This document summarizes key components of a country's balance of payments, including the current account, capital account, and financial account. It explains how international flows of funds are influenced by economic and other factors. It also discusses various international organizations that facilitate global capital flows, such as the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.
The document discusses advance pricing arrangements (APAs) in India. Key points:
1) APAs allow Indian tax authorities to agree transfer pricing methodologies with taxpayers for international transactions over 5 years, providing certainty.
2) APAs benefit both taxpayers and tax authorities by reducing disputes and compliance costs related to transfer pricing rules.
3) APAs can be unilateral between a taxpayer and India, or bilateral/multilateral also involving foreign tax authorities.
Mental accounting refers to the tendency for people to separate their money into different mental accounts based on subjective criteria like the source or intended purpose of the funds. This leads people to treat money as less fungible than it actually is legally and makes them susceptible to biases. Mental accounting theory seeks to describe how people budget, code, evaluate, and make financial decisions involving gains and losses between accounts. It has implications for how individuals and marketers approach spending, saving, and investment.
The document provides an overview of various types of fraud including definitions, examples, and key details. It discusses basics of fraud such as the necessary elements and intentional misrepresentation. Different fraud schemes are explained such as identity theft, phishing, vishing, lottery frauds, and money laundering. Cybercrimes involving social media like cyberbullying, cyber grooming, and online extortion are summarized. The roles of key players in corruption like politicians, government officials, and businesses are mentioned. Details on organizations working to combat fraud like the ACFE and Transparency International are also provided.
This document provides an overview of dishonour of cheques under Indian law. It defines dishonour of a cheque as when it is returned unpaid by the drawee bank for reasons of insufficient funds or signature mismatch. There are two kinds of dishonour: non-acceptance and non-payment. Dishonour can result in legal action against the drawer, loss of negotiability of the cheque, and accrual of a cause of action if a demand notice is issued and unpaid. Dishonour becomes a criminal offense if the payee gives notice demanding payment within 15 days and payment is not made within a further 15 days. Liability on dishonour can be civil, resulting in a fine of twice the
This document discusses marketing ethics and the importance of ethical conduct in marketing. It addresses ethical issues that can arise in a company's marketing mix of product, price, place, and promotion. The nature of marketing ethics is influenced by individual factors, organizational culture and relationships, and work pressures. Companies can improve ethical conduct through codes of conduct, ethics officers, and anonymous reporting systems. Social responsibility and ethics are interrelated and practicing both can improve marketing performance and benefit companies through increased trust, satisfaction and profits.
this chapter we are going to explain key, components of the BoP, and explain how the international flow of funds is influenced by economic factors and other factors
This document discusses international flows of funds and balance of payments. It explains that the balance of payments records all transactions between domestic and foreign entities over a period of time. It is made up of a current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services as well as income flows. A country's balance of payments can be influenced by economic factors like exchange rates, inflation, national income, and government policies. It also discusses how trade imbalances can be corrected and describes several international organizations that facilitate global capital flows and trade.
The document discusses key components of the balance of payments including the current account, capital account, and financial account. It explains factors that influence international flows of funds such as economic conditions, government restrictions, exchange rates, and inflation rates in countries. It also summarizes several international organizations that facilitate global trade and financial flows, such as the IMF, World Bank, WTO, and regional development agencies.
The document discusses advance pricing arrangements (APAs) in India. Key points:
1) APAs allow Indian tax authorities to agree transfer pricing methodologies with taxpayers for international transactions over 5 years, providing certainty.
2) APAs benefit both taxpayers and tax authorities by reducing disputes and compliance costs related to transfer pricing rules.
3) APAs can be unilateral between a taxpayer and India, or bilateral/multilateral also involving foreign tax authorities.
Mental accounting refers to the tendency for people to separate their money into different mental accounts based on subjective criteria like the source or intended purpose of the funds. This leads people to treat money as less fungible than it actually is legally and makes them susceptible to biases. Mental accounting theory seeks to describe how people budget, code, evaluate, and make financial decisions involving gains and losses between accounts. It has implications for how individuals and marketers approach spending, saving, and investment.
The document provides an overview of various types of fraud including definitions, examples, and key details. It discusses basics of fraud such as the necessary elements and intentional misrepresentation. Different fraud schemes are explained such as identity theft, phishing, vishing, lottery frauds, and money laundering. Cybercrimes involving social media like cyberbullying, cyber grooming, and online extortion are summarized. The roles of key players in corruption like politicians, government officials, and businesses are mentioned. Details on organizations working to combat fraud like the ACFE and Transparency International are also provided.
