This document provides an overview of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) frameworks for REDD+ action plans. It discusses that M&E involves continuously gathering data to document results, identify achievements and deviations, and make adjustments. Evaluation assesses projects to determine relevance and impacts. An effective M&E system requires establishing a vision, capacity for information supply and use, and ensuring longevity. Critical success factors include having demand, leadership, commitment, resources, accountability, and technical capacity for both supplying and using information. Challenges to effective M&E include a lack of systematic processes, while opportunities lie in leveraging existing plans and data. The key takeaway is that M&E frameworks must be designed early and adequately resour
As the threat of pandemic still looms over in 2021, our specialized online training courses Thailand help students acquire knowledge and skills to meet various job requirements. At Asian Institute of Technology, we have seasoned experts to offer online training lessons to the students. As we prepare our students for the industry, we ensure they are job-ready. Contact us at (66) (87) 889 8305.
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation background, concepts and principles, goals of PM&E, the PM&E process, stakeholder analysis, PM&E framework, plan, worksheet, a case study using PM&E
As the threat of pandemic still looms over in 2021, our specialized online training courses Thailand help students acquire knowledge and skills to meet various job requirements. At Asian Institute of Technology, we have seasoned experts to offer online training lessons to the students. As we prepare our students for the industry, we ensure they are job-ready. Contact us at (66) (87) 889 8305.
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation background, concepts and principles, goals of PM&E, the PM&E process, stakeholder analysis, PM&E framework, plan, worksheet, a case study using PM&E
Project Design and System Life Cycle MethodologiesShivi Kashyap
Project design includes an array of activities from generating ideas to planning how these ideas could become a realisable project.
An efficient project design includes:
1. The systematic identification and prioritization of problems and opportunities to be addressed through development projects
2. The identification of a hierarchy of project goals and objectives linked by causal relationships
3. The planning of solutions in terms of inputs, activities, outputs, effects and impacts.
Workshop proceedings of "Identifying contextualized indicators to measure SDGs"4th Wheel Social Impact
Keeping social impact management at the centre, 4th Wheel Social Impact is committed to strengthening social programs in India by improving the way they are designed, implemented, monitored and evaluated. The organization believes the integration of data, technology and partnerships will enable the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The workshop focussed on Theory of Change, Indicator Development, SDG linkages of indicators.
This workshop was supported by Swedish Institute.
How to Integrate Learning with Monitoring and Evaluation.pptxAIT Extension
Continuity in education plays a pivotal role in one’s career. At Asian Institute of Technology, we cover all bases for providing the best continuing education Thailand. We have established a setup for ensuring high-quality education and training development Thailand at affordable prices. Feel free to connect with us at (66) (87) 889 8305.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) organized a three days Training Workshop on ‘Monitoring and Evaluation Methods’ on 10-12 March 2014 in New Delhi, India. The workshop is part of an IFAD grant to IFPRI to partner in the Monitoring and Evaluation component of the ongoing projects in the region. The three day workshop is intended to be a collaborative affair between project directors, M & E leaders and M & E experts. As part of the workshop, detailed interaction will take place on the evaluation routines involving sampling, questionnaire development, data collection and management techniques and production of an evaluation report. The workshop is designed to better understand the M & E needs of various projects that are at different stages of implementation. Both the generic issues involved in M & E programs as well as project specific needs will be addressed in the workshop. The objective of the workshop is to come up with a work plan for M & E domains in the IFAD projects and determine the possibilities of collaboration between IFPRI and project leaders.
monitoring and evaluation
Macdonald Mpando
Laboratory Technologist
DREAM Program-Malawi
the presentation is a core concept of how data in the medical lab can be collected, analyzed and managed for effective data driven decision making.
PEG M&E tool: a tool for monitoring and reviewing Progress, Effectiveness & G...Tariq A. Deen
The session will provide details on: the tool developed by the LEG for monitoring and evaluating progress, effectiveness and gaps (PEG M&E tool) and its application in the process to formulate and implement NAPs; and the best practices for developing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems for adaptation at the national level. It will also look at the experiences of countries in developing and applying M&E systems at their national levels.
