MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 thin films were deposited on GaAs and Si substrates. For these film samples, roomtemperature ferromagnetism was observed from magnetization and resistance measurements and verified from hysteresis in magnetization measurements. Hysteresis as well as anomalous behavior in Hall effect measurements was found in the deposited MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 films, implying spin polarization of the mobile carriers in the films. The Hall resistance measurements above the ferromagnetic transition temperature showed that the carriers are n-type in MnGeAs2 and p-type in MnGeP2.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
Modeling of very thin aluminum nitride film mechanical properties from nanoin...Javier García Molleja
Authors: F. Roudet, D. Chicot, X. Decoopman, A. Iost, J. Bürgi, J. García Molleja, L. Nosei, J. Feugeas.
Thin Solid Films 594 (2015) 129-137.
Because of Elsevier copyright policy, only the first page is shown. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.10.010
MoS2 NanoTubes as efficient additive to lubricantsdmtgms
Information about MoS2 nanotubes, which can be used as extremely low friction, low-wear additive either to oils and to polymer coatings or as a dry lubricant for vacuum, low-temperature or/and space applications. In this case comparitive test results are shown on steel and DLC surfaces and with cooling fluids. Various laboratory tests results.
Seeking investors for production / marketing.
Magnetic and Chemical Order in Heusler Alloys Containing Neodymium and Moiybd...IJERA Editor
Saturation magnetization X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements have been made on alloys at the
compositions Nd2MoCd’, Nd2MoZn’, Nd2MoCu, Nd2MoTi, Nd2MoAg, Nd2MoZr and NdMoZr. The alloys
containing Cu and Ag have fully ordered Heusler, L21, Chemical structure. Nd2MoCd is similarly ordered but
with some partial Mo-Cd disorder. The alloys Nd2MoZn and Nd2MoTi each contain a secondary phase in
addition to the primary Heusler phase Nd2MoZr contains the two phases Nd122MoZr and Nd and NdMoZr is
ordered in the Clb structure. The alloys containing the group IIIB or IVB elements Cd, Zn, Cu, Ti or Ag are
ferromagnetically ordered, with the magnetic moment associated with the ordered Nd sites. The two alloys
containing the group VB elements Zr have vacant chemically ordered ‘Nd’ sites but are paramagnetic.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Magnetic Properties and Interactions of Nanostructured CoCrTa Thin FilmsIOSR Journals
Magnetic properties of CoCrTa alloy thin films were studied as function of the deposition pressure. Films deposited at low deposition pressure showed low coercivity and high loop squareness ratio. At relatively higher deposition pressurean increase in the samples’ coercivity, and decrease in both the magnetic loop squareness ratio, andthe strength of the exchange interaction amongst the grains of the films were recorded. The observations indicate the films to have properties quite suited for recording media application as well as magnetic memory devices.
Acute Toxicity of Fluazifop-P-Butyl (Herbicide) on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)IJERA Editor
In this research, fluazifop-p-butyl (herbicide) acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera, Crustacea) widely used in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was researched by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible negative effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. In this study, methods of bioassay test which called static method has been applied. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions at 20±2 oC. The results has been estimated with the dose-response data were fitted a loglogistic model. The 24-h and 48-h acute LC50 values were calculated. According to the results, acute toxic effects researched fluazifop-p-butyl the LC50 acute toxic lethal concentration values for D. magna were calculated (95% confidence limits 7.46–9.52 mgl-1 ) 24-h LC50 8.78 mgl-1 and (95% confidence limits 4.32–4.95 mgl-1 ) 48-h LC50 4.63 mgl-1
Thermal Preference: An analysis alternative approache to estimatethermalcomfo...IJERA Editor
Thermal comfort phenomenon is usually studied from thermal sensation perspectives on immediate environments from people’s perception; however, there is another key factor little if anything explored in this field which reinforces this acceptance/rejection physiological process: thermal preference. It is advisable, therefore, to analyze the thermal comfort from this approach that allows to explore it as a phenomenon of individual appreciation. This study is intended to estimate the local thermal comfort through the analysis of thermal preference using a sample of young adult residents of Pachuca city, in Hidalgo, México (semi-cold climate) during extreme thermal periods of a typical year: cold and warm. The data were processed using the “Average Interval of Thermal Sensation” (MIST)method, the results were evaluated applying Auliciems & Szokolaymathematical equations [1], as well as thermal sensation values previously estimated by the author. The results showed differences in terms of reference values of comparison; suggesting that Thermal Sensation (TS) analysis provides more consistent values than those obtained via the Thermal Preference (TP) analysis. Nonetheless, it allowed to infer that while the TS values implies a tolerable thermal range scenario, the TP analysis offers the idealization of thermal pleasing conditions.
