Discussion of potential elements of a post-Bali permanent solution within the WTO Agreement on Agriculture to the treatment of official procurement prices for public stock-holding schemes for food security purposes in developing countires
Join IFAD and the Global Donor Platform for the launch of the report: The strategic role of the private sector in agriculture and rural development. Jonathan Mitchell (ODI), lead author of Platform Knowledge Piece 3 will be joined in his presentation via video by the authors of the Tanzania, Thailand and Vietnam country studies: Frédéric Kilcher, Wyn Ellis and Pham Thai Hung. A Question and Answer session will follow each discussion point.
Public grain reserves: International experience and lessons for MalawiIFPRIMaSSP
On 27 January 2017, Dr. Nicholas Minot, Deputy Division Director of IFPRI’s Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division led a seminar at IFPRI-Malawi on, “Public grain reserves: International experience and lessons for Malawi.” His presentation explored the objectives and tradeoffs of creating public grain reserves and various policy options that affect their performance and cost.
From Seed Policy to Practice: Perspectives from Malawifutureagricultures
The document discusses Malawi's seed policy and how its implementation has diverged from the intended goals due to political and economic factors. It outlines Malawi's seed policy framework and goals of ensuring access to quality seed. However, the seed industry has become dominated by multinational companies, focused on hybrid maize, and marginalizes local seed companies and farmers. The implementation of input subsidy programs influenced the seed industry's development by privileging interests of donors, companies and officials over serving smallholder farmers. Contextual factors like incentives, politics and interests have largely shaped seed sector outcomes in Malawi contrary to policy objectives.
Module 2: How to set up a contract farming schemeFAO
The "Contract Farming Resource Centre" has been established to offer a "one-stop" site, where information on contract farming is freely made available. Interest in contract farming as a mechanism to coordinate linkages between farmers and agribusiness firms has grown recently, in view of the international trends towards tighter alignment in agrifood supply chains. FAO has been responding to the growing demand for information and technical support on planning and implementing contract farming operations.
http://www.fao.org/contract-farming
Food and agriculture various policies and WTO implicationsDevegowda S R
This document discusses issues related to food security and agriculture policies in India in the context of WTO implications. It notes that while India achieved self-sufficiency in food production, it has not solved the problem of chronic household food insecurity associated with poverty. The document outlines various government interventions for poverty alleviation and the public distribution system. It discusses the key aspects of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture such as market access, domestic support, and export subsidies. India's concerns with meeting international trade standards and potential future actions are also summarized.
Module 3: Understanding the content of an agricultural contractFAO
The "Contract Farming Resource Centre" has been established to offer a "one-stop" site, where information on contract farming is freely made available. Interest in contract farming as a mechanism to coordinate linkages between farmers and agribusiness firms has grown recently, in view of the international trends towards tighter alignment in agrifood supply chains. FAO has been responding to the growing demand for information and technical support on planning and implementing contract farming operations.
http://www.fao.org/in-action/contract-farming/en/
The "Contract Farming Resource Centre" has been established to offer a "one-stop" site, where information on contract farming is freely made available. Interest in contract farming as a mechanism to coordinate linkages between farmers and agribusiness firms has grown recently, in view of the international trends towards tighter alignment in agrifood supply chains. FAO has been responding to the growing demand for information and technical support on planning and implementing contract farming operations.
http://www.fao.org/in-action/contract-farming/en/
Join IFAD and the Global Donor Platform for the launch of the report: The strategic role of the private sector in agriculture and rural development. Jonathan Mitchell (ODI), lead author of Platform Knowledge Piece 3 will be joined in his presentation via video by the authors of the Tanzania, Thailand and Vietnam country studies: Frédéric Kilcher, Wyn Ellis and Pham Thai Hung. A Question and Answer session will follow each discussion point.
Public grain reserves: International experience and lessons for MalawiIFPRIMaSSP
On 27 January 2017, Dr. Nicholas Minot, Deputy Division Director of IFPRI’s Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division led a seminar at IFPRI-Malawi on, “Public grain reserves: International experience and lessons for Malawi.” His presentation explored the objectives and tradeoffs of creating public grain reserves and various policy options that affect their performance and cost.
From Seed Policy to Practice: Perspectives from Malawifutureagricultures
The document discusses Malawi's seed policy and how its implementation has diverged from the intended goals due to political and economic factors. It outlines Malawi's seed policy framework and goals of ensuring access to quality seed. However, the seed industry has become dominated by multinational companies, focused on hybrid maize, and marginalizes local seed companies and farmers. The implementation of input subsidy programs influenced the seed industry's development by privileging interests of donors, companies and officials over serving smallholder farmers. Contextual factors like incentives, politics and interests have largely shaped seed sector outcomes in Malawi contrary to policy objectives.
Module 2: How to set up a contract farming schemeFAO
The "Contract Farming Resource Centre" has been established to offer a "one-stop" site, where information on contract farming is freely made available. Interest in contract farming as a mechanism to coordinate linkages between farmers and agribusiness firms has grown recently, in view of the international trends towards tighter alignment in agrifood supply chains. FAO has been responding to the growing demand for information and technical support on planning and implementing contract farming operations.
http://www.fao.org/contract-farming
Food and agriculture various policies and WTO implicationsDevegowda S R
This document discusses issues related to food security and agriculture policies in India in the context of WTO implications. It notes that while India achieved self-sufficiency in food production, it has not solved the problem of chronic household food insecurity associated with poverty. The document outlines various government interventions for poverty alleviation and the public distribution system. It discusses the key aspects of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture such as market access, domestic support, and export subsidies. India's concerns with meeting international trade standards and potential future actions are also summarized.