This document provides an overview of dishonour of cheques under Indian law. It defines dishonour of a cheque as when it is returned unpaid by the drawee bank for reasons of insufficient funds or signature mismatch. There are two kinds of dishonour: non-acceptance and non-payment. Dishonour can result in legal action against the drawer, loss of negotiability of the cheque, and accrual of a cause of action if a demand notice is issued and unpaid. Dishonour becomes a criminal offense if the payee gives notice demanding payment within 15 days and payment is not made within a further 15 days. Liability on dishonour can be civil, resulting in a fine of twice the
This document discusses marketing ethics and the importance of ethical conduct in marketing. It addresses ethical issues that can arise in a company's marketing mix of product, price, place, and promotion. The nature of marketing ethics is influenced by individual factors, organizational culture and relationships, and work pressures. Companies can improve ethical conduct through codes of conduct, ethics officers, and anonymous reporting systems. Social responsibility and ethics are interrelated and practicing both can improve marketing performance and benefit companies through increased trust, satisfaction and profits.
this chapter we are going to explain key, components of the BoP, and explain how the international flow of funds is influenced by economic factors and other factors
This document discusses international flows of funds and balance of payments. It explains that the balance of payments records all transactions between domestic and foreign entities over a period of time. It is made up of a current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services as well as income flows. A country's balance of payments can be influenced by economic factors like exchange rates, inflation, national income, and government policies. It also discusses how trade imbalances can be corrected and describes several international organizations that facilitate global capital flows and trade.
The document discusses key components of the balance of payments including the current account, capital account, and financial account. It explains factors that influence international flows of funds such as economic conditions, government restrictions, exchange rates, and inflation rates in countries. It also summarizes several international organizations that facilitate global trade and financial flows, such as the IMF, World Bank, WTO, and regional development agencies.
The document discusses international flows of funds and balance of payments. It explains key concepts like the current account, capital account, and financial account. It also discusses factors that influence international trade and capital flows, such as exchange rates, inflation, national income, and trade agreements. Several international organizations that facilitate global economic cooperation and trade are also outlined, including the IMF, World Bank, WTO, and BIS.
India's top trading partners from April to June were China, the United Arab Emirates, and the US. India had the largest trade deficit with China in 2014 of $36.2 billion. Among its top ten trading partners, India maintained a trade surplus with the US, UAE, Hong Kong, and Singapore. A country's balance of payments accounts for all economic transactions between its residents and the rest of the world over a period of time, including exports and imports of goods and services as well as financial capital flows. It has two main components - the current account and the capital account.
Finance refers to the management of money and funds for activities. It involves planning, organizing and controlling the procurement and use of financial resources. International finance deals with monetary and economic relations between countries. It refers to managing the financial functions of international businesses. Key aspects of international finance include foreign exchange risk, political risk, market imperfections, and expanded investment opportunities from operating in multiple countries and currencies. The balance of payments accounts for and balances all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It is classified into the current, capital and official reserve accounts.
This chapter discusses international financial flows and the balance of payments. The balance of payments accounts for all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It includes the current account, which covers trade in goods and services, and the capital account, which covers investment flows. International trade flows have increased significantly since the 1970s. Recent trade agreements in North America and Europe have reduced barriers to trade, while emerging markets in Asia and Latin America present opportunities for trade and investment. Exchange rates and economic conditions influence international financial flows.
The document discusses international capital flows and balance of payments (BOP). It summarizes key components of BOP including the current, financial, and capital accounts. The current account tracks trade of goods/services and income flows. The financial account tracks direct investment, portfolio investment, and other capital flows. Several events are described that increased global trade volumes, such as the fall of the Berlin Wall, NAFTA, and expansion of the European Union. Understanding BOP components and trade trends is important for multinational corporations to monitor international money flows.
BOP or Balance of International Payments is the systematic and summary record of a country’s economic and financial transactionswith the rest of the worldover a period of time. As per IMF, BOP is a statistical statement for a given period showing: (a) transactions in goods & services and income between an economy and the rest of the world; (b) changes of ownership and other changes in that country’s monetary gold, SDRs, and claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world; and (c) unrequited transfersand counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense any entries for the foregoing transactions and changes which are not mutually offsetting. – IMF, Balance of Payments Manual.
This document discusses balance of trade and balance of payments for India. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like trade balance, current account balance, and capital account balance. Some key points:
- India typically runs a trade deficit due to low exports and high imports of oil. Its share of world exports is only about 1%.
