Manual testing is the process of manually testing software for defects by playing the role of an end user and using all features of the application to ensure correct behavior, following a written test plan. The document discusses various concepts related to manual testing including software quality assurance, verification, validation, software life cycles, testing techniques like black box testing and white box testing, unit testing, alpha testing, beta testing, system testing, volume testing, stress testing, and security testing. It provides brief definitions and purposes of these concepts.

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2. What is manual testing? Manual testing is the process of manually testing software for defects. It requires a tester to play the role of an end user, and use most of all features of the application to ensure correct behaviour. To ensure completeness of testing, the tester often follows a written test plan that leads them through a set of important test cases.

3. CONTENTS OF MANUAL TESTING CONCEPTS Software Quality Assurance:

4. Verification:

5. Validation:

6. Software Life Cycle Models

7. Why Testing?

8. Test Life Cycle

9. Testing Techniques Software Quality Assurance: The purpose of Software Quality Assurance is to provide management with appropriate visibility into the process being used by the software project and of the products being built.

10. Software Quality Assurance involves reviewing and auditing the software products

11. It is an activity to verify applicable procedures and standards

12. And provide the software project and other appropriate managers with the results of these reviews and audits.VERIFICATIONVerification typically involves reviews and meetings to evaluate documents, plans, code, requirements, and specifications. The determination of verification are:Consistency

13. Correctness

14. Completeness of a program at each stage. Validation Validation typically involves actual testing.

15. It takes place after verifications are completed

16. The determination of correctness of a final program.

17. with respect to its requirements. Software Life Cycle Models Prototyping Model

18. Waterfall Model – Sequential

19. Spiral Model

20. V Model - Sequential Testing: An examination of the behavior of a program by executing on sample data sets.