Module 3: Understanding the content of an agricultural contractFAO
The "Contract Farming Resource Centre" has been established to offer a "one-stop" site, where information on contract farming is freely made available. Interest in contract farming as a mechanism to coordinate linkages between farmers and agribusiness firms has grown recently, in view of the international trends towards tighter alignment in agrifood supply chains. FAO has been responding to the growing demand for information and technical support on planning and implementing contract farming operations.
http://www.fao.org/in-action/contract-farming/en/
The "Contract Farming Resource Centre" has been established to offer a "one-stop" site, where information on contract farming is freely made available. Interest in contract farming as a mechanism to coordinate linkages between farmers and agribusiness firms has grown recently, in view of the international trends towards tighter alignment in agrifood supply chains. FAO has been responding to the growing demand for information and technical support on planning and implementing contract farming operations.
http://www.fao.org/in-action/contract-farming/en/
The document discusses various policy strategies for ensuring food security. It identifies three broad strategies: availability and supply-oriented approaches that increase food supplies; access and demand-oriented approaches that increase demands; and utilization and outcomes-oriented approaches that improve nutrition. While all three strategies are needed, the emphasis depends on whether the main food deficit is related to supply, demand, or dietary imbalance. The document then examines key aspects of production and supply-based policy approaches as well as debates around self-sufficiency versus reliance on imports. It also discusses the roles of poverty reduction, safety nets, and nutrition interventions in achieving food security.
The document discusses procedures and tools introduced by the PG-HGSF project to support smallholder farmer (SHF) inclusion in the procurement processes of home grown school feeding programmes in Ghana, Kenya, and Mali. It presents procedures proposed for each phase of the procurement process - pre-contracting, contracting, and post-contracting. For the pre-contracting phase, procedures include market surveys, menu definition, procurement planning, and tender notice preparation and dissemination. Tools piloted include market survey forms, menus featuring local foods, and procurement planning templates. The document also analyzes how the procedures support transparency, competition, and value for money while achieving SHF inclusion in public procurement for school feeding.
Aiswarya Santhosh; The Effect of COVID19 on the Agriculture Supply Chain of C...AiswaryaSanthosh6
The document discusses how the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has impacted China's agriculture supply chain. Farms producing poultry, livestock, and grain have been hit as transportation and logistics networks are disrupted. Prices for pork have risen significantly. The wildlife trade ban presents challenges for that industry. Spring crop planting may also be affected by quarantine measures limiting labor and input delivery. Purchases of US grains have occurred to fulfill trade agreements. Fruit and vegetable production amounts to over 700 million tons annually in China.
This 4-day training course provides an overview of FAO's work on contract farming. The objectives are to build capacity on planning, implementing, and designing legal frameworks for contract farming. The training includes introductions to basic concepts and legal aspects, case studies, discussions on risk management and conflict resolution, and a field visit. FAO is responding to growing demand for contract farming by advocating for it, providing technical support and capacity building workshops, developing guidance like an international Legal Guide, and generating knowledge through publications and a resource center.
The "Contract Farming Resource Centre" has been established to offer a "one-stop" site, where information on contract farming is freely made available. Interest in contract farming as a mechanism to coordinate linkages between farmers and agribusiness firms has grown recently, in view of the international trends towards tighter alignment in agrifood supply chains. FAO has been responding to the growing demand for information and technical support on planning and implementing contract farming operations.
http://www.fao.org/contract-farming
1. The document summarizes Iraq's national seed policy and efforts to improve the wheat seed sector.
2. The policy aims to increase wheat production and self-sufficiency through improving access to high quality seeds. It supports the seed industry through public sector involvement in the short-term and expects greater private sector participation over the long run.
3. Implementation has increased wheat production and reduced the production-consumption gap for wheat in Iraq between 2000-2013. However, further efforts are needed to strengthen private sector involvement and improve farmers' access to seeds.
The document discusses several key topics related to agriculture policies and food security in India:
1. It outlines the perspectives of different groups on agriculture like economists, political scientists, scientists, and farmers.
2. It describes the various activities under agriculture like crop cultivation, animal husbandry, fishing, and forestry.
3. It discusses the inputs used for agriculture like seed, nutrients, water, labor, and land and the challenges faced historically like land ownership issues and lack of infrastructure and technologies.
4. It provides an overview of the growth dynamics in Indian agriculture from the pre-green revolution period to the post-reform period and the various policies, initiatives, outcomes, and challenges during each
The document outlines Daleel Petroleum's stock holding policy. The policy aims to optimize inventory levels by only keeping items in stock that cannot be obtained quickly when needed or are used frequently. It provides criteria for determining which items should be added to inventory based on factors like delivery time, criticality, and demand frequency. A stock decision matrix is presented to help categorize items as stock, time-dependent, or non-stock based on their criticality and demand levels. The policy also details procedures for expense items and returning used materials to stock.
The document discusses different types of inventory including raw materials, work-in-progress, finished goods, transit inventory, buffer inventory, decoupling inventory, and MRO goods inventory. It explains the purpose of each type of inventory, such as maintaining production flow, protecting against uncertainties, and anticipating future demand. The document also covers reasons for holding inventory like facilitating uninterrupted production and independent sales activities for manufacturers, and de-linking procurement from sales for trading firms.
Project report On MSM (Mobile Shop Management)Dinesh Jogdand
This document provides an overview of a proposed mobile store management system for Mahalakshmi Communications. Key points:
- Mahalakshmi Communications is a mobile solution retailer with 2 stores and a vision to expand across India.
- The proposed system will computerize manual processes like inventory, customer, and employee data to increase efficiency and data accuracy over the current paper-based system.
- The system is designed to be easy to use, generate reports, and securely manage the store's data and operations through a database and user-friendly interface.
Mount Kenya University (MKU) has established a Virtual Varsity to provide online and distance learning education for its students worldwide. The Virtual Varsity uses interactive technologies to allow students to complete courses, submit assignments, and communicate with tutors and other students remotely. It offers a variety of masters, bachelors, diploma and certificate programs across various fields. Degrees obtained through MKU Virtual Varsity are recognized globally and the program provides student support services, credit transfers, and exams through Kenyan embassies for international students.