- A trade deficit occurs when a country imports more than it exports, while a surplus is the opposite. India has been recording sustained trade deficits.
- The current account balance looks at trade plus investments, services, and transfers. India's current account deficit was $38.4 billion in 2009-2010.
- The capital account balance looks at flows like foreign investments,
The document discusses balance of payments and factors affecting international flows of funds. It defines balance of payments as a summary of all transactions between a country and foreign residents over time. Transactions are recorded as credits or debits. The balance of payments includes a current account summarizing trade in goods/services/income, and a capital/financial account tracking financial/non-financial assets. Factors like inflation, income, exchange rates, and government policies can affect trade balances. A trade deficit may be corrected by a floating exchange rate that weakens the home currency.
This document provides an overview of international finance concepts including the balance of payments, factors influencing international trade flows, and agencies that facilitate international capital flows. It defines the balance of payments as a measurement of all transactions between domestic and foreign entities over a period of time. The balance of payments is made up of a current account, capital account, and financial account. It also discusses factors that can influence international trade flows such as inflation, national income, government restrictions, and exchange rates. Finally, it outlines the roles of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank in facilitating international capital flows.
The balance of payments records international transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It has three main components - the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services as well as transfer payments. A deficit occurs when payments are greater than receipts, while a surplus is when receipts are greater. Disequilibria can be caused by economic, political, and social factors. Countries use automatic and deliberate measures to correct imbalances, with deliberate measures including monetary, trade, and other policies.
(i) The document discusses international trade and the balance of payments of a country. It defines balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time.
(ii) The balance of payments includes visible and invisible transactions, has credit and debit sides, and can show a surplus or deficit. It is affected by factors like a country's development programs, price changes, and demand for its exports.
(iii) Countries address an unfavorable balance of payments through measures like export promotion, import restrictions, controlling inflation, managing foreign exchange, and devaluing their currency.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a statement that records all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. The BOP has three components - the current account, capital account, and financial account. It is in equilibrium when inflows equal outflows. A BOP surplus occurs when exports exceed imports, while a deficit means imports are greater than exports. Analyzing a country's BOP provides important information about its economic health, currency value, and necessary policy decisions. The document also discusses causes of BOP disequilibria and measures governments can take to correct deficits, such as export promotion, import restrictions, and currency de
The document provides an overview of balance of payments, including definitions, key components, and situations of surplus and deficit. It defines balance of payments as the record of international financial transactions made by a country's residents. It notes there can be either a surplus or deficit. A deficit means imports exceed exports, requiring borrowing, while a surplus means exports exceed imports, allowing lending. The balance of payments has three components: the financial account, which measures changes in asset ownership; the capital account, which covers non-income affecting transactions; and the current account, which measures trade, investment income, and payments.
The balance of payments (BOP) of a country records all economic transactions between residents of that country and residents of other countries within a given period of time. The BOP has three components: the current account, which covers visible and invisible trade as well as income from investments; the capital account, which covers financial flows; and the reserve account, which covers transactions with the IMF. A country experiences a BOP deficit when total payments exceed total receipts, and a surplus when receipts exceed payments. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
The balance of payments (BOP) of a country records all economic transactions between residents of that country and residents of other countries within a given period of time. The BOP has three components: the current account, which covers visible and invisible trade as well as income from investments; the capital account, which covers financial flows; and the reserve account, which covers transactions with international institutions like the IMF. A country aims for a balanced BOP but may experience a surplus or deficit. Deficits can be addressed through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, invisible items like services, and capital transfers. The balance of payments has a current account for trade in goods and services and a capital account for financial flows. A deficit or surplus in the balance of payments can be corrected through monetary measures like changing exchange rates or interest rates, or non-monetary measures like promoting exports and controlling imports.
In this presentation we will deal with “Trade Finance”, where in we will talk about Methods and Types of Trading, Trade Contracts and Agreements, Trade Zone and role of financial institutions and banks in the Trading Business.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This document contains the presentation slides from a group project on multinational financial management. It includes chapters on topics like the goals of multinational corporations, international capital flows, foreign exchange markets, and methods for analyzing country risk. Each chapter section is presented by a different member of the group, whose name and student ID are listed. The document provides an overview of key concepts in multinational finance.
ibo-06 unit_04 International Transactions and Balance of PaymentsJ. Sen
this presentation is based on IGNOU's M.com first year subject international business finance . in this presentation I have discussed all the essentials of International transactions and balance of payment . this presentation is very helpful for students who is appearing in M.Com or MBA finance course.
