The Children's Health Fund provides mobile health clinics that deliver comprehensive healthcare to underserved children. The clinics face implementation challenges due to operating in diverse urban environments. Healthcare information technology, including electronic medical records and telecommunications networks, help the clinics overcome barriers and ensure continuity of care for patients. Technologies support high-quality care across multiple clinic locations and aid data collection for patient health histories.

1. MBA 5401 Analyze Case Study I-4
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upporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New Analyze the case study,
andYork City” (on pp. 157-165in the textbook). Considerdevelop the conclusions,
recommendations, and implications. the implementation challenges in the case and the
technologies used to meet them, along with the finalquestions posed at the end of the case.
Summarize your findings in a two-page paper(last paragraph on p. 165) using proper APA
formatting.
Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: TheChildren’s Health Fund of New York CityThe Children’s
Health FundThe Children’s Health Fund (CHF) develops and supportsa national network of 22
programs and two affiliates in 15to 17 states in the United States and the District ofColumbia.
The mission of the CHF is to provide comprehensivehealth care to the nation’s most
medicallyunderserved children, from birth up to age 24. In-personprimary health care, mental
health, and oral health servicesare delivered by teams of doctors, nurses, dentists,psychologists,
social workers, and nutritionists at morethan 200 service sites across the United States
inpartnership with pediatric departments and specialists inaffiliated academic medical centers or
Federally QualifiedHealth Centers (FQHC).The CHF’s integrated approach to health care
isconsistent with the concept of an “enhanced medicalhome” in which continuity of care is
ensured via coordinationacross multiple healthcare providers and specialties.In the United States,
the Medical Home concept is beingadopted as one aspect of health care reform to ensure ahigh
quality standard of care that also seeks to increaseefficiencies and reduce costs for acute care.
This type ofintegrated health care delivery is enabled by health informationtechnology (HIT)—
not only computer software butalso communications networks.1The cofounder and president of
the CHF, Dr. IrwinRedlener, received his M.D. from the University of Miamiin 1969. But his
life mission for bringing medical care tounderserved children reportedly began when he was
amedical resident in pediatrics at the Children’s Hospital ofDenver and saw a poster for VISTA
(Volunteers in Serviceto America) with the words: “If you’re not part of the solution,you’re part
of the problem.” Dr. Redlener’s quest tobecome part of the solution began with delivering
medicalcare in Lee County, Arkansas, then working on earthquakerelief in Guatemala, followed
by serving as medical directorfor USA for Africa, and this poster is hanging in hisoffice
today.2An important motivation in my life has been workingwith kids whose situation makes

2. them vulnerablefor reasons out of their control. They are desperatelyill, or living in extreme
poverty, or disconnectedfrom medical care. I feel most energized by trying tohelp children who
have the fewest resources.—Irwin Redlener3In 1987, Redlener cofounded the Children’s Health
Fund(CHF) in New York City. Its initial focus was on pediatriccare for homeless kids, and his
cofounder was singer/songwriterPaul Simon. While working for USA for Africa, hehelped solicit
the help of other recognized entertainers,including Joan Baez, Harry Belafonte, Lionel Richie,
andMichael Jackson. When he learned that Paul Simon wasinterested in doing something for the
homeless, he reachedout to him:I was working for USA for Africa, setting up thegrant office in
New York City. Paul Simon, who wason the We Are the World record, wanted to do
somethingfor the homeless. We visited a number ofwelfare hotels. In the Hotel Martinique [in
TimesSquare] a thousand children and their families werewarehoused. Somebody suggested that
we should geta van and bring doctors there.—Irwin Redlener4That was the beginning of what
would become CHF’snational network of Children’s Health Projects (CHP), inwhich health care
is delivered via doctors, nurses, and Copyright © 2010 by Carol V. Brown, Distinguished
Professor,and Kevin Ryan, Distinguished Associate Professor, Stevens Institute
ofTechnology.1The Medical Home concept, which originated with the AmericanAcademy of