This document provides lecture notes on stores management and stock control. It covers various topics related to stores management including the importance of stores management, identification and coding of materials, records and related systems, stock taking and checking, stock control, economic order quantity, stock levels, and warehousing location and security.
The key points covered are: the importance of efficient stores management for business success; classification and codification of materials to facilitate management; the relationships between the stores department and other departments like production and sales; common classification categories for materials; advantages of codification systems; and characteristics of effective codification systems. Common codification methods like alphabetical, numerical, and alphanumeric systems are also discussed.
The document discusses inventory control, which involves maintaining desired inventory levels to balance economic and production needs. It describes different types of inventory like raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. Effective inventory control requires planning inventory levels, ordering, receiving, storing, and recording inventory. Key aspects of inventory control include determining maximum and minimum inventory levels, reorder points, and economic order quantities.
The document discusses store management and various aspects related to it. It defines store management and outlines key objectives like minimizing production costs and maintaining material value. It describes important store functions such as receipt, storage, retrieval, issue, records keeping, and control. It also discusses centralized and decentralized store models and factors affecting store layout. The overall purpose of store management is to receive, store and issue materials efficiently at lowest cost.
Acquisition for public stockholding in agriculture: background and issues for...Lars Brink
Exempting expenditures on acquisition for public stockholding in agriculture is subject to rules about price gap support. WTO Ministers are slated to negotiate about these rules on 10-13 December 2017 in Buenos Aires.
This document discusses several issues related to the World Trade Organization (WTO). It begins with an overview of the G-33 coalition of developing countries advocating for special protections in agriculture. It then discusses the stalled Doha Round negotiations, including opposition to proposals that would require large reductions in agricultural subsidies by advanced countries. The document also summarizes a Canadian proposal, India's loss in a WTO solar dispute, the 2014 US farm bill, and tensions between trade and environmental policies. It provides details on the WTO dispute settlement process and stages of resolution.
The document summarizes the key outcomes of the 2013 Bali Ministerial Conference of the WTO, known as the Bali Package. It consisted of three agreements: the Trade Facilitation Agreement to streamline customs procedures, duty-free access for Least Developed Countries, and the Peace Clause regarding food stockpiling subsidies. India initially opposed the facilitation agreement due to concerns that developed countries could use it to pressure India to lower its agricultural subsidies. However, India gained concessions by linking the agreement to the Peace Clause, which prevents disputes over developing country subsidies for staple crops until a permanent solution is reached by 2017. The package aims to boost global trade but critics argue it primarily benefits large corporations and developed nations.
World trade agreements related with food businessunnatikshetriya1
The document discusses several key World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements related to international food trade, including:
1. The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) which aims to reform agricultural trade and subsidies.
2. The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) which concerns food safety and animal and plant health regulations.
3. The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) which covers technical regulations and standards that could act as barriers to trade.
4. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) which establishes minimum standards for various forms of intellectual property regulation.
WTO agriculture modalities today – whom would they bite where?Lars Brink
The Doha negotiations of the WTO produced draft modalities for agriculture in December 2008, covering market access, export competition and domestic support. They were not agreed upon. Since that time both markets and countries' agricultural policies have changed. If the draft modalities had been translated into rules and commitments fully applying in 2014, under which headings might countries have needed to adjust their policies in order to comply with those rules and commitments? (The analysis considers 19 members of the WTO.)
The document discusses various policy strategies for ensuring food security. It identifies three broad strategies: availability and supply-oriented approaches that increase food supplies; access and demand-oriented approaches that increase demands; and utilization and outcomes-oriented approaches that improve nutrition. While all three strategies are needed, the emphasis depends on whether the main food deficit is related to supply, demand, or dietary imbalance. The document then examines key aspects of production and supply-based policy approaches as well as debates around self-sufficiency versus reliance on imports. It also discusses the roles of poverty reduction, safety nets, and nutrition interventions in achieving food security.
The document discusses procedures and tools introduced by the PG-HGSF project to support smallholder farmer (SHF) inclusion in the procurement processes of home grown school feeding programmes in Ghana, Kenya, and Mali. It presents procedures proposed for each phase of the procurement process - pre-contracting, contracting, and post-contracting. For the pre-contracting phase, procedures include market surveys, menu definition, procurement planning, and tender notice preparation and dissemination. Tools piloted include market survey forms, menus featuring local foods, and procurement planning templates. The document also analyzes how the procedures support transparency, competition, and value for money while achieving SHF inclusion in public procurement for school feeding.
Aiswarya Santhosh; The Effect of COVID19 on the Agriculture Supply Chain of C...AiswaryaSanthosh6
The document discusses how the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has impacted China's agriculture supply chain. Farms producing poultry, livestock, and grain have been hit as transportation and logistics networks are disrupted. Prices for pork have risen significantly. The wildlife trade ban presents challenges for that industry. Spring crop planting may also be affected by quarantine measures limiting labor and input delivery. Purchases of US grains have occurred to fulfill trade agreements. Fruit and vegetable production amounts to over 700 million tons annually in China.
This 4-day training course provides an overview of FAO's work on contract farming. The objectives are to build capacity on planning, implementing, and designing legal frameworks for contract farming. The training includes introductions to basic concepts and legal aspects, case studies, discussions on risk management and conflict resolution, and a field visit. FAO is responding to growing demand for contract farming by advocating for it, providing technical support and capacity building workshops, developing guidance like an international Legal Guide, and generating knowledge through publications and a resource center.