Modeling of very thin aluminum nitride film mechanical properties from nanoin...Javier García Molleja
Authors: F. Roudet, D. Chicot, X. Decoopman, A. Iost, J. Bürgi, J. García Molleja, L. Nosei, J. Feugeas.
Thin Solid Films 594 (2015) 129-137.
Because of Elsevier copyright policy, only the first page is shown. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.10.010
MoS2 NanoTubes as efficient additive to lubricantsdmtgms
Information about MoS2 nanotubes, which can be used as extremely low friction, low-wear additive either to oils and to polymer coatings or as a dry lubricant for vacuum, low-temperature or/and space applications. In this case comparitive test results are shown on steel and DLC surfaces and with cooling fluids. Various laboratory tests results.
Seeking investors for production / marketing.
Magnetic and Chemical Order in Heusler Alloys Containing Neodymium and Moiybd...IJERA Editor
Saturation magnetization X-ray and neutron diffraction measurements have been made on alloys at the
compositions Nd2MoCd’, Nd2MoZn’, Nd2MoCu, Nd2MoTi, Nd2MoAg, Nd2MoZr and NdMoZr. The alloys
containing Cu and Ag have fully ordered Heusler, L21, Chemical structure. Nd2MoCd is similarly ordered but
with some partial Mo-Cd disorder. The alloys Nd2MoZn and Nd2MoTi each contain a secondary phase in
addition to the primary Heusler phase Nd2MoZr contains the two phases Nd122MoZr and Nd and NdMoZr is
ordered in the Clb structure. The alloys containing the group IIIB or IVB elements Cd, Zn, Cu, Ti or Ag are
ferromagnetically ordered, with the magnetic moment associated with the ordered Nd sites. The two alloys
containing the group VB elements Zr have vacant chemically ordered ‘Nd’ sites but are paramagnetic.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Magnetic Properties and Interactions of Nanostructured CoCrTa Thin FilmsIOSR Journals
Magnetic properties of CoCrTa alloy thin films were studied as function of the deposition pressure. Films deposited at low deposition pressure showed low coercivity and high loop squareness ratio. At relatively higher deposition pressurean increase in the samples’ coercivity, and decrease in both the magnetic loop squareness ratio, andthe strength of the exchange interaction amongst the grains of the films were recorded. The observations indicate the films to have properties quite suited for recording media application as well as magnetic memory devices.
Acute Toxicity of Fluazifop-P-Butyl (Herbicide) on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)IJERA Editor
In this research, fluazifop-p-butyl (herbicide) acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera, Crustacea) widely used in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was researched by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible negative effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. In this study, methods of bioassay test which called static method has been applied. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions at 20±2 oC. The results has been estimated with the dose-response data were fitted a loglogistic model. The 24-h and 48-h acute LC50 values were calculated. According to the results, acute toxic effects researched fluazifop-p-butyl the LC50 acute toxic lethal concentration values for D. magna were calculated (95% confidence limits 7.46–9.52 mgl-1 ) 24-h LC50 8.78 mgl-1 and (95% confidence limits 4.32–4.95 mgl-1 ) 48-h LC50 4.63 mgl-1
Thermal Preference: An analysis alternative approache to estimatethermalcomfo...IJERA Editor
Thermal comfort phenomenon is usually studied from thermal sensation perspectives on immediate environments from people’s perception; however, there is another key factor little if anything explored in this field which reinforces this acceptance/rejection physiological process: thermal preference. It is advisable, therefore, to analyze the thermal comfort from this approach that allows to explore it as a phenomenon of individual appreciation. This study is intended to estimate the local thermal comfort through the analysis of thermal preference using a sample of young adult residents of Pachuca city, in Hidalgo, México (semi-cold climate) during extreme thermal periods of a typical year: cold and warm. The data were processed using the “Average Interval of Thermal Sensation” (MIST)method, the results were evaluated applying Auliciems & Szokolaymathematical equations [1], as well as thermal sensation values previously estimated by the author. The results showed differences in terms of reference values of comparison; suggesting that Thermal Sensation (TS) analysis provides more consistent values than those obtained via the Thermal Preference (TP) analysis. Nonetheless, it allowed to infer that while the TS values implies a tolerable thermal range scenario, the TP analysis offers the idealization of thermal pleasing conditions.