Explore the world of investments with an in-depth comparison of the stock market and real estate. Understand their fundamentals, risks, returns, and diversification strategies to make informed financial decisions that align with your goals.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
The document discusses international flows of funds and balance of payments. It explains key concepts like the current account, capital account, and financial account. It also discusses factors that influence international trade and capital flows, such as exchange rates, inflation, national income, and trade agreements. Several international organizations that facilitate global economic cooperation and trade are also outlined, including the IMF, World Bank, WTO, and BIS.
India's top trading partners from April to June were China, the United Arab Emirates, and the US. India had the largest trade deficit with China in 2014 of $36.2 billion. Among its top ten trading partners, India maintained a trade surplus with the US, UAE, Hong Kong, and Singapore. A country's balance of payments accounts for all economic transactions between its residents and the rest of the world over a period of time, including exports and imports of goods and services as well as financial capital flows. It has two main components - the current account and the capital account.
Finance refers to the management of money and funds for activities. It involves planning, organizing and controlling the procurement and use of financial resources. International finance deals with monetary and economic relations between countries. It refers to managing the financial functions of international businesses. Key aspects of international finance include foreign exchange risk, political risk, market imperfections, and expanded investment opportunities from operating in multiple countries and currencies. The balance of payments accounts for and balances all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It is classified into the current, capital and official reserve accounts.
This chapter discusses international financial flows and the balance of payments. The balance of payments accounts for all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It includes the current account, which covers trade in goods and services, and the capital account, which covers investment flows. International trade flows have increased significantly since the 1970s. Recent trade agreements in North America and Europe have reduced barriers to trade, while emerging markets in Asia and Latin America present opportunities for trade and investment. Exchange rates and economic conditions influence international financial flows.
The document discusses international capital flows and balance of payments (BOP). It summarizes key components of BOP including the current, financial, and capital accounts. The current account tracks trade of goods/services and income flows. The financial account tracks direct investment, portfolio investment, and other capital flows. Several events are described that increased global trade volumes, such as the fall of the Berlin Wall, NAFTA, and expansion of the European Union. Understanding BOP components and trade trends is important for multinational corporations to monitor international money flows.
BOP or Balance of International Payments is the systematic and summary record of a country’s economic and financial transactionswith the rest of the worldover a period of time. As per IMF, BOP is a statistical statement for a given period showing: (a) transactions in goods & services and income between an economy and the rest of the world; (b) changes of ownership and other changes in that country’s monetary gold, SDRs, and claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world; and (c) unrequited transfersand counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense any entries for the foregoing transactions and changes which are not mutually offsetting. – IMF, Balance of Payments Manual.
This document discusses balance of trade and balance of payments for India. It provides definitions and explanations of key terms like trade balance, current account balance, and capital account balance. Some key points:
- India typically runs a trade deficit due to low exports and high imports of oil. Its share of world exports is only about 1%.
- A trade deficit occurs when a country imports more than it exports, while a surplus is the opposite. India has been recording sustained trade deficits.
- The current account balance looks at trade plus investments, services, and transfers. India's current account deficit was $38.4 billion in 2009-2010.
- The capital account balance looks at flows like foreign investments,
The document discusses balance of payments and factors affecting international flows of funds. It defines balance of payments as a summary of all transactions between a country and foreign residents over time. Transactions are recorded as credits or debits. The balance of payments includes a current account summarizing trade in goods/services/income, and a capital/financial account tracking financial/non-financial assets. Factors like inflation, income, exchange rates, and government policies can affect trade balances. A trade deficit may be corrected by a floating exchange rate that weakens the home currency.
This document provides an overview of international finance concepts including the balance of payments, factors influencing international trade flows, and agencies that facilitate international capital flows. It defines the balance of payments as a measurement of all transactions between domestic and foreign entities over a period of time. The balance of payments is made up of a current account, capital account, and financial account. It also discusses factors that can influence international trade flows such as inflation, national income, government restrictions, and exchange rates. Finally, it outlines the roles of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank in facilitating international capital flows.
The balance of payments records international transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It has three main components - the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services as well as transfer payments. A deficit occurs when payments are greater than receipts, while a surplus is when receipts are greater. Disequilibria can be caused by economic, political, and social factors. Countries use automatic and deliberate measures to correct imbalances, with deliberate measures including monetary, trade, and other policies.
(i) The document discusses international trade and the balance of payments of a country. It defines balance of payments as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time.