The "Contract Farming Resource Centre" has been established to offer a "one-stop" site, where information on contract farming is freely made available. Interest in contract farming as a mechanism to coordinate linkages between farmers and agribusiness firms has grown recently, in view of the international trends towards tighter alignment in agrifood supply chains. FAO has been responding to the growing demand for information and technical support on planning and implementing contract farming operations.
http://www.fao.org/contract-farming
1. The document summarizes Iraq's national seed policy and efforts to improve the wheat seed sector.
2. The policy aims to increase wheat production and self-sufficiency through improving access to high quality seeds. It supports the seed industry through public sector involvement in the short-term and expects greater private sector participation over the long run.
3. Implementation has increased wheat production and reduced the production-consumption gap for wheat in Iraq between 2000-2013. However, further efforts are needed to strengthen private sector involvement and improve farmers' access to seeds.
The document discusses several key topics related to agriculture policies and food security in India:
1. It outlines the perspectives of different groups on agriculture like economists, political scientists, scientists, and farmers.
2. It describes the various activities under agriculture like crop cultivation, animal husbandry, fishing, and forestry.
3. It discusses the inputs used for agriculture like seed, nutrients, water, labor, and land and the challenges faced historically like land ownership issues and lack of infrastructure and technologies.
4. It provides an overview of the growth dynamics in Indian agriculture from the pre-green revolution period to the post-reform period and the various policies, initiatives, outcomes, and challenges during each
The document outlines Daleel Petroleum's stock holding policy. The policy aims to optimize inventory levels by only keeping items in stock that cannot be obtained quickly when needed or are used frequently. It provides criteria for determining which items should be added to inventory based on factors like delivery time, criticality, and demand frequency. A stock decision matrix is presented to help categorize items as stock, time-dependent, or non-stock based on their criticality and demand levels. The policy also details procedures for expense items and returning used materials to stock.
The document discusses different types of inventory including raw materials, work-in-progress, finished goods, transit inventory, buffer inventory, decoupling inventory, and MRO goods inventory. It explains the purpose of each type of inventory, such as maintaining production flow, protecting against uncertainties, and anticipating future demand. The document also covers reasons for holding inventory like facilitating uninterrupted production and independent sales activities for manufacturers, and de-linking procurement from sales for trading firms.
Project report On MSM (Mobile Shop Management)Dinesh Jogdand
This document provides an overview of a proposed mobile store management system for Mahalakshmi Communications. Key points:
- Mahalakshmi Communications is a mobile solution retailer with 2 stores and a vision to expand across India.
- The proposed system will computerize manual processes like inventory, customer, and employee data to increase efficiency and data accuracy over the current paper-based system.
- The system is designed to be easy to use, generate reports, and securely manage the store's data and operations through a database and user-friendly interface.
Mount Kenya University (MKU) has established a Virtual Varsity to provide online and distance learning education for its students worldwide. The Virtual Varsity uses interactive technologies to allow students to complete courses, submit assignments, and communicate with tutors and other students remotely. It offers a variety of masters, bachelors, diploma and certificate programs across various fields. Degrees obtained through MKU Virtual Varsity are recognized globally and the program provides student support services, credit transfers, and exams through Kenyan embassies for international students.
This document provides lecture notes on stores management and stock control. It covers various topics related to stores management including the importance of stores management, identification and coding of materials, records and related systems, stock taking and checking, stock control, economic order quantity, stock levels, and warehousing location and security.
The key points covered are: the importance of efficient stores management for business success; classification and codification of materials to facilitate management; the relationships between the stores department and other departments like production and sales; common classification categories for materials; advantages of codification systems; and characteristics of effective codification systems. Common codification methods like alphabetical, numerical, and alphanumeric systems are also discussed.
The document discusses inventory control, which involves maintaining desired inventory levels to balance economic and production needs. It describes different types of inventory like raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods. Effective inventory control requires planning inventory levels, ordering, receiving, storing, and recording inventory. Key aspects of inventory control include determining maximum and minimum inventory levels, reorder points, and economic order quantities.
The document discusses store management and various aspects related to it. It defines store management and outlines key objectives like minimizing production costs and maintaining material value. It describes important store functions such as receipt, storage, retrieval, issue, records keeping, and control. It also discusses centralized and decentralized store models and factors affecting store layout. The overall purpose of store management is to receive, store and issue materials efficiently at lowest cost.
Acquisition for public stockholding in agriculture: background and issues for...Lars Brink
Exempting expenditures on acquisition for public stockholding in agriculture is subject to rules about price gap support. WTO Ministers are slated to negotiate about these rules on 10-13 December 2017 in Buenos Aires.
This document discusses several issues related to the World Trade Organization (WTO). It begins with an overview of the G-33 coalition of developing countries advocating for special protections in agriculture. It then discusses the stalled Doha Round negotiations, including opposition to proposals that would require large reductions in agricultural subsidies by advanced countries. The document also summarizes a Canadian proposal, India's loss in a WTO solar dispute, the 2014 US farm bill, and tensions between trade and environmental policies. It provides details on the WTO dispute settlement process and stages of resolution.
The document summarizes the key outcomes of the 2013 Bali Ministerial Conference of the WTO, known as the Bali Package. It consisted of three agreements: the Trade Facilitation Agreement to streamline customs procedures, duty-free access for Least Developed Countries, and the Peace Clause regarding food stockpiling subsidies. India initially opposed the facilitation agreement due to concerns that developed countries could use it to pressure India to lower its agricultural subsidies. However, India gained concessions by linking the agreement to the Peace Clause, which prevents disputes over developing country subsidies for staple crops until a permanent solution is reached by 2017. The package aims to boost global trade but critics argue it primarily benefits large corporations and developed nations.
World trade agreements related with food businessunnatikshetriya1
The document discusses several key World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements related to international food trade, including:
1. The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) which aims to reform agricultural trade and subsidies.
2. The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) which concerns food safety and animal and plant health regulations.
3. The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) which covers technical regulations and standards that could act as barriers to trade.
4. The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) which establishes minimum standards for various forms of intellectual property regulation.