Battery Remaining Useful life Forecast Applied in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.IJERA Editor
The batteries has been widely used as an energy storage system for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). To avoid faults in these systems (UAVs), which are powered by batteries, there are several approaches to forecast the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of the batteries. In this work, it's proposed the use of a model based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to estimate the RUL in Lithium-Ion batteries. The database used was available at NASA's repository in 2015.
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
This paper presents an investigation into analysis of the causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of engineers working in Kuwait. This is achieved through identification of the major causes of delays in the construction industry as reported in literature and using a questionnaire survey to collect the views of the various key players in the Kuwaiti construction industry. The data is analyzed and the views of the groups surveyed discussed and the relative importance index used to rank the causes of delays in the construction industry as per the questionnaire responses obtained. .It is found that the top 10 causes of delays in construction projects in Kuwait are as listed below. Using a lowest price bidding and tendering system Poor performance of the main contractor Inadequate experience or qualifications of main contractor’s staff Delay of payments from client to other parties Poor performance of subcontractors Shortage in the supply of general labour Frequent changes of subcontractors Delay in decision making by the client Poor management of subcontractors Conflict between the main parties to the contract Inappropriate methods used by the main contractor Proposals of ways to effectively prevent delays in the future construction projects managed in Kuwait construction industry were developed from the identified causes delay
A Study on self-Compacting Concrete Using Portland Slag Cement with Partial R...IJERA Editor
Concrete plays a vital role as a construction material in the world. In the present scenario, waste materials from various industries are added to the mix. Over 400 million tons of waste materials are being produced by various industries every year. Foundries successfully recycle and reuse the sand many times in a foundry. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as Foundry sand. Foundry sand production is nearly 6 to 10 million tons annually. There is a possibility of substituting natural fine aggregate with waste foundry sand which offers technical, economic and environmental advantages which are of great use in the construction sector. The construction industry is now slowly becoming aware of the environmental issues and other sustainable development issues for cement and concrete industries. It is looking for the ways and means to develop building products, which will increase the life span and quality. This thesis presents an experimental investigation on strength aspects like compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of Self Compacting Concrete (SSC) containing an industrial waste foundry sand. It is used as fine aggregate in varying proportions, replacing the fine aggregate with foundry sand as percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%. For this green SCC, all SCC tests are performed as per EFNARC guidelines i.e. slump flow, L-box, V funnel and T50 tests are carried out.
Analysis and Design of Marine Berthing StructureIJERA Editor
In the present dissertation a berthing structure was analyzed and designed using different load conditions and the best possible way to construct a new berthing structure was described. All the suitable and useful data was adopted from the proposed site location at Visakhapatnam Port and studied carefully before designing the structure. The proposed berthing structure was modeled with suitable geometry using STAADPRO, after which all considerable loads on the structure were induced and analyzed carefully. Different sectional dimensions were trialed during the analysis and the most acceptable structure was designed with providing all structural members with suitable reinforcement and satisfying all marine safety conditions.
A Mobile-Cloud based Context-Aware and Interactive Framework for Diabetes Man...IJERA Editor
One of the biggest preoccupations of any healthcare provider is trying to eliminate the mistakes during treatment. Using Cloud computing permits to host all information in one place and make it accessible anywhere, anytime, and any channel, especially when it comes to the disease diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by an elevated blood glucose level (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, in insulin action, or both. It is, today, the most challenging syndrome in the world. In the latest survey, the world’s 65% of the population is suffering from either Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patient’s blood glucose level is not the same 24x7 hours in most of the cases and take medication 24x7 hours is impossible. Cloud Computing is so the best solution to check in the patient’s blood glucose control and try to balance it, especially at remote areas where healthcare services aren't easily available.