Pediatrics in the 1960s, is today being considered as a meansto reinvent primary care in the
United States. One of the current barriersto implementation is the fee-for-service reimbursement
model within theUnited States.2As reported by Tom Callahan, “Mobilizing for Kids,” Diversion
forPhysicians at Leisure (April 15, 2004): 30–32. 3 Ibid.4 Ibid. The “We Are the World” record
was made to raise funds for theUSA for Africa’s famine relief efforts. For example, see:
http://www.inthe80s.com/weworld.shtml.158 Part I • Information TechnologyEXHIBIT 1 CHF
National NetworkCopyright © the Children’s Health Fund. Reproduced with permission. All
rights reserved.other professionals in an RV-size mobile medical clinic(MMC) that is driven to
locations where the people arewho need it—such as city shelters for homeless families.The
flagship program with the first MMC was launched inNYC in 1987, and by 2009 the program
had beenexpanded to cities and some deep rural areas withinCHF’s growing national network of
clinics. The clinicsare supported by 41 state-of-the-art MMCs (32 medical, 3mental health, 5
dental, 1 public health field office, and 1health education) operating in different programs
acrossthe country (see the map in Exhibit 1). By 2009, some hadbeen in service for many years
and while not obsolete,lacked some of the newest features, such as modularnetwork cabling and
upgraded electrical generators; 7 newMMCs were in some stage of procurement in June
2010.The payments for the medical care provided by CHFprimarily come from four sources:
private individual andcorporate donation, congressional aid, and two governmenthealth
insurance programs that support children living inpoverty. These programs are Medicaid and the
StateChildren’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Medicaidinsures kids whose parents earn
little or no money; thefederal government pays part of the costs, but programs areadministered
and partially funded by state governments.SCHIP, a newer federal program initiated in 1997,
insureschildren in families that earn too much to qualify forMedicaid, but too little to afford
private health insurance. InFebruary 2009, President Obama signed a bill thatcontinues funding
for SCHIP ($32 billion over the next 4.5years).Mobile Medical Clinics at the Children’sHealth
FundCHF’s Mobile Medical Clinics (MMCs) are housed in 36- to44-foot long blue vans,
designed to provide a full range ofpediatric primary health care including preventive care
(e.g.,childhood vaccinations), diagnosis and management of acuteand chronic diseases, mental
health, dental, and health educationservices. In addition to care provided in the mobileclinics,
care is provided at stationary clinical sites located inshelters, schools, and community centers,

3. and traditionalhealth clinics (e.g., the South Bronx Health Center forChildren & Families in
NYC). The mobile clinics routinelyvisit low-income neighborhoods and homeless and
domesticviolence shelters to provide medical services, but MMCsSan Francisco Peninsula,
CALos Angeles , CAIdaho Montrose, COArkansasChicago, ILPhiladelphia, PACHF
NationalOffice, NYNew York CityProgramsLong Island , NYNew JerseyWashington D.C.West
VirginiaMemphis, TNMississippiMississippi Gulf CoastOrlando, FLNew Orleans, LAPhoenix,
AZSouthern Arizona, AZAustin, TXDallas, TXChildren’s Health Fund National
OfficeChildren’s Health Fund ProgramsAffiliates–Special InitiativesBaton Rouge, LASouth
FloridaCase Study I-4 • Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New
York City 159have also been deployed to provide medical services inresponse to public health
crises or emergencies, including the9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, hurricanes Rita
andKatrina in 2005, and the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill.Two primary CHF principles are at the
heart of thedesign of the MMCs:• To provide high-quality pediatric primary care aswell as
mental health services, dental services, andsocial services to medically underserved
populationswith children.• To operate in partnership with a high-quality localmedical institution,
such as an academic medicalcenter or FQHC, to ensure access to other medicalexperts as needed
as well as coordinated health carefor the local population.Access to reliable, affordable
transportation is a major constraintfor those living in poverty at government-sponsoredlocations,
as well as areas where there are few health careproviders, known as HPSAs (Health Professional
ShortageAreas). To help remove this constraint for low-income andhomeless residents in New