WTO agriculture modalities today – whom would they bite where?Lars Brink
The Doha negotiations of the WTO produced draft modalities for agriculture in December 2008, covering market access, export competition and domestic support. They were not agreed upon. Since that time both markets and countries' agricultural policies have changed. If the draft modalities had been translated into rules and commitments fully applying in 2014, under which headings might countries have needed to adjust their policies in order to comply with those rules and commitments? (The analysis considers 19 members of the WTO.)
This document summarizes key aspects of international trade policy and the political economy of free trade vs. protectionism. It discusses the main instruments governments use to intervene in trade, including tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, and anti-dumping policies. Both political and economic arguments for intervention are outlined, as well as counterarguments for free trade. The development of the World Trade Organization and issues in the global trading system are also summarized.
Implications of ao a,trips, ip rs,agreement on sps Mallikarjun Patil
The document discusses the implications of various WTO agreements related to agriculture, including the Agreement on Agriculture (AOA). It provides background on historical government interventions in agricultural markets. It then summarizes key aspects of the AOA, including its three pillars related to market access, export competition, and domestic support. The AOA sought to reform and dismantle agricultural trade barriers. The document discusses implications of the AOA for developing countries like India and their agricultural sectors, which are important for rural development and poverty reduction. It also notes criticism of the AOA and issues that remain topics of negotiation.
The WTO Agriculture Agreement provides a framework for the long-term reform of agricultural trade and domestic policies, with the aim of leading to fairer competition and a less distorted sector. Export competition — the use of export subsidies and other government support programmes that subsidize exports.
The G20 summit saw heads of state work to continue economic recovery from the European crisis. Member countries also took steps to improve financial education for consumers, with 9 countries implementing national strategies in line with OECD principles. Goals for 2014 included Australia prioritizing infrastructure investment in developing countries, removing trade obstacles to support 4.5% global trade growth, and vowing G20 reforms could boost the world economy by $2 trillion such as creating an IMF crisis firewall.
This document summarizes the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity's engagement with business. It outlines the Aichi Biodiversity Targets and National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plans that countries agreed to implement by 2020. It also discusses the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit sharing of genetic resources. The Secretariat is working to encourage business participation through its Global Platform for Business and Biodiversity, national workshops, and the Global Partnership for Business and Biodiversity. It is also planning business events at the upcoming COP 11 conference in Hyderabad, India in October 2012.
This document provides an overview of ongoing and future negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses negotiations related to agriculture, fisheries subsidies, and electronic commerce/digital trade. For agriculture, negotiations have continued on issues like export subsidies and public stockholding programs, but progress has been limited. For fisheries subsidies, WTO members have committed to negotiating disciplines by 2020 or 2021 to curb subsidies that contribute to overfishing. Negotiations on electronic commerce aim to establish rules for digital trade. The document examines the state of various negotiations and priorities for WTO reforms moving forward.
Febelfin Recommendation on Sustainable Financial ProductsFebelfin
This document provides a recommendation for all Febelfin members on sustainable financial products. It establishes minimum criteria for financing policies, accountability, and transparency. The recommendation covers investment funds, savings products, and loans that are marketed as sustainable. It aims to provide clarity for consumers and ensure quality of sustainable products. Febelfin consulted stakeholders and experts to develop the recommendation, which members must comply with by January 2013. Non-compliant products will be removed from Febelfin's list and statistics of sustainable financial products.
The latter part of 2013 witnessed some of the major events crucial for the Multilateral process of cooperation and trade and investment among countries.
The major highlight for 2013 was the WTO Bali Ministerial held in Bali, Indonesia which ended with signing of a successful inclusive agreement.
Another major highlight was the 11th ASEAN-India Summit held in Brunei. The Indian side was represented by Dr.Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India. The major highlight for the Summit was a pact on services and investment; some key projects were also finalized during the Summit.
Promoting an awareness of the opportunities and challenges of enhancing cooperation between the Mekong Countries (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam) and India, ADB-CII jointly organized a Conference on Promoting Mekong-India Economic Cooperation. The deliberations at the Conference were on Physical connectivity, Trade Facilitation and Trade Finance, Energy Security and Power Trade, and Financing Regional Infrastructure.
This first issue of the Multilateral Newsletter in 2014 covers the major highlights and updates of the key events and initiatives that happened in November-December 2013, which may be of reference and use.
This document proposes mechanisms for converging food safety regulatory measures amongst ECOWAS countries and the Sahel region. It identifies issues like weak coordination of food regulatory decisions and a lack of technical capacity. A step-wise approach is outlined to incrementally coordinate standards using Codex as a reference. Key elements include prioritizing amenable standards, closing compliance gaps, and establishing a governance structure. Subcommittees are proposed to develop standards for additives, contaminants, pesticide residues, and hygiene over several years. The conclusion states that developing ECOWAS food safety coordination can drive adoption of unanimous decisions needed for increased intra-African trade under AfCFTA.
1. India joined the WTO in 1995 after negotiations during the Uruguay Round from 1986-1994. The WTO aims to liberalize trade while the GATT was more flexible.
2. There are differences between the GATT and WTO regarding dispute settlement mechanisms and whether domestic legislation is permitted. The WTO also has permanent agreements while GATT was provisional.
3. India has had concerns about food subsidies and stockpiling being restricted under WTO rules. After negotiations, the US and India reached an agreement in 2014 that allowed India more freedom in subsidizing and stockpiling food.
1. India joined the WTO in 1995 after negotiations during the Uruguay Round from 1986-1994. The WTO aims to liberalize trade while the GATT was more flexible.
2. There are differences between the GATT and WTO regarding dispute settlement mechanisms and whether domestic legislation is permitted. The WTO also has permanent agreements while GATT was provisional.
3. A key issue for India in the WTO is defending its public stockholding and food subsidy programs for food security and supporting farmers. Developed countries have criticized these programs while India argues they are rights-based issues and not matters for the WTO.