PEG M&E tool: a tool for monitoring and reviewing Progress, Effectiveness & ...NAP Events
Presented by: Thinley Namgyel
8.3 Monitoring and evaluation
The session will provide details on: the tool developed by the LEG for monitoring and evaluating progress, effectiveness and gaps (PEG M&E tool) and its application in the process to formulate and implement NAPs; and the best practices for developing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems for adaptation at the national level. It will also look at the experiences of countries in developing and applying M&E systems at their national levels.
The Advantages of Connecting Learning with Monitoring and Evaluation.pptxAIT Extension
Practical learning of a skill is essential to pursue a job. At Asian Institute of Technology, we provide short training courses in Thailand that ensures your skills are at effective play during challenging job roles. We also provide the best trainers and experts for short courses in Thailand. Kindly give us a call at (66) (87) 889 8305 for relevant queries.
This program was developed for CDD Society to accelerate the effectiveness of the new staff who were recruited to work on installation of sustainable decentralised wastewater advanced treatment systems
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
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Project Design and System Life Cycle MethodologiesShivi Kashyap
Project design includes an array of activities from generating ideas to planning how these ideas could become a realisable project.
An efficient project design includes:
1. The systematic identification and prioritization of problems and opportunities to be addressed through development projects
2. The identification of a hierarchy of project goals and objectives linked by causal relationships
3. The planning of solutions in terms of inputs, activities, outputs, effects and impacts.
Workshop proceedings of "Identifying contextualized indicators to measure SDGs"4th Wheel Social Impact
Keeping social impact management at the centre, 4th Wheel Social Impact is committed to strengthening social programs in India by improving the way they are designed, implemented, monitored and evaluated. The organization believes the integration of data, technology and partnerships will enable the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The workshop focussed on Theory of Change, Indicator Development, SDG linkages of indicators.
This workshop was supported by Swedish Institute.
How to Integrate Learning with Monitoring and Evaluation.pptxAIT Extension
Continuity in education plays a pivotal role in one’s career. At Asian Institute of Technology, we cover all bases for providing the best continuing education Thailand. We have established a setup for ensuring high-quality education and training development Thailand at affordable prices. Feel free to connect with us at (66) (87) 889 8305.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) organized a three days Training Workshop on ‘Monitoring and Evaluation Methods’ on 10-12 March 2014 in New Delhi, India. The workshop is part of an IFAD grant to IFPRI to partner in the Monitoring and Evaluation component of the ongoing projects in the region. The three day workshop is intended to be a collaborative affair between project directors, M & E leaders and M & E experts. As part of the workshop, detailed interaction will take place on the evaluation routines involving sampling, questionnaire development, data collection and management techniques and production of an evaluation report. The workshop is designed to better understand the M & E needs of various projects that are at different stages of implementation. Both the generic issues involved in M & E programs as well as project specific needs will be addressed in the workshop. The objective of the workshop is to come up with a work plan for M & E domains in the IFAD projects and determine the possibilities of collaboration between IFPRI and project leaders.
monitoring and evaluation
Macdonald Mpando
Laboratory Technologist
DREAM Program-Malawi
the presentation is a core concept of how data in the medical lab can be collected, analyzed and managed for effective data driven decision making.
PEG M&E tool: a tool for monitoring and reviewing Progress, Effectiveness & G...Tariq A. Deen
The session will provide details on: the tool developed by the LEG for monitoring and evaluating progress, effectiveness and gaps (PEG M&E tool) and its application in the process to formulate and implement NAPs; and the best practices for developing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems for adaptation at the national level. It will also look at the experiences of countries in developing and applying M&E systems at their national levels.
PEG M&E tool: a tool for monitoring and reviewing Progress, Effectiveness & ...NAP Events
Presented by: Thinley Namgyel
8.3 Monitoring and evaluation
The session will provide details on: the tool developed by the LEG for monitoring and evaluating progress, effectiveness and gaps (PEG M&E tool) and its application in the process to formulate and implement NAPs; and the best practices for developing monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems for adaptation at the national level. It will also look at the experiences of countries in developing and applying M&E systems at their national levels.
The Advantages of Connecting Learning with Monitoring and Evaluation.pptxAIT Extension
Practical learning of a skill is essential to pursue a job. At Asian Institute of Technology, we provide short training courses in Thailand that ensures your skills are at effective play during challenging job roles. We also provide the best trainers and experts for short courses in Thailand. Kindly give us a call at (66) (87) 889 8305 for relevant queries.