York and four other major areas,GlaxoSmithKlein provided a $2.3 million grant to
supporttransportation funding in 2004: $35,000 on taxi rides and$20,000 on bus tickets for adults
were spent by the DallasChildren’s Health Project (CHP) the prior year. In NewYork, this
Referral Management Initiative had dramaticresults: specialist appointment compliance rose
from 5 toabout 70 percent.5The medical home concept is based on the premisethat a returning
patient will be supported by a trustedhealthcare team who knows the patient and has access
todocumentation of his or her health history. Exhibit 25 Tony Hartzel, “Transportation a Vital
Health Link,” The Dallas MorningNews (December 19, 2004).EXHIBIT 2 The CHF Medical
Mobile Unit (MMU) ModelCopyright © the Children’s Health Fund. Reproduced with
permission. All rights reserved. 160 Part I • Information Technologyshows a model of the MMC
and its layout, with a separateregistration area and waiting room, a nurse’s station,
andexamination rooms.The sides of the blue vans are painted (like“billboards”) to clearly signal
that they are CHF units withqualified medical personnel onboard. On a given dayduring a given
time period each week, the MMCs arescheduled to be at the same location with the same
medicalpersonnel onboard.We don’t just show up like in an ice-cream man mode,give a shot and
disappear. The protocol is that everyTuesday from X-time to Y-time the doctor is there.—Jeb
Weisman, CIOProviding high-quality primary care from a mobile clinicdoes present some
unique challenges for supporting thosewho are delivering the health care, such as:• Designing an
environment which is consistent withand will support standard physician office and
clinicprocesses. This includes providing the requiredspace and medical equipment to support
high qualitydelivery of primary care, including sufficient, highqualityelectrical power.•
Complying with regulatory standards such as thoseset forth by JCAHO (e.g., PC locations) and
governmentlegislation (e.g., HIPAA laws for privacy andsecurity of personal health
information).6• Supporting a mobile unit that operates at multiple,primarily urban, sites—each
with its own uniqueenvironmental factors.• Providing computer and communications
technologieswithin the MMC that are reliable anddependable, as well as off-site access to

4. technicalsupport.Another important consideration is the overall cost foreach mobile clinic—
including the initial costs for a stateof-the-artMMC as well as continuing operating costs.
Themajority of the approximately $500,000 capital budget foreach MMC is allocated to the
required medical equipmentand associated vehicle requirements (i.e., space, power,and
transportation needs). Preventive care via a medicalhome should of course result in long-term
cost savings forstate and federal payers as children receive immunizationsand regular health
checkups that can avoid costly visitsto hospital emergency rooms, but these are difficult
tomeasure. Given the national shortage in primary carephysicians, CHF’s association with a
major medical centeralso means that MMC may be part of medical residents’formal training
rotation, often in pediatrics or communitymedicine, as part of the medical team.Healthcare
Information Systemsto Support Primary CareIn the United States today, it is still not unusual to
findpaper-based record keeping in physician practices (referredto as ambulatory or outpatient
practices). Two types offunctionality are provided in software packages developedand
maintained by vendors who specialize in the healthcareindustry:• Practice Management Systems
(PMS) supportadministrative tasks such as patient workflow andthe revenue cycle, with data
including patient contactinformation, appointment scheduling, andpatient insurance plan
information.• Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems supportclinicians, such as patient
diagnosis, treatment andphysician orders, with data including patient demographics(age, gender),
family history information,allergies, medications, and clinical documentation ofdiagnoses,
treatments, and outcomes for prior visitsand specialty referrals.By 2008, only 4 percent of
physicians in ambulatory settingshad a fully functional EMR; 13 percent had a
partiallyfunctional EMR; but 50 percent of those in larger practices(11 or more physicians) had
partial or full EMR support.7Some vendors provide packaged solutions with PMSand EMR
modules designed to exchange data with each other.However, since some of the clinical
packages are designed tospecifically support certain types of care—such as pediatrics,OB/GYN,
cardiac care, and so on—specialty practices inparticular may have purchased software from