4. After negotiations, India and the US reached an agreement in 2014
Similar to Matthews permanent solution post bali bangladesh (20)
Discusses the context and drivers for the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy post 2020 and gives a preliminary assessment of the Commission proposals
This document discusses potential reforms to the EU budget and Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) spending for the next Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF). Key points include:
- The CAP currently accounts for 38% of the EU budget, with most spending going to direct payments and rural development.
- Direct payments benefit large farms the most and their value is often capitalized into increased land values, providing little European value added.
- Reforms proposed include introducing co-financing for Pillar 1 payments, limiting large payments, and allocating some funds competitively to incentivize ambitious environmental and social programs.
The document discusses factors that will influence the debate around reforming the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) after 2020. It outlines the European Commission's process for developing proposals, including public consultations. Survey results showed most respondents want the CAP to address challenges like climate change, environmental protection, and generational renewal. The Commission is considering scenarios that shift support towards rural development, innovation, and risk management. Prospects for the CAP budget are uncertain due to new EU priorities and Brexit. Cuts may fall disproportionately on certain member states or policy pillars. Political constraints could complicate reaching agreement on reforms by 2020.
The document discusses the implications of Brexit for the UK and EU meat sectors. It outlines that Brexit negotiations will focus on withdrawal terms, future trade relations, and possible transitional arrangements. Key issues for meat exporters include tariff treatment, compliance with import standards, and customs procedures if the UK leaves the EU single market and customs union. The document examines UK and EU beef and sheepmeat trade and provides examples of potential tariff barriers. It also discusses options for a transitional agreement and the proposed UK Trade Bill to establish new trade policies.
This document summarizes the key issues regarding the future of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) post-2020. It outlines the background and evolution of the CAP, including the most recent 2013 reform. It discusses calls for both incremental changes to address issues in the 2013 reform, as well as more fundamental rethinking of the CAP post-2020. The document advocates for principles of the next CAP such as targeting payments to specific objectives, phasing out decoupled direct payments, and incentivizing environmental public goods. It concludes that while the pace of reform is up to policymakers, individual steps should work towards a coherent vision for the future of the CAP.
- Brexit would create a policy vacuum in areas currently governed by the EU like trade, agriculture, and regulations that the UK government would need to fill. It would also need to negotiate a new trade relationship with the EU.
- There are many uncertainties regarding UK policy after Brexit, including trade policy, agricultural policy, regulatory policy, and macroeconomic performance outside of the EU.
- Brexit would likely mean higher trade costs for UK-EU agrifood trade due to new border formalities and requirements to meet each other's regulatory standards, though trade would aim to remain duty-free under a new UK-EU FTA. UK agricultural payments could change in amount and design after leaving the CAP.
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This document discusses regulatory cooperation under the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) agreement between the EU and US, specifically regarding agrifood trade. It notes that while both sides share the goal of food safety, their regulatory approaches differ. The document outlines proposals for TTIP chapters on regulatory cooperation and sanitary and phytosanitary measures that emphasize mutual recognition and equivalence. However, it also acknowledges that previous regulatory cooperation efforts have had limited success and that claims of ambitious regulatory changes through TTIP were overstated and faced significant opposition.
The document discusses whether European agricultural policy could do more to promote biodiversity. It summarizes the biodiversity targets in the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2020 and finds a lack of progress towards these goals. It then analyzes specific CAP measures introduced in 2013, such as ecological focus areas and permanent grassland protections, finding they have limited additionality and environmental benefits. The document concludes by outlining upcoming opportunities and challenges for strengthening the CAP's support of biodiversity objectives in the next reform period.
Direct payments are the largest expenditure element in the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). They were significantly changed in the 2013 CAP reform. What further changes might be made or sought in the next revision of the CAP regulations after 2020?
Even though the ink is hardly dry on the 2013 CAP reform, thoughts are turning already to the prospects for the next reform. In this presentation I discuss the likely economic context for agriculture in the coming years and some of the main issues - direct payments, market crises and risk management, greening, soil health and climate policy - likely to be on the agenda for the next CAP reform. However, those seeking reform will have to address a widespread sense of 'reform fatigue'.
The document discusses the differing positions and objectives of the EU and US regarding geographical indications (GIs) in negotiations for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) free trade agreement. The EU seeks to increase protection for European GIs through establishing administrative enforcement and registering lists of protected names. However, the US views many European-claimed GIs as common names and prioritizes trademark rights. Comparisons of previous EU trade deals show varied success in GI protection that depends on the partner country. The implications are that a satisfactory TTIP agreement will need to balance these opposing views on prior trademarks and common names.
More from Professor Emeritus of European Agricultural Policy, Trinity College Dublin (20)
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1. THE ISSUE OF PUBLIC STOCK- HOLDING IN THE WTO
Professor Alan Matthews
Trinity College Dublin
alan.matthews@tcd.ie
Contribution to the Dhaka Roundtable on
“Reviving the Multilateral Trading System: Post-Bali Issues”
Organised by the Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD), Dhaka in collaboration with the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), Johannesburg
Dhaka, 23-24 November 2014
2. Issues and outline
•Clarification: issue is about procurement prices for public stock-holding
•The need to see the issue in the broader context of WTO rules, the Doha negotiations and food security concerns
•The Bali Ministerial Decision on Public Stockholding for Food Security Purposes 2013
•created an interim mechanism and decided to negotiate a permanent solution
•What might the elements of a permanent solution to this issue look like?