(ii) The balance of payments includes visible and invisible transactions, has credit and debit sides, and can show a surplus or deficit. It is affected by factors like a country's development programs, price changes, and demand for its exports.
(iii) Countries address an unfavorable balance of payments through measures like export promotion, import restrictions, controlling inflation, managing foreign exchange, and devaluing their currency.
The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a statement that records all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. The BOP has three components - the current account, capital account, and financial account. It is in equilibrium when inflows equal outflows. A BOP surplus occurs when exports exceed imports, while a deficit means imports are greater than exports. Analyzing a country's BOP provides important information about its economic health, currency value, and necessary policy decisions. The document also discusses causes of BOP disequilibria and measures governments can take to correct deficits, such as export promotion, import restrictions, and currency de
The document provides an overview of balance of payments, including definitions, key components, and situations of surplus and deficit. It defines balance of payments as the record of international financial transactions made by a country's residents. It notes there can be either a surplus or deficit. A deficit means imports exceed exports, requiring borrowing, while a surplus means exports exceed imports, allowing lending. The balance of payments has three components: the financial account, which measures changes in asset ownership; the capital account, which covers non-income affecting transactions; and the current account, which measures trade, investment income, and payments.
The balance of payments (BOP) of a country records all economic transactions between residents of that country and residents of other countries within a given period of time. The BOP has three components: the current account, which covers visible and invisible trade as well as income from investments; the capital account, which covers financial flows; and the reserve account, which covers transactions with the IMF. A country experiences a BOP deficit when total payments exceed total receipts, and a surplus when receipts exceed payments. Disequilibria can be corrected through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
The balance of payments (BOP) of a country records all economic transactions between residents of that country and residents of other countries within a given period of time. The BOP has three components: the current account, which covers visible and invisible trade as well as income from investments; the capital account, which covers financial flows; and the reserve account, which covers transactions with international institutions like the IMF. A country aims for a balanced BOP but may experience a surplus or deficit. Deficits can be addressed through various monetary and non-monetary policy measures that target exchange rates, exports, imports and capital flows.
The balance of payments records all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time. It includes visible items like exports and imports of goods, invisible items like services, and capital transfers. The balance of payments has a current account for trade in goods and services and a capital account for financial flows. A deficit or surplus in the balance of payments can be corrected through monetary measures like changing exchange rates or interest rates, or non-monetary measures like promoting exports and controlling imports.
In this presentation we will deal with “Trade Finance”, where in we will talk about Methods and Types of Trading, Trade Contracts and Agreements, Trade Zone and role of financial institutions and banks in the Trading Business.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This document contains the presentation slides from a group project on multinational financial management. It includes chapters on topics like the goals of multinational corporations, international capital flows, foreign exchange markets, and methods for analyzing country risk. Each chapter section is presented by a different member of the group, whose name and student ID are listed. The document provides an overview of key concepts in multinational finance.
ibo-06 unit_04 International Transactions and Balance of PaymentsJ. Sen
this presentation is based on IGNOU's M.com first year subject international business finance . in this presentation I have discussed all the essentials of International transactions and balance of payment . this presentation is very helpful for students who is appearing in M.Com or MBA finance course.
Explore the world of investments with an in-depth comparison of the stock market and real estate. Understand their fundamentals, risks, returns, and diversification strategies to make informed financial decisions that align with your goals.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
How to Invest in Cryptocurrency for Beginners: A Complete GuideDaniel
Cryptocurrency is digital money that operates independently of a central authority, utilizing cryptography for security. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments (fiat currencies), cryptocurrencies are decentralized and typically operate on a technology called blockchain. Each cryptocurrency transaction is recorded on a public ledger, ensuring transparency and security.
Cryptocurrencies can be used for various purposes, including online purchases, investment opportunities, and as a means of transferring value globally without the need for intermediaries like banks.
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcriptynfqplhm
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptxILC- UK
ILC's Retirement Income Summit was hosted by M&G and supported by Canada Life. The event brought together key policymakers, influencers and experts to help identify policy priorities for the next Government and ensure more of us have access to a decent income in retirement.