differentvendors. In addition, software that supports electronicprescription transactions to
pharmacies and insurers hasrecently been widely adopted as this capability has becomerequired
for reimbursements by government and otherinsurers. Investments in software packages to
support clinicalprocesses in small practices (1–3 physicians) in particular willbe made at a much
faster rate during the second decade of thiscentury due to financial incentives administered by
Medicaidand Medicare to eligible physicians who have implemented 6JCHAO (Joint
Commission on Accreditation of HealthcareOrganizations) is the accreditation body for
healthcare organizations. TheHIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
PrivacyRule governs all protected health information; the HIPAA Security Rulesets security
standards for protected health information maintained ortransmitted in electronic form.7 2007
study by the Institute of Health Policy at Massachusetts GeneralHospital (MGH).Case Study I-4
• Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City 161certified
electronic health record systems and reported specificmetrics for Meaningful Use beginning in
2011 under theHITECH Act.8The advantages of using computerized health informationsystems
were recognized early on by the CHF. JebWeisman, the current CIO, initially joined the
organizationin the late 1980s prior to the implementation of the firstMMC to lead the efforts to
provide state-of-the-art supportfor the MMCs. Initially a home-grown system was developedand
maintained.Given the way the transitional housing system for thehomeless worked at the time—
there were enforcedmoves every 3 weeks and that sort of thing—it wasincredibly important that
you had a real history.Some of these kids were being immunized half adozen times for measles,

5. by the time they were 6 or 7because if something would show up, it is better togive them shots
than not . . . . So you had as much asmedical over-neglect as under-neglect going on.Records are
vitally important.—Jeb WeismanIn 1999, CHF partnered with a now defunct vendor todevelop
specialized technology for the MMC environment.This system was then phased out in 2007
when CHF partneredwith another leading Electronic Health Record(EHR) software vendor:
eClinicalWorks.9 Given the CHF’searly investment in custom software that supported the
datacollection of detailed clinical data specifically for pediatriccare, Weisman’s team built in a
similar data collectioncapability for use with the commercial software package.Having this
detailed information in a standard formatenables high-quality patient–physician interactions on
notonly the first but also subsequent visits, in addition to providingthe data needed for referrals.
Medically underservedpopulations typically have higher levels of lead in theirbloodstreams,
asthma, and other chronic conditions.10One of the record keeping challenges faced by
allphysician practices is the integration of laboratory andimaging results with the rest of a
patient’s health record.In a paper environment, the test results are typically faxedfrom the
facilities performing and interpreting the tests tothe requesting physician, and then paper copies
and film(such as x-rays or CAT scans) are filed in the patient’sfolder along with other hard-copy
records. When testresults are not received in a timely manner, a nurse or otherstaff member
typically makes a call to the test facility’sstaff and can receive the missing record in a relatively
shorttime period. Today’s more sophisticated healthcareinformation system (HIS) solutions
integrate electronicreports of test results with the patient’s record so that thephysician can
quickly access all relevant data with thesame patient record interface.However, maintaining an
accurate medical historyfor a patient who lives in poverty and may be residing in ahomeless
shelter or other temporary housing is more complicatedthan for patients with a more permanent
address.In cities and towns with CHF clinics, a patient served by aspecific clinic in a given
neighborhood in the Bronx thismonth may be domiciled in a different shelter in a
differentborough and show up at a permanent clinic or MMC in adifferent location in NYC the
next month. To retrieve arecord from another clinic may require a phone call andfax
capabilities.Both telephone and fax capabilities are therefore basicrequirements for not only
retrieving missing data but alsoconsulting with other medical experts, and supporting
patientreferrals to other clinicians, including specialists. Anideal solution to capture the patient