This program was developed for CDD Society to accelerate the effectiveness of the new staff who were recruited to work on installation of sustainable decentralised wastewater advanced treatment systems
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
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Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
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what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
2. Module 2: REDD+ in Climate Change Context
SECTION V: MONITORING, EVALUATION AND ADAPTATION
5.1. Establish M&E Framework for REDD+ Action Plan
3. REDD+
in
Climate
Change
Context
(REDD+)
I. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT OF REDD+
1.1. Forests, Forest Carbon and Climate Change
1.2. Fundamentals of REDD+ and the UNFCCC
1.3. Stakeholder Engagement
II. ASSESSING CURRENT CONDITIONS OF REDD+
2.1. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
2.2. Fundamentals of Forest (Emission) Reference Levels
2.3. National Forest Monitoring Systems (NFMS) for REDD+
III. ANALYZING FUTURE OPTIONS FOR REDD+
3.1. Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation
3.2. REDD+ Safeguards under the UNFCCC
3.3. The Costs and Benefits of REDD+
IV. DEVELOPING REDD+ STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS
4.1. Negotiation in REDD+
4.2. National Strategies and Action Plans
4.3. Approaches for Incentive Allocation System
V. MONITORING, EVALUATION AND ADAPTATION
5.1. Establish M&E Framework for REDD+ Action Plan
5.2. Monitor and Measure Implementation Progress
5.3. Evaluate, Report and Adapt
4. Acknowledgements
UNIVERSITIES
Bangladesh Agricultural University
University of Chittagong
Dhaka University
Independent University, Bangladesh
Khulna University
Noakhali University of Science and Technology
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Sher-e-Bangla Agriculture University
North South University
EXPERT CONTRIBUTORS SPECIFIC INPUTS
Prof. (Dr.) Manzoor Rashid Curriculum Development for all
topics
Prof. (Dr.) Md. Danesh Miah REDD+, Forest Carbon
Prof. (Dr.) Md. Jakariya Community NR Management,
Climate Change, Natural Resources
Management
DESIGN, LAYOUT AND CONTENT DEVELOPMENT: Ms. Chi Pham, Curriculum Development Expert, Bangkok, Thailand
CREL STAFF CREL STAFF
John A Dorr Utpal Dutta
Abu Mostafa Kamal Uddin Ruhul Mohaiman Chowdhury
Kevin T. Kamp Rahima Khatun
Paul Thompson Sultana Razia Zummi
Abdul Wahab Shams Uddin
Shahzia Mohsin Khan
5. At the end of this session, students will be able to:
• Explain the key concepts of monitoring and evaluation
• Identify the elements necessary to develop an monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
framework, including the key factors for the execution of a successful plan
Learning Objectives
What
How
Who
6. Monitoring is a system for continuously gathering and processing
relevant data and information in order to:
• Document results, processes, experiences
• Identify periodically the achievements of project objectives and at
target-deviations timely recognize the needs for correction
• Make steering decisions: quickly initiate corrective measures and
adjustments
• Make available the necessary resources for these measures
Defining Monitoring
7. • Evaluation is the systematic and objective assessment of an
ongoing or completed project, program or policy, its design,
implementation and results
• Evaluation is to determine the relevance and fulfillment of
objectives, developmental efficiency, effectiveness, impact and
sustainability
• Evaluation provide credible and useful information that enables the
incorporation of lessons learned into the decision-making process
Defining Evaluation
8. Monitoring vs. Evaluation
Monitoring
Continuous: day-to-day, routine, on going
activities
Documents progress using selected indicators
Focuses on inputs, activities and outputs
Provides warning signs to managers
Self-assessment
Evaluation
Periodic: important milestones (mid-term or
end of project)
Comprehensive investigation,
intensive review of program achievements and
other determinants of results
Focuses on outcomes and impacts
Provides managers with strategy and policy
options if corrective action is needed
External analysis
9. M&E is an iterative process by which data are collected and
analyzed in order to provide information to stakeholders for
REDD+ action plan
Definition: Monitoring & Evaluation
10. Rules of the Game
Time to M&E
Time/Space
Drivers
of
Change
Goal / Objective
NOW
BAU
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
+ / -
+ / -
+ / -
M&E
11. Developing a M&E System
Element 1: Vision
Element 2: Capacity to supply information
Element 3: Capacity to use information
Element 4: Enabling Longevity
12. Element 1: Vision
• Why Vision?
