)
Every year, as a by-product of the production of laying hens an estimated 45 million day-old male chicks are born and killed in the hatchery immediately after hatch.
Almost all surplus day-old chicks from laying hens find a useful destination as frozen food in specific animal feed channels and because of their unique properties, the numbers in which they are available and the relatively low price, they cannot easily be replaced by other food animals.
Almost all the killed day-old male chicks are frozen and used as feed animals in specific animal feed channels (93% = 42 million chicks = 1.680 tonnes). Only day-old chicks of insufficient quality are disposed as waste.
Approximately 15% of the born and frozen day-old chicks (= 6.8 chicks = 270 kg tonnes) is sold to Dutch zoos, falconers and through pet shops or directly to individual pet owners. Around 85% of the Dutch frozen chicks gets a destination abroad (Europe).
Day-old chicks are mostly fed to birds of prey (falcons, buzzards, owls, etc.) and other large birds (storks, hear ravens, cranes, etc.). For birds of prey, chicks are part of a menu of intact feed animals that is as varied as possible (including mice, rats et cetera). For some birds (such as storks), often the entire menu consists of day-old chicks.
In a small amount, chicks are also fed to pets like dogs, cats and some reptiles. For these categories, the product ‘day-old chick’ is of minor importance.
There are important nutritional, labour and financial benefits associated with the feeding of day-old chicks.
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, Practice
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
Deadly H5N1 birdflu needs just five mutations to spread easily in people
Reference: Phys.org. 15 Apr 2014. Dutch researchers have found that the virus needs only five favorable gene mutations to become transmissible through coughing or sneezing, like regular flu viruses.
World health officials have long feared that the H5N1 virus will someday evolve a knack for airborne transmission, setting off a devastating pandemic. While the new study suggests the mutations needed are relatively few, it remains unclear whether they're likely to happen outside the laboratory.
Why is it so difficult to improve animal welfare in developing countries?
In 2009 the results of the Word Bank global study of Livestock markets, Slaughter houses and related waste management systems were presented. A monumental study that clearly explains the difficulties Africa and Asia are facing, regarding their meat production.
During the presentation of the report, the project manager Sandra Cointreau explained that the main course of dead (60%) of children under 12 in developing countries is food safety related. This changed my view on welfare, disease control and food safety completely.
Waste management, food safety and animal welfare are tightly connected to each other and cannot be optimized without a total improvement of all related issues. Compared to food production in development countries, there is obviously a long way to go. We started in the beginning of the 20th century with what we expect developing countries have to improve in one or two decades:
1. Improvements of the physical slaughter infrastructure processes
2. Improvement of food safety within the food production infrastructure
3. Improvement of the Governmental control infrastructure
4. Improvement of the Veterinary service infrastructure
5. Improvement of the Human Health infrastructure
6. Improvement on Occupational Health & Safety, child labor and human rights
The list is much longer, but the conclusion is that you can only start to improve issues like animal welfare, food safety and waste management after generally improving the living conditions of the people in developing countries.
This report was the final work of Sandra before she retired and out of respect for all the work she did, I would encourage you all to share the information with me.
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lotro gold
Looking for cheap gold for the Lord of the Rings Online? Check out your server for the stock availability! We offer competitive prices, quality services and latest game information on our site. No other website is as committed to offering a superior shopping experience as we are.
Scorm » One Minute Scorm Ov...
The document provides an overview of SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model), which defines how online training content and learning management systems interact. It describes how SCORM allows content to be packaged and communicated to different LMSs, and explains the benefits of using SCORM, such as enabling content to be reused across different systems. It also defines key SCORM concepts like Shareable Content Objects and the different versions of the SCORM standard.
Manufacturing Orgnization
La función de Calidad en la empresa se encarga de verificar la calidad de los insumos provistos por los proveedores y monitorear la calidad de cada pieza manufacturada para garantizar que cumpla con las especificaciones requeridas. Calidad interactúa con todas las demás funciones como Almacén, Producción, Ventas y Finanzas para asegurar que se cumplan los estándares de calidad en todas las áreas.
InduSoft Web Studio e Dream Report
Um webinar detalhando como InduSoft e Dream Report estão trabalhando juntos para oferecer novas funcionalidades de relatório a usuários do InduSoft Web Studio.
Caused by
Obesity is caused by a lack of physical activity, genetic factors, endocrine disorders, medications, and psychiatric illness. It affects the body by increasing risks of heart disease, diabetes, cancers, breathing problems during sleep, and osteoarthritis, and can lead to early death. Body mass index (BMI) is used to define weight categories, comparing weight in kilograms to height in meters. A BMI between 25-30 is considered overweight, and over 30 is obese, with higher BMIs indicating more severe obesity levels such as morbid or super obesity.