data that have previouslybeen collected for the same patient—especially when thesame software
package is being used at multiple clinics—would be to have it available in structured electronic
form.Connectivity Needs to Support MobileMedical ClinicsThere are therefore two primary
communications needsfor clinicians to deliver quality healthcare via a mobileclinic: (1) access to
patient data previously captured atanother medical facility (or MMC) but not yet available inthe
patient record system in the clinic and (2) access topersonnel at another medical facility for
either an emergencyconsult or referral, or a more routine referral. In anideal world, all of the
network requirements describedbelow for a mobile clinic environment would be
satisfied.However, some unique challenges are associated withMMC service environments.•
Network availability and reliability. The number 1networking requirement is that remote access
to dataand people needs to be available. Yet the MMCs aredeployed mostly in dense urban
areas—and sometimesin sparsely populated rural areas—that may8 The implementation of an
HITECH Act, which is a portion of theAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act legislation
signed into law byPresident Obama in February 2009, is overseen by the Office of theNational
Coordinator for HIT within the U.S. Department of Health andHuman Services. An EHR is
similar to an EMR, except it is designed toexchange data with other healthcare systems external

6. to the healthcareprovider who owns it.9 Soon after this adoption date, eClinicalWorks was
selected as an EHRvendor for the New York City Department of Health and MentalHygiene’s
(DoHMH) Primary Care Information Project (PCIP).10 As reported in an interview of Irwin
Redlener by Janice Lloyd, “‘KidsCan’t Wait’ for Health Care,” USA Today (May 21, 2009):
7D.162 Part I • Information Technologynot provide network availability or may not
providereliable access to voice and data networks.• Data security. At a minimum, HIPAA
requirementsfor data security must be met. User data must beencrypted at the database server
level, and additionalencryption and “network tunneling” are needed forprotection of patient data
at the network level.11• Easy to use with zero on-site support.Networking technologies in the
MMCs are thereto support the high-quality delivery of pediatricprimary care. Since the highly
trained and educatedmedical staff is not necessarily sophisticated inknowledge about networking
technology andmaintenance of equipment, it is critical for the networkingsolution to be “push-
button” technologyand require little infield maintenance andprovisioning.• Inexpensive to deploy
and operate. The installednetworking equipment should not add significantexpense to the cost of
an MMC. The network solutionsshould also be readily available and easy toacquire plus easy to
install in the MMC.• Network throughput (data rate) and latency.The data rate must support the
transfer of textbasedfiles (medical health records and patientreferrals). The transmission of high-
density medicalimages (e.g., digital X-rays) requires muchhigher throughput rates and therefore
provides adifferent challenge. Another critical requirementis to minimize network latency; large
latencyresults in inefficiencies and possible confusion onthe part of the MMC staff (e.g., “Is the
networkconnection still active or not? Why is it taking solong to load?”).Connectivity
Solutions:What Workedand What Didn’tSince the launch of the first MMC in the 1987,
severalnetworking solutions have been tried and newer technologieshave become available and
affordable. Two differentwireless network solutions were tried, with mixed results.Satellite-
Based AccessIn 2005, a number of MMCs were equipped withrooftop-mounted satellite antenna
systems. These antennasystems were equipped with a setup function whichautomatically unfolds
the antenna and raises the antennafrom a horizontal (“flat”) position to a position where
theantenna is facing the sky. The antenna then performs ascanning operation to detect the
strongest available satellitesignal and begins establishing a communications link withthe
satellite. When the system is powered down, the antennafolds back into the original horizontal
position. Althoughthese systems were expensive and designed for mobileoperation, they proved
to be mechanically unreliable.You have these structural limitations to the system.Every day it
goes up and down but unlike mom-andpopcasual use, we’re dealing with vital health
careinformation and communications. Invariably, themechanical system breaks down—a gear