• To assist stakeholders in decision making
The 4 essential M&E building blocks
14. Credible & Relevant Data
Skilled Personnel
The 4 essential M&E building blocks
Element 2: Capacity to supply information
15. The 4 essential M&E building blocks
• Clarity of Expectations
• Capacity to Actually incorporate & use the M&E
information
Element 3: Capacity to use information
16. The 4 essential M&E building blocks
• Sustaining M&E over the long-term
Element 4: Enabling Longevity
17. M&E System Launching
1: Vision
2: Capacity to supply information
3: Capacity to use information
4: Enabling Longevity
POLITICAL WILL
POLITICAL WILL
M&E
INFRASTRUCTURE
18. List Factors Critical for the Success of an M&E Program
1: Vision
2: Capacity to supply information
3: Capacity to use information
4: Enabling Longevity
POLITICAL WILL
POLITICAL WILL
M&E
INFRASTRUCTURE
19. M&E: Critical Success Factors
Demand Uses Leadership Commitment
Resourcing Accountability Technical Capacity
Infrastructure to
Supply M&E
Information
Infrastructure to
Use M&E
Information
Oversight Values & Ethics Sustainability
20. DEMAND
• Define What is driving
the demand for M&E
• Integrate the Land Use
Planning Goals and
Objectives into M&E
21. USES
Define how the M&E
information be used by
multiple stakeholders
Define current gaps in
information that are
currently not being met.
26. Technical Capacity
Build capacity to collect
reliable data & report
credible information.
Develop skilled personnel
Leverage existing
institutions that could
serve as credible
‘partners’
27. Infrastructure to Supply M&E Information
Define your Policy and
Standards
Develop Realistic Needs
Assessment
Insure that the M&E
information that gets
reported is credible,
timely & responding to
the priority issues.
28. Infrastructure to Use M&E Information
Develop formal “Use”
relationships
Align ‘incentives’ within
institutions to use M&E
information
Define formal and
informal methods for
sharing M&E information
29. Oversight
Define how the system
will be monitored over
time
Define how the
‘performance’ of the
M&E system itself will be
measured and adjusted
as necessary.
30. Values & Ethics
Define formal code of
conduct describing
accountabilities & expected
behavior for planners
transparency
access to information
fair & balanced reporting
accountability
32. • LACK OF PROCESS
• Systematic M&E
• Clear Principles, Criteria, and Indicators
• Feedback mechanism
• Enforcement of monitoring plan
• Risks associated identified
• Uncertainty
Challenges
33. • Existing M&E plans, institutions, and data sets that can be
leveraged.
Emerging Opportunities
34. • M&E Framework has to be designed early in the process.
• It needs stakeholder inputs
• It needs to be adequately resourced with clear roles and
responsibilities assigned.
• It should be a key management tool in assessing implementation
achievements and limitations.
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
35. • USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock
International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
• European Commission. 2004. Aid Delivery Methods: Project Cycle Management Guidelines. Volume 1. European Commission.
EuropeAid Cooperation Office. Brussels.
Link: https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/methodology-aid-delivery-methods-project-cycle-management-200403_en_2.pdf
• SDC & ETH Zurich. 2005. Result Based Management and Project Cycle Management. Project Cycle Management Interactive (PCMi).
Zurich. Switzerland.
Link: http://elearningpcm.ch/read/
• OECD. 2002a. Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results-Based Management. Paris: OECD/DAC.
Link: https://www.oecd.org/dac/2754804.pdf
• UNDP. 2009. Handbook on Planning, Monitoring and Evaluating for Development Results. New York, USA.
http://web.undp.org/evaluation/handbook/
• Mant, R., Swan, S., Bertzky, M. & Miles, L. 2013. Participatory biodiversity monitoring: Considerations for national REDD+
programmes. Prepared by UNEP-WCMC Cambridge, UK; and SNV REDD+, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
References
36. The curriculum of USAID’s Climate-Resilient Ecosystems and Livelihoods (CREL) in Bangladesh is a free
resource of teaching materials for university professors, teachers and climate change training experts.
Reproduction of CREL’s curriculum materials for educational or other non-commercial purposes is
authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder, provided the source is fully
acknowledged.
