TEST BANK For Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition by...
Manas semwal
1. BABE KE AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE (MOGA)
DEPARTMENT OF AGAD TANTRA
स्नूही & अर्
क
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. BINDIA GUPTA (HOD PROFF)
Dr. RAVI DHALIA(ASSIST. PROFF)
SUBMITTED BY:
MANAS
3rd year
2017 BATCH
2. विष (Poision) ऐसे पदार्थों र्
े नाम हैं, जो खाए जाने पर
श्लेष्मल झिल्ली (mucous membrane), ऊतर् या त्िचा पर
सीधी क्रिया र्रर्
े अर्थिा पररसंचरण तंत्र (circulatory
system) में अिशोवषत होर्र, घातर् रूप से स्िास््य र्ो
प्रभावित र्रने, या जीिन नष्ट र्रने, में समर्थक होते हैं।
विष
3. विषाक्तता (poisoning) र्
े लक्षण ननम्नललझखत हैं :
• जठरांत्र उत्तेजन (Gastrointestinal irritation) - साधारणतया वमन, पेट की पीडा और अततसार
(diarrhea) ववषाक्तता क
े प्रमुख लक्षण हैं। यदि क
ु छ ही घरों क
े भीतर अनेक व्यक्क्त ववषाक्तता
क
े शिकार हुए हों, तो ककसी खास वस्तु को क्षोभक (irritant) का वाहक समझा जा सकता है।
• प्रलाप - यह रासायतनक ववष या उपापचयी (metabolic) गडबडी और ज्वर क
े पररणामस्वरूप
उत्पन्न रुधधरववषाक्तता (toxaemia) क
े कारण होता है। थोडी खुराक में ही प्रलाप उत्पन्न
करनेवाले रासायतनक ववषों में वारववट्यूरेट, ब्रोमाइड का धचरकाशलक मिा, ऐल्कोहॉल,
हाइओसायतनन (hyocyanine) आदि है। इनमें से प्रथम तीन अधधक प्रचशलत हैं और प्रलाप प्राय:
अत्यल्प निे का सूचक होता है।
विषाक्तता
4. • सम्मूर्च्ाक (coma) - प्रमक्स्तष्कीय (cerebral) क्षतत अधधक होने पर प्रलाप
सम्मूर्चछाा में पररवततात होता है । सामान्यतः बारववट्यूरे ट और ऐल्कोहॉल ऐसे
पररणाम उत्पन्न करते हैं।
• ऐठन (Convulsions) - ये िो प्रकार की होती हैं :(क) मेरुिं डीय या टाइटे तनक
ऐंठन, जो अक्सर बाह्य उद्िीपन, जैसे क्स्िकतनन (strychnine), से उत्पन्न
होती है (इसमें स्फ
ू तता (tone) रहती है और संज्ञा संतुशलत रहती है ),(ख)
प्रमक्स्तष्कीय या शमगीजन्य ऐंठन में संज्ञाहीनता होती है और स्फ
ू तता तथा क्लोनी
(clonic) ऐंठन पयाायक्रम से होती हैं। प्रततहे स्टाशमन ओषधध, कपूर, फ
े रस
सल्फ
े ट और ऐफाटै शमन इसक
े उिाहरण हैं।
• पररणाह चेतार्ोप (Peripheral neuritis) - सीसा, आसेतनक सोना, पारा आदि से
धचरकाशलक (chronic) ववषाक्तता होने पर पररणाह पेिी की िुबालता होती है ,
क्जसमें िरीर छीजता है और जठरांत्र (gastrointestinal) ववक्षोभ भी होता है ।
5. ववषाक्तता क
े आपाती उपचार (emergency treatment) क
े शलए, क्जसमें जीवववष
(toxin) खा शलया गया हो, तनम्नशलखखत कक्रयाववधध अपनानी चादहए :
(1)यथािीघ्र उलटी, वक्स्तकक्रया (lavage), ववरेचन (catharsis) या मूत्रता (diuresis)
द्वारा ववष को तनकालना।
(2)ववशिष्ट या सामान्य प्रततकारक (antidote) िेकर ववष का तनक्ष्क्रय करना और
तब वक्स्तकक्रया का उपचार।
(3)संक्षोभ (shock), पात (collapse) और अन्य ववशिष्ट अशभव्यक्क्तयों
(manifestations) क
े होते ही उनसे संघषा करना।
विषाक्तता र्
े आपाती उपचार
6. INTRODUCTION - CALOTROPIS
• It is a large shrub growing to 4 m (13 ft) tall.