strips, aconnector fails, or a circuit fries. We have had doctorsand nurses climbing on the roof to
manuallylower the antenna system, and these are high-end,sophisticated devices . . . . Well, that
is not good onmany levels, not the least of which alienates userstowards the technology.—Jeb
WeismanThey also posed structural problems for the MMCs (due totheir weight). In some
situations, the satellite communicationsalso had unacceptably large latency due to the natureand
design of satellite communication systems.It is interesting how expectations get managed inthese
kinds of environments. In terms of throughput orcapacity in a perfect world, most of the data that
youare moving is simple structured textual data. So actuallyyou need very little bandwidth, but
you needbandwidth without significant latency . . . . A 1.5Megabit satellite connection is way
different from 1.5Megabit connections on a wired line or even inWimax, or whatever the flavor
of the month is, in atraditional Ethernet-based system. The latency is akiller. It is deceptive for
the end user: even if thethroughput is okay to move that image down, or tomove those data up,

7. they don’t trust it—because ittakes longer to refresh than we are used to today athome or in the
office. Do they step away and hopetheir data are refreshed when they are taking care ofthe
patient, or do they stand there for twice as longwaiting for something to happen? Very often
wirelesscommunication at the satellite level can make thingsworse than just going with the
flow—which is to say‘we are here, we are in a box in the middle ofnowhere, and we just have
got to manually write itdown and deal with it later.’—Jeb Weisman11 Tunneling is a networking
technique that encrypts user data for securetransport over the public Internet.Case Study I-4 •
Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City 163Cellular
Wireless Networks—WirelessModem SolutionFirst piloted in 2004 and formally entered into
service in2007, the MMC was equipped with a Sierra WirelessAirLink PinPoint X wireless
modem that provided ThirdGeneration (3G) wireless service with a “fall-back” capabilityto 2.5G
wireless service in areas where 3G servicewas not available. The advantage of this specific
wirelessmodem was that it supported both 3G standards widelydeployed in the United States:
both Universal MobileTelecommunications Service (UMTS) and cdma2000. Thepotential for 3G
rates is in the range of several Mbps, sothis wireless solution provided the MMC with a high
datarate to and from the Internet. However, the transmission ofpatient data requires cellular
coverage and reliability at a“mission-critical” or “professional” level, but today’s generalpurpose
wireless networks are designed for “consumer”levels. If the wireless coverage is not available
andreliable, this solution can only be used to support MMCcommunications that are not mission
critical.For the clinicians working in the mobile clinics,dependable and predictable wireless
access to the Internetis more critical than achieving higher data rates. 3G andthe emerging 4G
networks do have the required throughput(4G wireless networks are promising 100 Mbps) for
transmittingmore than text-based data. However, what thesenetworks do not deliver is reliable
and dependable coverage(i.e., network access) at the level required.A hybrid alternative that has
been tried is to delaydata transmission from the MMC until there is access fromthe van to a
wired broadband solution, such as in a communitycenter or school.Delayed Broadband Wired
AccessIn this mode of operation, the MMC operates as a “storeand-forward”device: patient
records, medical referrals, anddigital images are stored on an MMC server until wiredbroadband
Internet access is available. A typical configurationis to have a wireless LAN (WiFi) connection
via awireless router from the MMC to the broadband accesspoint into the other facility. The
obvious disadvantages ofthis approach are the delay in accessing and transferringinformation,
and the security of the wireless LAN link. Inaddition, the MMC is not always able to use a
nearby thirdparty’swired network due to local restrictions on accessto its wired broadband
connection or HIPAA securityconcerns.Many of these organizations or institutions,
particularlyones that are city based, won’t allow you toinstall your own telecom infrastructure in
their buildings.So we can go to shelters where they even oftenhave an Internet or network-based
infrastructure andwe are not allowed to connect to it. Plus then we havesome problems around
what I will generically refer toas a HIPAA Issue–we can’t just go through any oldnetwork . . .