Suggested citation: Winrock International. 2016. USAID‘s Climate-Resilient Ecosystems and Livelihoods
(CREL). Winrock International. Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Disclaimer: The CREL’s curriculum is made possible by the support of the American People through the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of the curriculum do not
necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the US Government.
References and Resources
37. USAID's Climate-Resilient Ecosystems and Livelihoods (CREL) Project
Winrock International Headquarters
2101 Riverfront Drive, Little Rock
Arkansas 72202-1748 USA
Tel: 1-501-280-3000
Web: www.winrock.org
Editor's Notes
KEY MESSAGE:
Review Learning Objective with students
Define the What, How and Who for an M & E Framework
KEY MESSAGE:
OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) (2002a): Monitoring is a continuous observation function that uses the systematic collection of relevant, selected data to provide a project or program’s management and most important stakeholders with indicators about the progress being made and the objectives reached, as well as about processes and impact.
It is important for the students to master the purspose and importance of monitoring rather than sticking to the right definition. It is all about understanding.
Note:
OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
http://www.oecd.org/dac/evaluation/daccriteriaforevaluatingdevelopmentassistance.htm
References:
European Commission. 2004. Aid Delivery Methods: Project Cycle Management Guidelines. Volume 1. European Commission. EuropeAid Cooperation Office. Brussels. Link: https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/methodology-aid-delivery-methods-project-cycle-management-200403_en_2.pdf
SDC & ETH Zurich. 2005. Result Based Management and Project Cycle Management. Project Cycle Management Interactive (PCMi). Zurich. Switzerland. Link: http://elearningpcm.ch/read/
OECD. 2002a. Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results-Based Management. Paris: OECD/DAC. Link: https://www.oecd.org/dac/2754804.pdf
KEY MESSAGE:
OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) (2002a):
The systematic and objective assessment of an on-going or completed project, programme or policy, its design, implementation and results. The aim is to determine the relevance and fulfillment of objectives, development efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. An evaluation should provide information that is credible and useful, enabling the incorporation of lessons learned into the decision– making process of both recipients and donors.
Evaluation also refers to the process of determining the worth or significance of an activity, policy or program. An assessment, as systematic and objective as possible, of a planned, on-going, or completed development intervention.
Note: Evaluation in some instances involves the definition of appropriate standards, the examination of performance against those standards, an assessment of actual and expected results and the identification of relevant lessons.
Related term: review.
References:
European Commission. 2004. Aid Delivery Methods: Project Cycle Management Guidelines. Volume 1. European Commission. EuropeAid Cooperation Office. Brussels. Link: https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/methodology-aid-delivery-methods-project-cycle-management-200403_en_2.pdf
SDC & ETH Zurich. 2005. Result Based Management and Project Cycle Management. Project Cycle Management Interactive (PCMi). Zurich. Switzerland. Link: http://elearningpcm.ch/read/
OECD. 2002a. Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results-Based Management. Paris: OECD/DAC. Link: https://www.oecd.org/dac/2754804.pdf
KEY MESSAGE:
Monitoring is the tool for continuous steering and decision-making to confirm that the project is doing things right
Evaluation/review is a tool, which is applied at specific moments, such as in the middle or at the end of a phase or a project. Evaluations and reviews ask rather whether we have been doing the right things – often including the question about the right way
References:
European Commission. 2004. Aid Delivery Methods: Project Cycle Management Guidelines. Volume 1. European Commission. EuropeAid Cooperation Office. Brussels. Link: https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/methodology-aid-delivery-methods-project-cycle-management-200403_en_2.pdf
SDC & ETH Zurich. 2005. Result Based Management and Project Cycle Management. Project Cycle Management Interactive (PCMi). Zurich. Switzerland. Link: http://elearningpcm.ch/read/
OECD. 2002a. Glossary of Key Terms in Evaluation and Results-Based Management. Paris: OECD/DAC. Link: https://www.oecd.org/dac/2754804.pdf
KEY MESSAGE:
Combined they are a powerful tool to assess progress towards achieving REDD+ goals and objectives
M&E is important because it helps program implementers make informed decisions regarding program operations and service delivery based on objective evidence. It also ensures the most effective and efficient use of resources, helps determine the success or failure of a program, and assists in meeting organizational requirements such as reporting. Most importantly, monitoring and evaluation often convinces donors that their investments have been worthwhile.