Contributors included:
Jo Blanden, Professor in Economics, University of Surrey
Clive Bolton, CEO, Life Insurance M&G Plc
Jim Boyd, CEO, Equity Release Council
Molly Broome, Economist, Resolution Foundation
Nida Broughton, Co-Director of Economic Policy, Behavioural Insights Team
Jonathan Cribb, Associate Director and Head of Retirement, Savings, and Ageing, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Joanna Elson CBE, Chief Executive Officer, Independent Age
Tom Evans, Managing Director of Retirement, Canada Life
Steve Groves, Chair, Key Retirement Group
Tish Hanifan, Founder and Joint Chair of the Society of Later life Advisers
Sue Lewis, ILC Trustee
Siobhan Lough, Senior Consultant, Hymans Robertson
Mick McAteer, Co-Director, The Financial Inclusion Centre
Stuart McDonald MBE, Head of Longevity and Democratic Insights, LCP
Anusha Mittal, Managing Director, Individual Life and Pensions, M&G Life
Shelley Morris, Senior Project Manager, Living Pension, Living Wage Foundation
Sarah O'Grady, Journalist
Will Sherlock, Head of External Relations, M&G Plc
Daniela Silcock, Head of Policy Research, Pensions Policy Institute
David Sinclair, Chief Executive, ILC
Jordi Skilbeck, Senior Policy Advisor, Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association
Rt Hon Sir Stephen Timms, former Chair, Work & Pensions Committee
Nigel Waterson, ILC Trustee
Jackie Wells, Strategy and Policy Consultant, ILC Strategic Advisory Board
Every business, big or small, deals with outgoing payments. Whether it’s to suppliers for inventory, to employees for salaries, or to vendors for services rendered, keeping track of these expenses is crucial. This is where payment vouchers come in – the unsung heroes of the accounting world.
Monthly Market Risk Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
Markets rallied in May, with all three major U.S. equity indices up for the month, said Sam Millette, director of fixed income, in his latest Market Risk Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
2. A2 - 2
Chapter Objectives
• To explain the key components of the
balance of payments; and
• To explain how the international flow of
funds is influenced by economic factors
and other factors.
3. A2 - 3
Balance of Payments
• The balance of payments is a
measurement of all transactions between
domestic and foreign residents over a
specified period of time.
• Each transaction is recorded as both a
credit and a debit, i.e. double-entry
bookkeeping.
• The transactions are presented in three
groups – a current account, a capital
account, and a financial account.
4. A2 - 4
• The current account summarizes the flow of
funds between one specified country and all
other countries due to the purchases of
goods or services, the provision of income
on financial assets, or unilateral current
transfers (e.g. government grants and
pensions, private remittances).
• A current account deficit suggests a greater
outflow of funds from the specified country
for its current transactions.
Balance of Payments
5. A2 - 5
• The current account is commonly used to
assess the balance of trade, which is simply
the difference between merchandise exports
and merchandise imports.
Balance of Payments
6. A2 - 6
• The new capital account (as defined in the
1993 System of National Accounts and the
fifth edition of IMF’s Balance of Payments
Manual) is adopted by the U.S. in 1999.
• It includes unilateral current transfers that
are really shifts in assets, not current
income. E.g. debt forgiveness, transfers
by immigrants, the sale or purchase of
rights to natural resources or patents.
Balance of Payments
7. A2 - 7
• The financial account (which was called
the capital account previously)
summarizes the flow of funds resulting
from the sale of assets between one
specified country and all other countries.
• Assets include official reserves, other
government assets, direct foreign
investments, investments in securities,
etc.
Balance of Payments
8. A2 - 8
• Different countries rely on trade to
different extents.
• The trade volume of European countries is
typically between 30 – 40% of their
respective GDP, while the trade volume of
U.S. and Japan is typically between 10 –
20% of their respective GDP.
• Nevertheless, the volume of trade has
grown over time for most countries.
International Trade Flows
9. A2 - 9
International Trade Flows
• In 1975, the U.S. exported $107.1 billions
in goods, and imported $98.2 billions.
Since then, international trade has grown,
with U.S. exports and imports of goods
valued at $773.3 and $1,222.8 billions
respectively for the year of 2000.
• Since 1976, the value of U.S. imports has
exceeded the value of U.S. exports,
causing a balance of trade deficit.
10. A2 - 10
• Recent Changes in North American Trade
¤ In 1998, a 1989 free trade pact between
U.S. and Canada was fully phased in.
¤ Passed in 1993, the North American Free
Trade Agreement (NAFTA) removes
numerous trade restrictions among
Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.
¤ In 2001, trade negotiations were initiated
for a free trade area of the Americas. 34
countries are involved.
International Trade Flows
11. A2 - 11
• Recent Changes in European Trade
¤ The Single European Act of 1987 was
implemented to remove explicit and implicit
trade barriers among European countries.
¤ Consumers in Eastern Europe now have
more freedom to purchase imported goods.