Riverside Population in Amazon: Culture, Environment and Construction TechniqueIJERA Editor
This article´s objective is to study the construction techniques of the riverside dwellers in the Amazon rainforest. The studied communities are located in the banks of the Solimões River, and suffer with the constant floods and physical phenomena related to the region environment. An ecosystem of thunderous natural forces, which makes it harder the importation of approaches from other regions as alternatives to the Amazon rainforest. As a method of research and understanding of the problematics, an assessment of the riverside communities in the city of Manacapuru and in two rural communities was carried out, surveying the cultural, social, and environmental characteristics of each community, and surveying the local constructive characteristics, materials and vernacular techniques. In the conclusion, we observed that: the relevance of a joint action to understand the wood and the housing durability, expanding the life cycle of the river buildings and reducing the impact on the rainforest. Regarding thermic comfort, it is important to redeem the bioclimatic techniques of crossed ventilation and to highlight the relevancy of sustainable techniques that work with local materials, such as natural fibers.
Graph-Based Algorithm for a User-Aware SaaS Approach: Computing Optimal Distr...IJERA Editor
As a tool to exploit economies of scale, Software as a Service cloud models promote Multi-Tenancy which is the notion of sharing instances among a large group of tenants. However, Multi-Tenancy only satisfies requirements that are common to all tenants as well as the fact that tenants themselves hesitate about sharing. In a try to solve this problem, the present paper propose a User-Aware approach for Software as a Service models using Rich-Variant Components. The main contribution of this approach is a framework summarized in a graphbased algorithm enabling deduction of an optimal distribution of instances on application's tenants. To illustrate and evaluate the framework, the approach is applied on a Software as a Service Application for private school management
CS Based Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems under Long Delay Channels Using ...IJERA Editor
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique which are used in the next-generation wireless communication. Channel estimation in the OFDM technique is one of the big challenges, ever since high-resolution channel estimation can significantly improve the equalization at the receiver and consequently enhance the communication performances. Channel computation using superimposed pilot sequences is also a fully new area, idea for using superimposed pilot sequences has been proposed by various authors for different applications. In this paper, we are introduced a high accurate, low complexity compressive sensing (CS) based channel estimation namely Auxiliary information based Subspace Pursuit (ASP) in TFT-OFDM systems. ASP based channel estimation in TFT-OFDM system is based on two steps. First is, by exploiting the signal structure of recently proposed TDM-OFDM scheme, the supporting channel information is obtained. Second is, we propose the supporting information based subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm to use a very small amount of frequency domain pilots embedded in the OFDM block used for the exact channel estimation. Moreover, the obtained auxiliary channel information is adopted to reduce the complexity of the conventional SP algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate a important reduction of the number of pilots relative to least-squares channel estimation and supporting high-order modulations like 256 QAM.
An Experimental Study on Behavior of Partial Replacement of Cement with Groun...IJERA Editor
Concrete has occupied an important place in construction industry in the past few decades and it is used widely in all types of constructions ranging from small buildings to large infrastructural dams or reservoirs.GGBS is obtained from making of iron.It Is no use for other things.It pollutes the environmental such as land pollution, water pollution etc..when we use the GGBS in partial replacement of cement it increase the strengths of the cubes as well as decrease the pollution of the environmental.In my investigation GGBS used at 10%,20%,30%,40%,50% for M20 and M30 43 grades.It is gives increase strength values at 10%,20% and 30% compared to normal mixes.
Methods for assessment of a cooling tower plume sizeIJERA Editor
Currently, several methods exist for assessment of the total size of a cooling tower plume, which is created in the space above the evaporation cooling systems. Practically all the available methods, however, allow only qualitative assessment of this size. With the development of moisture recovery systems, there is a need to quantify the cited phenomenon, particularly to allow for assessment of MRE systems. The contribution for this reason discusses the compilation of a simple mathematical model on whose basis the cited quantification may be done. At the same time, it has also been proven that not even one of the methods applied to date can give correct results
Design and Fem Analysis of Car Alloy WheelIJERA Editor
The requirements for improved stiffness, reliability, fatigue life and increased efficiency involves challenges of developing innovative design solutions. The present work mainly focus on the design of car alloy wheel, where the analytical and FEM analysis approach was implemented to analyze baseline design. Initially static analysis was performed to obtain total deformation, strain and the stress of car alloy wheel. Three Dimensional model was created using CATIA and FE software ANSYS was used for discretization and analysis to obtain expected solution. The results were obtained through linear static analysis in terms of Total deformation while Minimum principal stress, Max Principal stress were found to be nearly equal for both 6 arms wheel and 4 arms wheel and 22.16 % of reduction in weight was observed and hence overall weight of the car alloy wheel was optimized.