KEY MESSAGE:
We are trying to setup a system to answer the question: DID IT WORK?
GRAY: Enabling Environment: Natural scientist interpretation “Things that people care about”, Defining the rules of the game.
Example: what is the scale? What are the policies? What are the sectors that we want to include? Who are the stakeholders and what are their institutions?
RED: Time is defined, Issue is defined, Scale is defined, Targets (goals and objectives) are defined
ORANGE: We need to understand past trend and the current situation to assist in planning for the future.
EXAMPLE: Need to understand current water demands to plan for the future that includes clime change. Demand vs. Supply
BROWN: Develop a variety of scenarios based on stakeholders interests for future planning that can be compared against a BAU
EXAMPLE: There is a need to increase forest cover as a climate change mitigation strategy, but by doing so it may impact other sectors. What are those impacts and how can we crate a WIN-WIN?
YELLOW (PEOPLE PULSING AND LINES ERASING): Seek agreement on a mutual “Best scenario” Defining the WIN-WIN
EAMPLE: Decreasing emissions by increasing forest cover in a way that preserves natural forests, Biodiversity, builds PFES systems, allows for the construction of scale appropriate hydropower, and increases well being.
GREEN: answers the question “DID IT WORK?” If yes great keep going. If no, why not? and how can we fix it.
Learning about the results of the plan as it was implemented. Are things on track, were outcomes achievable? The results would then feed back into the rules of the game conversation.
EXAMPLE: Tracking forest cover change. Is it increasing? What type is being deforested? Are we reaching our carbon emission goals?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
An M&E system has four main elements built upon defined Goals and Objectives of a REDD+ Action Plan.
Monitoring and Evaluation System requires four essential building blocks
2) The development of an M&E system mirrors the process to develop a REDD+ Action Plan
Discuss how the purpose of the M&E process is to incorporate all the spate elements that you constructed during your REDD+
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
An understanding of how M&E information can assist stakeholders in decision making.
Should be able to answer the following questions:
What are the Stakeholders expectations from the M&E process?
Will the monitored indicators provide evidence that the plan’s goals and objectives are being met?
How much uncertainty is acceptable by those stakeholders that have authority to approve the plan or accept the reported results?
How will the results be communicated?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Information should meet the needs of multiple stakeholders. Here is an example from PBM.
PBM is an approach to biodiversity monitoring that aims to engage different stakeholders, from national government to the grassroots level.
Go over national versus local expectations.
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
Mant, R., Swan, S., Bertzky, M. & Miles, L. 2013. Participatory biodiversity monitoring: Considerations for national REDD+ programmes. Prepared by UNEP-WCMC Cambridge, UK; and SNV REDD+, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
KEY MESSAGE: Technical capacity includes both the existence of credible and relevant data and information-gathering systems as well as the skilled personnel to gather, analyze and report on the performance of government policies and programs.
Should be able to answer the following questions:
What will be monitored (indicators, targets and data)?
How it will be monitored (methods)?
When will it be monitored (timing)?
Who will monitor it (stakeholder responsibility)?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE: The capacity to ‘use’ M&E information requires both a clarity of expectations re where and how M&E information is intended to be used within government organizations (e.g. planning, policy or program development; decision-making; budgeting), as well as the capacity within institutions to actually incorporate and use the M&E information as part of the normal planning process.
Should be able to answer the following questions:
How is this information going to be used?
Will the monitored indicators provide evidence that the plan’s goals and objectives are being met?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE: A fundamental requirement to ensuring a commitment to not only launch an M&E exercise but to sustaining it over the long-term.
Should be able to answer the following questions:
Where will monitoring data be stored (in what format or database of record?)
Who is committed to funding it? (Money)
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE: In general terms, the discussion of these four ‘building blocks’ really points to two prime foundation pieces for an M&E system launching: political will for change and development of M&E infrastructure.
POLITICAL WILL: Political support is needed as an essential ‘driver’ to launch and resource the M&E exercise; lead the change in organizational culture that may be needed; provide the champion(s); ensure an enabling environment; deflect resistance to the introduction of M&E and the changes that this might imply; and, provide the basis to help ensure that the M&E system is sustainable over the long term. The experience of other countries has shown that such support for M&E often comes as a result of broad-based public sector reform initiatives that may incorporate M&E as useful tools for purposes of monitoring, reporting and accountability.