¤ The single currency system implemented
in 1999 eliminated the need to convert
currencies among participating countries.
International Trade Flows
12. A2 - 12
• Trade Agreements Around the World
¤ In 1993, a General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT) accord calling for lower
tariffs was made among 117 countries.
¤ Other trade agreements include:
- Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- European Community
- Central American Common Market
- North American Free Trade Agreement
International Trade Flows
13. A2 - 13
• Friction Surrounding Trade Agreements
¤ Trade agreements are sometimes broken
when one country is harmed by another
country’s actions.
¤ Dumping refers to the exporting of
products by one country to other countries
at prices below cost.
¤ Another situation that can break a trade
agreement is copyright piracy.
International Trade Flows
14. A2 - 14
Factors Affecting
International Trade Flows
• Inflation
¤ A relative increase in a country’s inflation
rate will decrease its current account, as
imports increase and exports decrease.
• National Income
¤ A relative increase in a country’s income
level will decrease its current account, as
imports increase.
15. A2 - 15
• Government Restrictions
¤ A government may reduce its country’s
imports by imposing tariffs on imported
goods, or by enforcing a quota. Note that
other countries may retaliate by imposing
their own trade restrictions.
¤ Sometimes though, trade restrictions may
be imposed on certain products for health
and safety reasons.
Factors Affecting
International Trade Flows
16. A2 - 16
• Exchange Rates
¤ If a country’s currency begins to rise in
value, its current account balance will
decrease as imports increase and exports
decrease.
• Note that the factors are interactive, such
that their simultaneous influence on the
balance of trade is a complex one.
Factors Affecting
International Trade Flows
17. A2 - 17
Correcting
A Balance of Trade Deficit
• By reconsidering the factors that affect
the balance of trade, some common
correction methods can be developed.
• For example, a floating exchange rate
system may correct a trade imbalance
automatically since the trade imbalance
will affect the demand and supply of the
currencies involved.
18. A2 - 18
• However, a weak home currency may not
necessarily improve a trade deficit.
¤ Foreign companies may lower their prices
to maintain their competitiveness.
¤ Some other currencies may weaken too.
¤ Many trade transactions are prearranged
and cannot be adjusted immediately. This
is known as the J-curve effect.
¤ The impact of exchange rate movements
on intracompany trade is limited.
Correcting
A Balance of Trade Deficit
19. A2 - 19
• Capital flows usually represent portfolio
investment or direct foreign investment.
• The DFI positions inside and outside the
U.S. have risen substantially over time,
indicating increasing globalization.
• In particular, both DFI positions increased
during periods of strong economic
growth.
International Capital Flows
20. A2 - 20
Factors Affecting DFI
• Changes in Restrictions
¤ New opportunities may arise from the
removal of government barriers.
• Privatization
¤ DFI has also been stimulated by the selling
of government operations.
• Potential Economic Growth
¤ Countries with higher potential economic
growth are more likely to attract DFI.
21. A2 - 21
• Tax Rates
¤ Countries that impose relatively low tax
rates on corporate earnings are more likely
to attract DFI.
• Exchange Rates
¤ Firms will typically prefer to invest their
funds in a country when that country’s
currency is expected to strengthen.
Factors Affecting DFI
22. A2 - 22
Factors Affecting
International Portfolio Investment
• Tax Rates on Interest or Dividends
¤ Investors will normally prefer countries
where the tax rates are relatively low.
• Interest Rates
¤ Money tends to flow to countries with high
interest rates.
• Exchange Rates
¤ Foreign investors may be attracted if the
local currency is expected to strengthen.
23. A2 - 23
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• The IMF is an organization of 183 member
countries. Established in 1946, it aims
¤ to promote international monetary
cooperation and exchange stability;
¤ to foster economic growth and high levels
of employment; and
¤ to provide temporary financial assistance
to help ease imbalances of payments.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
24. A2 - 24
• In particular, its compensatory financing
facility attempts to reduce the impact of
export instability on country economies.
• The IMF uses a quota system, and its unit
of account is the SDR (special drawing
right).
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Its operations involve surveillance, and
financial and technical assistance.
25. A2 - 25
• The weights assigned to the currencies in
the SDR basket are as follows:
Currency 2001 Revision 1996 Revision
U.S. dollar 45 39
Euro 29
Deutsche mark 21
French franc 11
Japanese yen 15 18
Pound sterling 11 11
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
26. A2 - 26
World Bank Group
• Established in 1944, the Group assists
development with the primary focus of
helping the poorest people and the
poorest countries.