Elaboration and sensory evaluation of pecan nut butter (Carya Illinoensis K) ...IJERA Editor
The objective of the present work was to elaborate two butters with pecan nut (Carya Illinoensis K), suitable for people with chronic degenerative diseases and with cardio vascular risk. Because are these diseases are one of the leading causes of death in the world. The pecan nut (Carya Illinoensis K) is a food rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) such as oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic acid, which have been shown to be effective in lowering LDL cholesterol levels. A sensorial test was also carried out to see the grade level of this product, finding that it was well accepted by potential consumers. The parameters that most influenced the choice and acceptability of butter were the appearance and consistency.
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsresearchinventy
We have successfully grown MnGeP2 thin films on GaAs (100) substrate. A ferromagnetic transition near 320 K has been observed by temperature dependent magnetization and resistance measurements. Field dependent magnetization experiments have shown that the coercive fields at 5, 250, and 300 K are 3870, 1380 and 155 Oe, respectively. Magnetoresistance and Hall measurements have displayed that hole conduction is dominant in MnGeP2. PACS: 75.50.Pp, 75.70.-i, 85.70.-w, 73.50.-h
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optical and surface properties of al doped ga2 o3 by elemental stack methodeSAT Journals
Abstract Al doped Ga2O3 thin film was prepared by stacking of Al thin film on Ga2O3 thin film using thermal evaporator. The doping process was carried out by post annealing process at three different temperatures. The absorbance spectra revealed the Al doping process and showed low absorbance at high annealing temperature. Scanning Electron Microscope images were the evidence of surface effect due to Al diffuses at high annealing temperature (> 400°C). Energy Dispersive Spectra showed the changes in the elemental composition of Al doped Ga2O3 thin film for various annealing temperature and revealed Al diffusion by observed low Al content at the surface of the doped Ga2O3 thin film. Keywords: Ga2O3, Al doping, Optical properties, Surface analysis
Preparation and Investigation on Properties of Cryogenically Solidified Nano ...IJERA Editor
In the present work, AL-alloy containing 12% silicon (LM 13) matrix nano composites were fabricated in sand moulds by using copper end blocks of copper end chill thickness 10 &15 nm with cryogenic effect . The size of the reinforcement (NanoZro2) ranges from 50-80nm being added ranges from 3 to 15 wt % in steps of 3 wt % . Cryogenically solidified Nano Metal Matrix Composites were compressed by using hydraulic compression machine. Specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards and tested for their strength, hardness and fracture toughness. Micro structural studies of the fabricated Nano Composites indicate that there is uniform distributions of reinforcements in the matrix materials (LM 13). An increasing trend of hardness, UTS & fracture toughness has been observed. The best results have been obtained at 12 wt %. The results were further justified by comparing two copper end chill thickness 10 &15 mm. Finally the Volumetric Heat Capacity of the cryo-chill is identified as an important parameter which affects mechanical properties.
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum resulting in bandgap reduction down to 1.76 eV. XRD, He-ion imaging, HR-TEM, EELS, PL, fluorescence lifetime imaging, Raman, FTIR, TGA, KPFM, XPS, NMR and EPR clearly show that the properties of C3N5 are distinct from pristine carbon nitride (g-C3N4). When used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in MAPbBr3 based halide perovskite solar cells, C3N5 outperformed g-C3N4, in particular generating an open circuit photovoltage as high as 1.3 V, while C3N5 blended with MAxFA1–xPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite active layer achieved a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.7%. C3N5 was also shown to be an effective visible light sensitizer for TiO2 photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Because of its electron-rich character, the C3N5 material displayed instantaneous adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution reaching complete equilibrium within 10 min, which is significantly faster than pristine g-C3N4 and other carbon based materials. C3N5 coupled with plasmonic silver nanocubes promotes plasmon-exciton coinduced surface catalytic reactions reaching completion at much low laser intensity (1.0 mW) than g-C3N4, which showed sluggish performance even at high laser power (10.0 mW). The relatively narrow bandgap and 2D structure of C3N5 make it an interesting air-stable and temperature-resistant semiconductor for optoelectronic applications while its electron-rich character and intra sheet cavity make it an attractive supramolecular adsorbent for environmental applications.