HIPAA rules are actually changing substantially—becomingmuch more restrictive, muchbetter
prescribed and set out, and much more painfulif you violate them . . . . So when we look at the
solutions,we have to make sure we can tunnel.—Jeb WeismanAsynchronous Multi-Master
DatabaseReplication (AMMR)In the absence of a reliable, high-speed networking solutionto
enable patient data transfers from the MMCs to thecentral server at the headquarters of the New
York CHP inthe Bronx, a more hands-on solution has been adopted toenable (1) the integration
of patient record data collected atmultiple sites and (2) provide a backup capability. But italso
requires physical proximity of the servers in theMMCs to the CHP offices.Banks figured out

8. years ago that if you could put ateller machine in a town in Montana, people would useit and you
would make money on every transaction.But do you think there was telecommunications out
tothat town? There was not. So how did it work? AMMR.At some point the cash machine could
dial up in themiddle of the night, when rates were low, and send thedata up to Wells Fargo. It all
got merged together, businessrules were applied, and then it sent back downinserts to the [ATM]
database. [The ATM] knows whatit needs to know and makes it through another day,without
real-time high bandwidth telecom.What happens here is that all the servers fromthe vans are
physically brought in to a central locationso that there are X number of what we call thelaptop
servers connected to the master or primaryserver. We press the button and it goes through akind
of round robin, moves the data up to the masterfrom each one, applies business rules, aggregates
thedata, and then copies the identical data set to everysingle one of those [servers]. We do it
throughinserts; we are not actually copying 10 gigs of datadown to each one, so it is a very
efficient process.And when you are done, each one of those devices isan exact working copy of
the entire data set. It’s anelegant solution to an inelegant problem.—Jeb Weisman164 Part I •
Information TechnologyOther Support Challenges and SolutionsThe IT infrastructure on the
mobile unit includes a serverbuilt from a Panasonic ToughBook laptop (CF30) and anumber of
client computers which are a lighter-dutyToughBook. They support a wireless Ethernet
capability,but the recommended MMC solution is wired—because ofgreater throughput and
more reliability:These generators—anywhere between 5 and 20 kilowatts—areunderneath the
mobile units, and theyproduce electromagnetic radiations. You don’t get alot of wireless
connectivity when you have got 20kilowatt generators standing under your feet . . . . It isa 36
foot van, and you are 20 feet (or 15 feet) fromthe server and you cannot make a wireless
connectionthat is reliable—the power is too dirty . . . . Even thebest regulated generator will
produce increasinglydirty power with a lot of harmonics and a lot ofbrownouts. Brownouts are
the danger. In a spike, thething explodes, melts . . . you just buy a new one. Buta brownout
slowly degrades the electronics in delicatemedical equipment. You don’t know that it isdying,
and it begins to create false data or fails at anunexpected time. Plus you have got air
conditionersand air filtration in the mobile unit, which have thesebig startup power needs. So
what you have to do is toput at least a real time UPS in front of these thingsand preferably
something like a line conditioner voltageregulator that pre-cleans it and then gets it to theUPS,
because the UPS is for the most part not builtfor this degree of dirty power.Jeb WeismanInkjet
printers also have to be used instead of laser printers—because laser printers can’t generally be
used with a UPS thatfits in the mobile environment. Unfortunately, the operatingcost of an inkjet
printer is higher.The CHF’s NYC office provides the initial on-site ITsetup and training for new
MMC programs and ongoingremote help desk support. Most of the MMC teams supportedby
CHF have gone 100 percent live with electronic recordkeeping for all of their patients within the
first week. One ofthe reasons for the fast start-up is that the training team nowincludes a clinician
who is an experienced user of the EMR:Our training team typically consists of me, another
personon our staff—kind of an application specialist—and we typically take either a medical
director or ahigh-level clinical provider from one of our projectswithin the network who has been
using eClinicalWorksout in the field. That actually makes a huge difference.We always have
members of the training team staywith [the MMC team], on-site, in clinic support.Usually they
are there for the first afternoon of seeingpatients live with the system, and then also for the