• It has clusters of waxy flowers that are either white or
lavender in colour. each flower consists of five pointed petals
and a small "crown" rising from the center which holds the
stamens. the aestivation found in Calotropis is Valvate i.e.
sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the
margin, without overlapping.
• The plant has oval, light green leaves and milky stem. The
latex of calotropis gigantea contains cardiac glycosides, fatty
acids, and calcium oxalate. The roots also contain
calotropone.
7. DESCRIPTION OF PLANT
•Calotropis is a poisonous plant.
• The active principles are uscharin, calotoxin, calactin,
and calotropin.
• The leaves and stem when incised yield thick milky
juice. It is used as an arrow poison, cattle poison ,
rarely for suicide and homicide and mostly an
accidental poison.
8. POISION FACTORS OF PLANT
• The milky latex sap of Calotropis gigantea is a known
cause of toxic keratoconjunctivitis and reversible vision
loss.
• Crownflower keratitis is a rare condition and is usually
the result of accidental ocular exposure to the sap.
During the process of making a Hawaiian lei flower
necklace, touching the sap and then touching the
ocular surface may result in crownflower keratitis.
9. • Damage (poisoning) of the cornea endothelium
results in corneal stromal edema and decreased visual
acuity. Although there is some permanent damage to
the corneal endothelium with decreased endothelial
cell count and irregular shape, the remaining corneal
endothelial cells usually recover with complete
resolution of the corneal edema and a return to
normal visual acuity. The condition is usually self-
limited and resolves faster with topical steroids.
10. • The clinical course of this condition suggests that
Calotropis is paradoxically relatively nontoxic to
corneal epithelium and highly toxic to corneal
endothelium. The painless clinical course may be
related to anesthetic properties of Calotropis latex
and relatively minor epithelial injury
12. Signs and symptoms
• Applied to the skin, it causes redness and vesication.
• When taken orally, the juice produces an acrid, bitter
taste and burning pain in throat and stomach,
salivation, stomatitis, vomiting, diarrhea, dilated
pupils, tetanic convulsions, collapse and death.
13. REFERANCE IN SAMHITAS
• In the Paushya chapter of the Adi Parva portion of the Indian epic
Mahabharata, a disciple of the rishi Ayoda-Daumya named Upamanya
goes blind by eating the leaves of the plant which in Sanskrit is called
arka.
• However, in India, among the general public, it is the belief that akada
(arka) is a poisonous plant and can make people intoxicated. Lord Shiva
is offered akada along with dhatura (botanically: Datura metel)
(extremely toxic) flowers on auspicious days.
• "श्वेताक
ा का पेड" is the name of the tree and flowers are called as
"अकौआ" ओर "श्वेताक
ा क
े फ
ू ल" in Hindi respectively.In Hindu
mythology, it is considered the favourite flower of Lord Shiva and
hence its flowers are commonly offered to the deity. It is a belief that
the flower makes the deity happy, subsequent to which he showers his
blessings upon the worshippers
14. POST-MORTEM APPEARANCES
• SWELLING IN STOMACH AND INTERASTINES
• CONTRACTION IN LIVER,SPLEEN,KIDNEY,BRAIN
• EYE BALL TANGLED
• FROATH FROM MOUTH
15. DOSES
• FATAL DOSE- NO ANY REGULAR QUANTITY
• FATAL PERIOD- APROXIMATE 24 HRS
17. INTRODUCTION- EUPHORBIA
• Euphorbia tirucalli (commonly known as aveloz, Indian
tree spurge, naked lady, pencil tree, pencil cactus, milk
bush
• a tree that grows in semi-arid tropical climates. A
hydrocarbon plant, it produces a poisonous latex that
can cause temporary blindness
18. DESCRIPTION OF PLANT
• The pencil tree is a shrub or small tree with pencil-
thick, green, smooth, succulent branches that reaches
heights of growth of up to 7 meters. It has a cylindrical
and fleshy stem with fragile succulent twigs that are 7
mm thick, often produced in whorls, longitudinally,
finely striated. The oval leaves are 1 to 2.5 cm long
and about 3 to 4 mm wide; they usually fall off early. It
contains a milky, toxic and corrosive sap. The yellow
flowers are at the ends of the branches
19. POISION FACTORS OF PLANT
• The milky latex from E. tirucalli is extremely irritating
to the skin and mucosa and is toxic. Exposure to it can
cause temporary blindness. Skin contact causes severe
irritation, redness and a burning sensation. If ingested,
it can cause burns to the mouth, lips and tongue. It is
suggested to wear eye protection gear and gloves for
handling the plant.
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