Structure, microstructure and dielectric study of (ba0.6 sr0.4)(zr0.6ti0.4)o3...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Influence of Ruthenium doping on Structural and Morphological Properties of M...IJERA Editor
The present work examines the effect of Ru doping on MoO3 thin films on steel substrate deposited by Sol-gel spin coat method. The annealing temperature was 6000C for pure MoO3 and 8000C for Ru doped thin films. The doping concentration of Ru was varied from 10 to 50wt%. The influence of Ru doping on structural and morphological properties of MoO3 thin films were studied. The XRD revealed that all films are highly crystalline in nature with monoclinic phase for molybdenum peaks. In the doped XRD pattern some new peaks were observed and are matched with ruthenium orthorhombic phase indicating an incorporation of dopant in pure molybdenum oxide. The same is confirmed with the compositional analysis by EDAX. The SEM images of the MoO3 resemble a rod like surface with porous morphology. Incorporation of Ru ions in molybdenum oxide decreases the length of the rods and vanishes after 40wt%. Tetragonal grain size increases from 20wt% of Ru and becomes maximum at 50wt% of Ru doped thin films
Influence of Ruthenium doping on Structural and Morphological Properties of M...IJERA Editor
The present work examines the effect of Ru doping on MoO3 thin films on steel substrate deposited by Sol-gel spin coat method. The annealing temperature was 6000C for pure MoO3 and 8000C for Ru doped thin films. The doping concentration of Ru was varied from 10 to 50wt%. The influence of Ru doping on structural and morphological properties of MoO3 thin films were studied. The XRD revealed that all films are highly crystalline in nature with monoclinic phase for molybdenum peaks. In the doped XRD pattern some new peaks were observed and are matched with ruthenium orthorhombic phase indicating an incorporation of dopant in pure molybdenum oxide. The same is confirmed with the compositional analysis by EDAX. The SEM images of the MoO3 resemble a rod like surface with porous morphology. Incorporation of Ru ions in molybdenum oxide decreases the length of the rods and vanishes after 40wt%. Tetragonal grain size increases from 20wt% of Ru and becomes maximum at 50wt% of Ru doped thin films
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Primary results or synthesis and characteristics of thin-film materials for PV converters. Work performed by 4-point-probe method, Hall effect, magnetron sputtering, electron microscopy.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Magneto-transport properties of MnGeP2 and MnGeAs2 films
1. Yunki Kim. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 12, ( Part -3) December 2016, pp.79-83
www.ijera.com 79 | P a g e
Magneto-transport properties of MnGeP2 and MnGeAs2 films
Yunki Kim *, J. B. Ketterson **
*(Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
** (Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
ABSTRACT
MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 thin films were deposited on GaAs and Si substrates. For these film samples, room-
temperature ferromagnetism was observed from magnetization and resistance measurements and verified from
hysteresis in magnetization measurements. Hysteresis as well as anomalous behavior in Hall effect
measurements was found in the deposited MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 films, implying spin polarization of the mobile
carriers in the films. The Hall resistance measurements above the ferromagnetic transition temperature showed
that the carriers are n-type in MnGeAs2 and p-type in MnGeP2.
Keywords: MnGeAs2, MnGeP2, room-temperature ferromagnetism, anomalous Hall effect, MR hysteresis
I. INTRODUCTION
For the development of devices utilizing the
properties of spins as well as charges of carriers in
various materials, spin polarized carrier transport is
essential [1]. Currently commercially available spin
dependent devices such as magneto-resistive (MR)
head and magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) use the
spin transport of carriers. In the last decades,
technological advances in the field of magneto-
electronics has grown rapidly, motivated by the
findings of various spin-dependent phenomena such
as giant magneto-resistance (GMR) and by the
invention of spin-valve structure which is
industrially successful as a magnetic sensor in hard
disk drive systems [2]. Currently available materials
used in the spin-dependent devices are mostly
ferromagnetic metals, while to reduce the size and
enhance the performance of spin dependent devices,
fully established processing technology in
semiconductor industry as well as some useful
properties of semiconductors may be necessary.