nextmorning. We try to split it that way so that we go tomore than one site—covering as many
sites as possiblein case there are any technical or clinic process problems.One of the great things
that has really worked sowell for us in our training is not separating outaccording to role during

9. the training: we are not trainingall of our providers in a room by themselves, nottraining the
registrar alone, or the nurses. They aredeveloping [their own] built-in tech support; they
arelearning each other’s jobs and how to help each other.This is how a clinic really works and
the trainingsimulates this.—Jennifer Pruitt, Director,Clinical Information SystemsMobile Health
Clinics for Crisis ResponseIn 2003, Dr. Redlener also became the first director of theNational
Center for Disaster Preparedness withinColumbia University’s Mailman School of Public
Health.One of the goals of this center is to deal with the aftermathof major disasters and assess
the impacts on high risk, vulnerablechildren and communities. Prior to that date, CHFhad already
sent its MMCs to respond to crises related toHurricane Andrew (1992) and the 9/11 World
TradeCenter attack in New York City (2001).The best choice for communications
technologyfollowing a natural disaster is highly dependent on thecrisis situation. If cell towers
and base stations previouslyavailable in the region have not been lost, theexisting commercially
available cellular network can beutilized. However, this is the same network available forpublic
cell-phone service, and following a disaster therecan be network overload due to an increase in
calldemands by the public. Most wireless providers do notimplement a call-priority capability, so
a mobile clinic’susage of the network will typically compete with callsfrom the public at large.
In worse scenarios, there maybe no cellular network access available in the emergencyrelief area.
The same may be said during otherpublic disruptions such as blackouts. In 2003, a largeportion
of the United States lost electrical power.Within hours virtually all cell phone communications
inNew York City had failed as uninterruptible powersupply batteries were depleted and
generators failed orCase Study I-4 • Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health
Fund of New York City 165were inadequately sized for the scale of the outage. Apossible
alternative, of course, is to use the MMC vansequipped with their own generators and with
satelliteantennas.Just days after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans in2005, Redlener personally
accompanied two mobilehealthcare units with a team of medics to provide vaccinationsand treat
infections in the Gulf coast region. In theinitial weeks, they had treated more than 7,000
patientswhose doctors’ offices had been wiped out—either washedaway or flooded. The
following year, a study by the centerreported that one in three children that were housed
intrailers sponsored by the Federal Emergency ManagementAgency (FEMA) had at least one
chronic illness, and thenumber of children housed in trailers in the Baton Rougearea were twice
as likely to be anemic than children inNYC’s homeless shelters. The need for more
ongoinghealth support for children was clear, and CHF helped toestablish and finance new
mobile clinics in the Gulf port(Biloxi, Mississippi) and in the New Orleans and BatonRouge,
Louisiana, areas.12The FutureBy early 2009, Dr. Redlener was on another quest: to
buildawareness about the long-term health impacts on childrenfrom economic recessions. His
“Kids Can’t Wait” campaignemphasized that missed immunizations and earlyhealth assessments
have long-term impacts that can behard to recover from.By mid-2010, the need for mobile clinics
in theUnited States was even more widespread, and the televisioncoverage of the 2009
earthquake devastation in Haitihad greatly increased public awareness about the need forquick,
mobile healthcare solutions. Installing technologyon a new MMC, training the staff on-site, and
providingremote support for the first weeks of operation was now awell-honed capability among
the NYC-based CHF staff.However, CIO Weisman wonders how even bettersupport could be
provided for the mobile clinics and whatnew support challenges lie ahead. Are there newer
moreaffordable network communications solutions that shouldbe tried? Will the federal
government’s HITECH stimulusfunds and Meaningful Use standards lead to better
softwareintegration solutions? Will the increase in softwareadoptions at physician offices make it

10. more difficult forhim to retain his staff? What combination of conditionscould emerge that
render the mobile medical clinic modelobsolete?