•Implications for the post-Bali Doha work programme
•Caveat: Discussion focuses on WTO issues and not on the economic debate about optimal food security policies
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3. WTO AoA rules and food security
•Food security recognised as a non-trade concern which must be taken into account in the reform process
•Consistency between rules and the policy environment needed to pursue food security objectives has long been a source of controversy
•The notion of ‘policy space’
•Food security in the Doha Round negotiations
•Some developing countries proposed ‘Food Security Box’
•Main focus was on the right to maintain import protection
•2004 Framework Agreement recognised legitimacy of Special Products and a Special Safeguard Mechanism
•2008 draft modalities developed prior to the 2008 price spike and subsequent change in world food price context
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5. Doha negotiations and food security
•Export restrictions and domestic support disciplines not initially a focus of concern
•The 2008 price spike and subsequent higher level of food prices changed the negotiation concerns
•Higher global food prices made complying with market access and export subsidy commitments easier (many developing countries further reduced import tariffs)
•At the same time, it made complying with domestic support commitments more difficult (because support is measured against a fixed external reference price)
•From point of view of net importing developing countries, it also highlighted the lack of effective disciplines on export restrictions
•Led some developing countries to take a much more critical look at the domestic support disciplines
•Important to highlight the very considerable policy space under current AoA rules
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6. Domestic support policy space
•Determined by right to exempt support under some policies when calculating AMSs …
•Blue Box Article 6.5
•Development Box Article 6.2
•Green Box Annex 2 (includes food assistance and public stockholding programmes which meet specified conditions)
•… and size of limits on AMS support
•For most WTO members (95 developing, 4 developed), these are individual AMSs based on de minimis limits
•For remaining WTO members (17 developing countries, 15 developed countries), these are Bound Total AMS
Source: Brink, IATRC presentation, December 2013, updated
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7. Policy space and WTO rules: how AMS is calculated
•Current AMS includes both market price support and budget support
•Market price support calculated as the difference between any domestic administered price and a fixed external reference price FERP (1986-88), multiplied by volume of eligible production
•While issue is raised in the narrow context of procurement prices for public food security stocks, the broader context is whether price support is a necessary instrument for developing countries to promote their food security?
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8. Domestic support ceilings begin to bite
•With rising domestic support prices (in part reflecting general rise in global food prices), a number of developing countries at risk of breaching their AMS commitment, even where administered price is below the world market price
•Hence desire to find ways of relaxing this commitment to accommodate, in particular, price support policies for domestic farmers
•Recall no limits on public ‘public good’ expenditures, input and investment subsidies
Fixed external reference price 1986-88
Administered price 1986-88
Administered price 2014
World market price 2014
10%
Price gap multiplied by eligible production
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9. WTO rules on public stock-holding
•Public stockholding for food security purposes included as a Green Box measure, provided (for developing countries):
•their operations are transparent and conducted in accordance with official published objective criteria or guidelines
•if food for public reserves or food assistance programmes is purchased at market prices, then these programmes qualify as green box programmes without restriction (footnote 5)
•if the stocks of foodstuffs are acquired and released at administered prices, the difference between the acquisition price and the external reference price must be accounted for in the product’s AMS (footnote 5)
•G-33 proposal was to exempt purchases at administered prices from counting towards a product’s AMS
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10. Bali Ministerial Decision on public stock- holding for food security purposes
•As an interim solution, WTO members shall refrain from challenging through the WTO dispute settlement mechanism compliance of a developing member with its Total AMS or de minimis AMS limits in relation to support provided for traditional staple food crops in pursuance of public stockholding programmes for food security purposes existing as of the date of this Decision, provided it complies with a number of conditions set out in the Decision.
•Conditions relate to notification and transparency requirements, anti-circumvention and safeguards, consultation and monitoring
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11. Bali Ministerial Decision on public stock- holding for food security purposes
•Committed to negotiate a permanent solution for the issue of public stockholding for food security purposes
•“1. Members agree to put in place an interim mechanism as set out below, and to negotiate on an agreement for a permanent solution1, for the issue of public stockholding for food security purposes for adoption by the 11th Ministerial Conference.
•2. In the interim, until a permanent solution is found, and provided that the conditions set out below are met, Members shall refrain from challenging……”
Matthews Public Stockholding Post-Bali
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12. Bali Ministerial Decision – state of play
•July 2014 India vetoed adoption of the Protocol of Amendment to incorporate the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) into WTO legal framework until permanent solution to public stock-holding issue had been found
•India proposed that a permanent solution be reached by 31 December 2014
•Other WTO members felt this reopened the Bali package and froze work on preparing post-Bali Doha work programme
•India’s stance apparently linked to concern that peace clause was not indefinite until permanent solution was found
•India-US understanding Nov 2014 makes clear this is the case
•Formal text not official published
•Understanding now needs approval of all WTO members
Matthews Public Stockholding Post-Bali
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13. PERMANENT SOLUTIONS TO PUBLIC FOOD SECURITY STOCKS
Matthews Public Stockholding Post-Bali
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14. Bali Decision – guidance on permanent solution
•“to negotiate on an agreement for a permanent solution1, for the issue of public stockholding for food security purposes for adoption by the 11th Ministerial Conference”, i.e. end 2017.
•“ 1 The permanent solution will be applicable to all developing Members.”
•Intended as special and differential treatment.
•Not intended to re-open how domestic support in general is measured for AMS purposes
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15. Buying at market prices
•Buying food security stocks at market prices for distribution at subsidised prices to vulnerable populations is fully in accord with existing AoA rules
•Note that even procurement at market prices provides some support to domestic farmers to the extent that it increases effective demand
•Where countries have tariff binding overhang, they have possibility to ensure that market prices track desired prices by varying border tariffs
•Issues arise when government announces administered prices even if procurement takes place at (higher) market prices
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16. Re-examine eligible production
•Many countries assumed that eligible production referred to amount actually purchased by government at administered price
•Not so, according to WTO Korea Beef case, it is amount that is eligible that must be used in AMS calculation
•However, eligible production not necessarily total production if there are specific limitations laid down by legislation
•e.g. maximum ceiling on government purchases, purchases limited to less favoured regions or small producers
•No economic case for redefining concept of eligible production
•In any case, share of production needed to build/maintain food security stocks will likely be only small share of total production
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17. Allow for excessive inflation – (re)define commitments in external currency
•Whether the Fixed External Reference Price (FERP) is denominated in local or external currency
•Denomination in external currency provides protection against excessive rates of domestic inflation if exchange rate changes driven by purchasing power parity
•An alternative might be to notify in constant prices (i.e. domestic inflation- adjusted) but note de minimis AMS ceiling automatically increases with inflation
•Does not provide protection against fundamental changes in underlying world market prices
•But note world market price has increased much more in USD than, e.g. in SDRs.