M&E Infrastructure: The successful development and implementation of an M&E system takes more than political will though. Even with a resource commitment to invest in M&E development, the technical hurdles may require a lengthy process to put in place and develop credible data systems; train needed M&E specialists; and educate managers throughout the system on how and where M&E information will be used. This is generally a lengthy and iterative process, as the experience of most countries using M&E systems would attest to; and, one where allowance for continuous learning and improvement through oversight mechanisms is particularly beneficial to the improvement of the M&E system.
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
EXERCISE 1: Using these 4 building blocks What are the factors that are critical for the success of an M&E Plan?
Demand
Uses
Leadership
Commitment
Resourcing
Accountability
Technical Capacity
Infrastructure to Supply M&E Information
Infrastructure to Use M&E Information
Oversight
Values & Ethics
Sustainability
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE: There are 12 key factors that are necessary to creating a successful M&E Program. We will go through them one by one…
Demand: Integrates the REDD+ goals and objectives into the M&E effort along with the demand for them
What is driving the demand for M&E?
What are the broad goals of the exercise?
Uses: Defines what M&E information products are going to be used by the variety of stakeholder groups
How will M&E information be used? By whom? And, for what audience(s)?
Are there real needs for information that are currently not being met?
Leadership: Defines your champions for making the M&E program successful
Is leadership supportive? Leading the way?
Is there a ‘champion’ for the M&E exercise?
Commitment: Defines peoples willingness to support the program during difficult times
Is there commitment to not only launch an M&E exercise, but to also sustain it?
What will serve as the basis to ensure that an M&E system gets implemented? Is sustained?
Resourcing: Proactively identifying where the money and people are going to come from.
Where will the resources ($) to develop systems and hire & train skilled personnel come from?
Will organizations be required to internally reallocate? Or, be given new money?
Accountability: Define who is responsible for producing
Who will be accountable for ensuring that an M&E system is a functioning part of the public sector?
Have roles & responsibilities been firmly established?
Technical Capacity: Proactively insure that you have the right people trained in the right places
Is there a capacity (data systems & infrastructure) to collect reliable data & report credible information?
Is there an adequate analytical capacity (skilled personnel)?
Are there existing institutions that could serve as credible ‘partners’ (e.g. National Statistical Office; Research institutes)?
Infrastructure to Supply M&E Information: Identify a support infrastructure needed for the M&E program
Is there a Policy and a set of Standards in place that describe roles, responsibilities & expectations re the operation of the M&E system and the use of M&E information?
Are the organizations & Units that collect & analyze M&E information structured & adequately resourced ($ & HR)?
Is the M&E information that gets reported credible, timely & responding to the priority issues?
Infrastructure to Use M&E Information: Identify a communication and use strategy that is in line with stakeholders, give them information that they can use in a format that they can understand.
Are there formal policies or requirements on how performance monitoring & evaluation information gets ‘used’ by organizations?
What are the ‘incentives’ within an organization for using M&E information (rewards and/or sanctions)?
Are there formal or informal vehicles/mechanisms/fora for reporting, sharing or tabling M&E information?
Is results-based performance factored into personnel assessments?
Oversight: Insure auditable third-party neutrality and transparency
How will the system be monitored over time to ensure that it is functioning as expected? And, to the level expected?
Does the National Audit Office play any role in monitoring the M&E system & the use of performance information across government?
Is there a Policy Centre (e.g. Centre of Excellence for Evaluation) to monitor implementation?
Will the ‘performance’ of the M&E system itself be measured? Adjusted as necessary?
Values & Ethics: Proactively define value and ethic standards
Is there a formal code of conduct describing accountabilities & expected behavior for public servants (e.g. transparency; access to information; fair & balanced reporting; accountability)?
Is this code well understood and adhered to by all?
Is ‘speaking truth to power’ considered appropriate within a public service organization?
Sustainability: Insure that everything is repeatable and fundable over the course of implementation
What requirements/safeguards are there to ensure that an M&E system will be made sustainable (i.e. allowed to continue over time)?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Integrates the REDD+ goals and objectives into the M&E effort along with the demand for them
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
What is driving the demand for M&E?
What are the broad goals of the exercise?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Defines what M&E information products are going to be used by the variety of stakeholder groups
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
How will M&E information be used? By whom?