Shop Floor
El documento describe el flujo de trabajo en una planta de manufactura, incluyendo las funciones de reporte y planeación, movimiento de materiales, proceso de manufactura, control en piso de producción, y control de calidad. El piso de producción obtiene insumos del almacén para cumplir con la programación de manufactura y ensamble. La calidad del trabajo se revisa para cumplir con las especificaciones del cliente. Las órdenes terminadas se envían a embarque para empaquetar y enviar al cliente.
Market review day-old chickens as zoo food and pet food 2010 (in Dutch)
Every year, as a by-product of the production of laying hens an estimated 45 million day-old male chicks are born and killed in the hatchery immediately after hatch.
Almost all surplus day-old chicks from laying hens find a useful destination as frozen food in specific animal feed channels and because of their unique properties, the numbers in which they are available and the relatively low price, they cannot easily be replaced by other food animals.
Almost all the killed day-old male chicks are frozen and used as feed animals in specific animal feed channels (93% = 42 million chicks = 1.680 tonnes). Only day-old chicks of insufficient quality are disposed as waste.
Approximately 15% of the born and frozen day-old chicks (= 6.8 chicks = 270 kg tonnes) is sold to Dutch zoos, falconers and through pet shops or directly to individual pet owners. Around 85% of the Dutch frozen chicks gets a destination abroad (Europe).
Day-old chicks are mostly fed to birds of prey (falcons, buzzards, owls, etc.) and other large birds (storks, hear ravens, cranes, etc.). For birds of prey, chicks are part of a menu of intact feed animals that is as varied as possible (including mice, rats et cetera). For some birds (such as storks), often the entire menu consists of day-old chicks.
In a small amount, chicks are also fed to pets like dogs, cats and some reptiles. For these categories, the product ‘day-old chick’ is of minor importance.
There are important nutritional, labour and financial benefits associated with the feeding of day-old chicks.
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, Practice
Avian Influenza has become endemic in many parts of the word. In it's current form it has been around since 1997 and although thy virus types have changed, emergency response, management & control are still a hot issue. In this article published in 2006 in the US magazine Poultry Perspectives, the subject what to do during crisis situations is presented. The conclusions are still valid today and may help to prevent large-scale outbreaks
Deadly H5N1 birdflu needs just five mutations to spread easily in people
Reference: Phys.org. 15 Apr 2014. Dutch researchers have found that the virus needs only five favorable gene mutations to become transmissible through coughing or sneezing, like regular flu viruses.
World health officials have long feared that the H5N1 virus will someday evolve a knack for airborne transmission, setting off a devastating pandemic. While the new study suggests the mutations needed are relatively few, it remains unclear whether they're likely to happen outside the laboratory.
Why is it so difficult to improve animal welfare in developing countries?
In 2009 the results of the Word Bank global study of Livestock markets, Slaughter houses and related waste management systems were presented. A monumental study that clearly explains the difficulties Africa and Asia are facing, regarding their meat production.
During the presentation of the report, the project manager Sandra Cointreau explained that the main course of dead (60%) of children under 12 in developing countries is food safety related. This changed my view on welfare, disease control and food safety completely.
Waste management, food safety and animal welfare are tightly connected to each other and cannot be optimized without a total improvement of all related issues. Compared to food production in development countries, there is obviously a long way to go. We started in the beginning of the 20th century with what we expect developing countries have to improve in one or two decades:
1. Improvements of the physical slaughter infrastructure processes
2. Improvement of food safety within the food production infrastructure
3. Improvement of the Governmental control infrastructure
4. Improvement of the Veterinary service infrastructure
5. Improvement of the Human Health infrastructure
6. Improvement on Occupational Health & Safety, child labor and human rights
The list is much longer, but the conclusion is that you can only start to improve issues like animal welfare, food safety and waste management after generally improving the living conditions of the people in developing countries.
This report was the final work of Sandra before she retired and out of respect for all the work she did, I would encourage you all to share the information with me.
Viewers also liked (13)
Market review day-old chickens as zoo food and pet food 2010 (in Dutch)
Market review day-old chickens as zoo food and pet food 2010 (in Dutch)
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, Practice
The 3 P’s of avian influenza Prevent, Plan, Practice
Deadly H5N1 birdflu needs just five mutations to spread easily in people
Deadly H5N1 birdflu needs just five mutations to spread easily in people
Why is it so difficult to improve animal welfare in developing countries?
Why is it so difficult to improve animal welfare in developing countries?