•Some countries (e.g. India) switched to notifying in external currency
•May need understanding to secure legal certainty
•Current rules require AMS notifications to ‘take into account the constituent data and methodology’ used in determining base AMS
•Would apply to AMS calculation generally and not limited to procurement for public stock-holding for food security purposes
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18. Clarify link between administered and market prices (Diaz-Bonilla 2013 and 2014)
•Builds on the economic idea that, if purchases are made at administered prices which are in line with (or less than) current tariff-inclusive import or export parity prices, then they are only minimally-trade distorting
•Countries would be assumed not to have a price gap (for purposes of footnote 5) provided their administered procurement prices meet this criterion
•Could be justified as a ‘White Box’ analogous to the ‘Blue Box’ protecting developed countries production-limited support programmes
•Operational issues:
•Rules for calculating the adjusted FERP
•Safeguards to prohibit exports from food security stocks accumulated on this basis
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19. Other options
•Make the interim arrangement permanent (i.e. extend to all developing countries for all procurement operations in connection with public stocks for food security purposes)
•The original G-33 proposal
•Creates a breach with fundamental Green Box principle that exempted measures should not provide price support
•Could potentially create scope for extensive price support in developing countries which would significantly impair the market access negotiated by other Members
•Increase de minimis percentages for AMS ceilings
•No obvious link with food security rationale
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20. Other options
•Change the 1986–1988 base period for FERPs to more recent values
•Makes legal definition consistent with economic concept of agricultural support
•Would follow OECD methodology for calculating agricultural support (Producer Support Estimates)
•Hard to confine change to developing countries, with potentially dramatic implications for much higher domestic support ceilings also in developed countries
•Such a major change could be difficult to negotiate in the context of a stand-alone agreement, would need to be folded back into the general Doha discussions on domestic support
•A sledgehammer to crack the public stock-holding nut?
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21. Political economy of negotiating a permanent solution (1)
•Ball is in the court of India and like-minded nations to propose solutions
•A G-33 proposal? Is there widespread developing country backing?
•Two narratives
•Permanent solution is about correcting perceived inequities and injustices arising out of skewed bargaining process that led to Uruguay Round AoA rules
•Permanent solution being sought in context where (some) developing are rapidly growing their shares in world production and exports as well as the level of domestic support provided to their producers
•Too simplistic to think of this as just a North-South issue
•Developing country farmers increasingly affected by the agricultural policies of other developing countries
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22. Agricultural support in developing countries now close to OECD levels
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Source: Tangermann, 2014
23. Political economy of negotiating a permanent solution (2)
•WTO is a negotiating arena
•Can demandeurs offer something in return?
•e.g. Subramaniam proposal to offer lower tariff bindings
•All negotiating proposals have a cost
•No benefit in expending negotiating energy looking for policy space which you will not use
•Could the domestic policy objectives be achieved in a more WTO- compatible manner?
•Proposals supported by economic reasoning may have greater chance of securing consensus than simply carving out greater exemptions from disciplines
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24. Implications of procurement price issue for wider post-Bali Doha work programme
•Revisit existing disciplines (Bali)
•Rules for measurement of and/or ceilings on Amber Box domestic support
•Level the playing field (Doha agenda)
•Tariff cutting formulae, sensitive products, SPs and SSM
•Domestic support (OTDS, Amber Box, Blue Box, Green Box)
•Elimination of export subsidies and equivalent disciplines
•Potential new disciplines
•Limits on export restrictions and taxes
•Risk management instruments (beyond those currently considered)
•SPS measures and private standards
•Issues to do with process standards (e.g. carbon tariffs)
•WTO rules just one element of global food security governance
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25. Further reading:
•Bellman, C. 2014. “The Bali Agreement: Implications for Development and the WTO.” International Development Policy / Revue Internationale de Politique de Développement 6 (1).
•Brink, L. 2014. Commitments under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture and the Doha Draft Modalities: How Do They Compare to Current Policy?, Background document for the OECD Global Forum on Agriculture: Issues in Agricultural Trade Policy, 2 December 2014, Paris.
•Diaz-Bonilla, E. 2014. On Food Security Stocks, Peace Clauses, and Permanent Solutions after Bali. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01388. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
•FAO. 2014. The Bali Package - Implications for Trade and Food Security. FAO Trade Policy Briefs on Issues Related to the WTO Negotiations on Agriculture No. 16. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
•Häberli, C. 2013. Three “Bali Deliverables” for More Food Security. Working Paper No 2013/44. Berne: NCCR Trade Regulation, Swiss National Science Foundation.
•Häberli, C. 2014. After Bali: WTO Rules Applying to Public Food Reserves. FAO Commodity and Trade Policy Research Working Paper No. 46. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
•Matthews, A. 2014. Food Security and WTO Domestic Support Disciplines Post-Bali. Issue Paper No. 53. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
•Meléndez-Ortiz, R., C. Bellman, and J. Hepburn, eds. 2014. Tackling Agriculture in the Post-Bali Context. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
•Montemayor, R. 2014. Public Stockholding for Food Security Purposes: Scenarios and Options for a Permanent Solution. Issue Paper No. 51. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
•Tangermann, S. 2014. Post-Bali Issues in Agricultural Trade: A Synthesis, Background document for the OECD Global Forum on Agriculture: Issues in Agricultural Trade Policy, 2 December 2014, Paris.
•
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