And, for what audience(s)?
Are there real needs for information that are currently not being met?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Defines your champions for making the M&E program successful
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
Is leadership supportive? Leading the way?
Is there a ‘champion’ for the M&E exercise?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Defines peoples willingness to support the program during difficult times
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
Is there commitment to not only launch an M&E exercise, but to also sustain it?
What will serve as the basis to ensure that an M&E system gets implemented? Is sustained?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Proactively identifying where the money and people are going to come from.
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
Where will the resources ($) to develop systems and hire & train skilled personnel come from?
Will organizations be required to internally reallocate? Or, be given new money?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Define who is responsible for producing what. WHO IS THE BOSS?
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
Who will be accountable for ensuring that an M&E system is a functioning part of the land use planning cycle?
Have roles & responsibilities been firmly established?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Technical Capacity: Proactively insure that you have the right people trained in the right places
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
Is there a capacity (data systems & infrastructure) to collect reliable data & report credible information?
Is there an adequate analytical capacity (skilled personnel)?
Are there existing institutions that could serve as credible ‘partners’ (e.g. National Statistical Office; Research institutes)?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Identify a support infrastructure needed for the M&E program
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
Is there a Policy and a set of Standards in place that describe roles, responsibilities & expectations re the operation of the M&E system and the use of M&E information?
Are the organizations & Units that collect & analyze M&E information structured & adequately resourced ($ & HR)?
Is the M&E information that gets reported credible, timely & responding to the priority issues?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Identify a communication and use strategy that is in line with stakeholders, give them information that they can use in a format that they can understand.
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
Are there formal policies or requirements on how performance monitoring & evaluation information gets ‘used’ by organizations?
What are the ‘incentives’ within an organization for using M&E information (rewards and/or sanctions)?
Are there formal or informal vehicles/mechanisms/fora for reporting, sharing or tabling M&E information?
Is results-based performance factored into personnel assessments?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Insure that the M&E is auditable, third-party neutrality and transparent
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
How will the system be monitored over time to ensure that it is functioning as expected? And, to the level expected?
Does the National Audit Office play any role in monitoring the M&E system & the use of performance information across government?
Is there a Policy Centre (e.g. Centre of Excellence for Evaluation) to monitor implementation?
Will the ‘performance’ of the M&E system itself be measured? Adjusted as necessary?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Proactively define value and ethic standards
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
Is there a formal code of conduct describing accountabilities & expected behavior for public servants (eg. transparency; access to information; fair & balanced reporting; accountability)?
Is this code well understood and adhered to by all?
Is ‘speaking truth to power’ considered appropriate within a public service organization?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Insure that everything is repeatable and fundable over the course of implementation
ASK STUDENTS BASED ON EXERCISE:
What requirements/safeguards are there to ensure that an M&E system will be made sustainable (i.e. allowed to continue over time)?
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
LACK OF PROCESS IS A CRITICAL CHALLENGE
M&E process (i.e., participation, gender, administrative procedures, communication protocols) is a difficult and challenging task. But an important one often ignored.
A robust M&E plan needs to focus on specific and measurable bio-physical targets, but must also focus on stakeholders, their interactions and the targeted beneficiaries.
Many REDD+ projects and programs have placed a considerable emphasis on the development of a Measuring, Monitoring and Verification system specific to greenhouse gas emissions, often at the expense of establishing an accurate and agreed baseline. Development of a MRV system (or an M&E plan) without setting a baseline line is ‘putting the horse before the cart’.
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
YOU DON’T NEED TO START FROM SCRATCH
There is a lot of stuff that is out there that you can use to start.
A number of climate change mitigation programs have now established robust M&E plans and methods for measuring greenhouse gas emissions and changes in livelihood and environmental indicators as a result of the project/program. These programs provide examples and knowledge and skills that other low emission programs can build upon.
Image Source:
http://community.cengage.com/GECResource2/info/b/finance/archive/2015/10/11/leverage-and-bond-fund-returns
Reference:
USAID. 2015. USAID LEAF‘s Climate Change Curriculum. USAID Lowering Emissions in Asia Forests Program (USAID LEAF). Winrock International and US Forest Service. Bangkok, Thailand.
KEY MESSAGE:
Good M&E planning leads to successful implementation of any development program, particularly REDD+ projects in climate change context.