• It has 183 member countries, and is
composed of five organizations - IBRD,
IDA, IFC, MIGA and ICSID.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
27. A2 - 27
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
• Better known as the World Bank, the IBRD
provides loans and development
assistance to middle-income countries
and creditworthy poorer countries.
• In particular, its structural adjustment
loans are intended to enhance a country’s
long-term economic growth.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
28. A2 - 28
• It may spread its funds by entering into
cofinancing agreements with official aid
agencies, export credit agencies, as well
as commercial banks.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
• The IBRD is not a profit-maximizing
organization. Nevertheless, it has earned a
net income every year since 1948.
29. A2 - 29
IDA: International Development Association
• IDA was set up in 1960 as an agency that
lends to the very poor developing nations
on highly concessional terms.
• IDA lends only to those countries that lack
the financial ability to borrow from IBRD.
• IBRD and IDA are run on the same lines,
sharing the same staff, headquarters and
project evaluation standards.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
30. A2 - 30
IFC: International Finance Corporation
• The IFC was set up in 1956 to promote
sustainable private sector investment in
developing countries, by
¤ financing private sector projects;
¤ helping to mobilize financing in the
international financial markets; and
¤ providing advice and technical assistance
to businesses and governments.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
31. A2 - 31
MIGA: Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency
• The MIGA was created in 1988 to promote
FDI in emerging economies, by
¤ offering political risk insurance to investors
and lenders; and
¤ helping developing countries attract and
retain private investment.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
32. A2 - 32
ICSID: International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes
• The ICSID was created in 1966 to facilitate
the settlement of investment disputes
between governments and foreign
investors, thereby helping to promote
increased flows of international
investment.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
33. A2 - 33
World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Created in 1995, the WTO is the successor
to the General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT).
• It deals with the global rules of trade
between nations to ensure that trade flows
smoothly, predictably and freely.
• At the heart of the WTO's multilateral
trading system are its trade agreements.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
34. A2 - 34
• Its functions include:
¤ administering WTO trade agreements;
¤ serving as a forum for trade negotiations;
¤ handling trade disputes;
¤ monitoring national trading policies;
¤ providing technical assistance and training
for developing countries; and
¤ cooperating with other international groups.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
World Trade Organization (WTO)
35. A2 - 35
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
• Set up in 1930, the BIS is an international
organization that fosters cooperation
among central banks and other agencies
in pursuit of monetary and financial
stability.
• It is the “central banks’ central bank” and
“lender of last resort.”
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
36. A2 - 36
• The BIS functions as:
¤ a forum for international monetary and
financial cooperation;
¤ a bank for central banks;
¤ a center for monetary and economic
research; and
¤ an agent or trustee in connection with
international financial operations.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
37. A2 - 37
Regional Development Agencies
• Agencies with more regional objectives
relating to economic development include
¤ the Inter-American Development Bank;
¤ the Asian Development Bank;
¤ the African Development Bank; and
¤ the European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development.
Agencies that Facilitate
International Flows
38. A2 - 38
Impact of International Trade on an MNC’s Value
n
t
t
m
j
t
j
t
j
k
1
=
1
,
,
1
ER
E
CF
E
=
Value
E (CFj,t ) = expected cash flows in currency j to be received
by the U.S. parent at the end of period t
E (ERj,t ) = expected exchange rate at which currency j can
be converted to dollars at the end of period t
k = weighted average cost of capital of the parent
Exchange Rate Movements
Inflation in Foreign Countries
National Income in Foreign Countries
Trade Agreements
39. A2 - 39
• Balance of Payments
¤ Current, Capital, and Financial Accounts
• International Trade Flows
¤ Recent Changes in North American and
European Trade
¤ Trade Agreements Around the World
Chapter Review
40. A2 - 40
Chapter Review
• Factors Affecting International Trade
Flows
¤ Inflation
¤ National Income
¤ Government Restrictions
¤ Exchange Rates
¤ Interaction of Factors
41. A2 - 41
Chapter Review
• Correcting a Balance of Trade Deficit
¤ Why a Weak Home Currency is Not A
Perfect Solution
• International Capital Flows
¤ Factors Affecting DFI
¤ Factors Affecting International Portfolio
Investment
42. A2 - 42
Chapter Review
• Agencies that Facilitate International
Flows
¤ International Monetary Fund (IMF)
¤ World Bank Group
¤ World Trade Organization (WTO)
¤ Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
¤ Regional Development Agencies
• How International Trade Affects an MNC’s
Value