The document provides an overview of memory, detailing its processes including encoding, storage, and retrieval. It explains various types of memory—sensory, short-term, and long-term—along with techniques to improve memory such as chunking and mnemonics. The distinction between implicit and explicit memories is highlighted, along with subtypes like episodic and semantic memory.

1. MEMORY

2. Definition
• The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information is known as memory.
• Memory is involved in processing vast amounts of information. This information takes many
different forms, e.g. images, sounds or meaning.

3. Encoding: The process of receiving, processing, and combining
information. The process of encoding begins with perception, which
is the identification, organization, and interpretation of any sensory
information in order to understand it within the context of a
particular environment.
 Visual coding enables information to be stored as pictures.
 Acoustic coding enables information to be stored as sounds.
 Semantic coding enables information to be stored as meanings.
Stages of Memory

4. Storage: Storage is the retention of the encoded information. Deals with the nature of the memory, time duration of the
memory, amount of information stored and type of memory. Storage is achieved through two types of rehearsal:
 Maintenance rehearsal uses repetition to aid storage. Repeating some information/ revising again and again/ wrought
memory.
 Elaborative rehearsal aids storage by fitting new information into an organizational system (giving meaning).
Elaborative rehearsal is generally more secure than maintenance rehearsal.
1. Making notes
2. Diagrams
3. Flow-charts
Retrieval: Retrieval, or getting the information out of memory and back into awareness. Failure to retrieve a memory
is considered as not being able to recall it.
Stages of Memory

5. Types of Memory

6. Sensory Memory
• Also called sensory register. Brief storage of information.
• Refers to the first and most immediate form of memory you
have.
• Deals with sensory information through the five senses: Sight,
hearing, smell, taste and touch.

7.  Short Term Memory
• Short-term Memory: A part where new information is stored temporarily, until it is either lost or
placed into long term memory. It holds only a few items (research shows a range of 7 +/- 2 items).
Items can be moved from short-term memory to long-term memory via processes
like rehearsal. Most information that gets into sensory memory is forgotten, but information that we
turn our attention to, with the goal of remembering it, pass into STM.
• For example, Read these words and then recall it :
T-HED-OGS-AW-TH-ECA-T
 Digit span memory test : 18791931402

8. Long-term Memory
• Long-term Memory: Part of memory which has unlimited capacity and can hold information
indefinitely. Although there is the element of forgetting. The information from STM moves to LTM
through rehearsal and meaningful association.

9. Type of Memory What It Is Examples
Implicit Memory
 Refers to knowledge that we cannot consciously
access.
 It is a memory of skills and how to do things
particularly movement of body parts and use of
objects or machine.
 This memory is acquired through repetition and
practice.
Riding a bike, tying a shoe lace,
playing a guitar etc.
Explicit Memory
 It refers to the knowledge or experiences that we
can consciously remembered.
The ability to recall addresses,
locations of parking, phone numbers,
experience at restaurant etc.
Types of Long Term Memory

10. Type of Memory What It Is Examples
Episodic Memory
 It refers to the personal experiences that occurred
at a particular time and place.
 Memory of experiences and specific events in
time.
First day at a new job, first movie you
watched, your wedding day etc.
Semantic Memory
 It refers to knowledge of facts and concepts
about the world.
 It is the recollection of facts gathered from the
time we are young.
Names of colours, sound of letters,
capital of cities, social customs,
vocabulary etc.
Types of Long Term Memory

11. Techniques to Improve
Memory

12. Technique What It Is Examples
Chunking
 Chunking is the oldest method used in memorization.
 In this method, the items to be memorized are divided
into small and easily memoizable chunks or groups.
 It is useful when trying to remember information like
dates, phone numbers etc.
IMPOSSIBLE
IM+POS+I+BLE
MATHEMATICS
MA+THE+MA+TICS
081127882 = 081-127-882
Mnemonic
 A mnemonic is a tool to help remember facts or a large
amount of information.
 It can be a song, rhyme or a phrase to help remember
large pieces of information, facts, steps, stages, parts
etc.
ORDER OF MATH OPERATIONS:
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
(Parentheses, Exponents, Multiply, Divide,
Add, and Subtract)
Mr. VEM J. SUN
Using this name we can easily recall the
correct order of the planets:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Sat
urn,
Uranus, and Neptune.
Techniques to Improve Memory

13. Technique What It Is Examples
Rehearsal
 It refers to the conscious repetition of information to be
remembered.
Math's table.
Elaborative Rehearsal
 Elaborative rehearsal is a technique to help the short-
term memory store thoughts and ideas and pass them
into the long-term memory. It works by relating new
concepts to old concepts that are already in the long-
term memory so that these new concepts stick. The
information can be made meaningful by relating it to
prior knowledge or making the information meaningful
in a personal way.
 Studying for an exam
 If you were presented with a list of
digits for later recall (4968214),
grouping the digits together to form a
phone number transforms the stimuli
from a meaningless string of digits to
something that has meaning.
Techniques to Improve Memory