However, it is not efficient to flow spin polarized
current through the semiconductors from
ferromagnetic metals due to large and rapid spin
polarization loss during spin injection between
nonmagnetic semiconductors and ferromagnetic
metals [3,4]. Incidence of diluted magnetic
semiconductors (DMS), such as GaAs doped with
Mn [5,6] attracted much attention since they can
give one of the alternate ways to overcome the rapid
spin polarization loss Spin injection from a
ferromagnetic semiconductor to a lattice and Fermi-
level matched nonmagnetic semiconductor should
significantly reduce the spin-flip scattering rate.
DMS is a useful strategy to achieve control
over the spin degree of freedom [7], an extra
variable we can utilize, substituting magnetically
active transition metal ions such as Mn, Ni, Fe, Cr,
and Co into non-magnetic semiconductor hosts.
Various DMS including, IV [8,9], III-V [10,11], and
II-VI [12] semiconductors have been reported. In
these classes of semiconductors, the low solubility of
magnetic impurity ions in host semiconductors can
limit the possibility to acquire high magnetic
moments and high transition temperatures.
Chalcopyrites (II-IV-V2), acknowledged as
promising for solar cells, detectors, and nonlinear
optical devices [13], with a similar structure and
close lattice constants with zinc-blende (III-V)
materials, drew much attention as a promising
candidate replacing DMS since the magnetic 2+
ions
can occupy all the group II sites (25% of the lattice
sites) in a chalcopyrite structure. Mn-doped
chalcopyrites such as CdGeP2 [14], ZnSnAs2 [15]
and ZnGeP2 [16] were reported to have
ferromagnetic (FM) orderings near or above room
temperature. These ferromagnetic semiconducting
chalcopyrites, with high transition temperatures and
similar crystal and electronic structures to the
popularly used zinc-blende semiconductors, have
potential to improve the performance of spintronic
devices. Here we report the magnetic and magneto-
transport properties of chalcopyrite films of
MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 on GaAs and Si substrates,
with room-temperature ferromagnetism. And the
spin-dependent I-V characteristics of a p-i-n diode
structure with the MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 multi-
layers.
II. EXPERIMENT
Thin layers of MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 were
grown on GaAs(100) and Si(100) substrates with a
molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system. GaAs and Si
substrates were heated before the film deposition
upto 650 C substrate to remove surface oxide at the
surface and to obtain smooth surface. For GaAs
substrates, an arsenic flux was maintained during the
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Yunki Kim. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 12, ( Part -3) December 2016, pp.79-83
www.ijera.com 80 | P a g e
pre-heating process to compensate As out-gassing
from the GaAs substrates. Then thin GaAs buffer
layer deposition (50-150 Å) was followed, if
necessary. The deposition rate was maintained to be
around 0.5 Å/s. The substrate temperature during the
growth was 350 C when GaAs was used as a
substrate. MnGeAs films on Si substrate were
deposited at a higher substrate temperature of 500-
700 C. To assure the correct final composition the
flux of As was maintained at about 20 times that of
the manganese and germanium. To monitor crystal
orientation and mode of growth of the deposited
film, reflection high-energy electron diffraction
(RHEED) was used. The thickness of the thin layers
was measured in-situ using a quartz thickness
monitor system.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As shown in Fig.'s 1(a), (b) and (c), streaky
RHEED patterns before and during the film
deposition at 20 and 500 seconds were observed for
a GaAs substrate and for a MnGeP2 film on GaAs.
The patterns were becoming weaker during the
deposition as shown in the figures, implying that as
the deposition proceeds, the surface of the deposited
film becomes coarse. MnGeAs2 films were grown on
GaAs(100) and Si(100) substrates. The substrate
temperatures were 350 C for GaAs and 500-700 C
for Si. RHEED patterns for the films deposited on
GaAs were streaky as shown in Fig.'s 1(d)
throughout the deposition for over 1000 seconds.
RHEED patterns taken from a Si substrate after pre-
heating and a MnGeAs2 film Si(100) were streaky,
as shown in Fig.'s 1(e) and (f) .
Fig. 1 RHEED images of (a) GaAs(100)
substrate before the deposition and those of a
MnGeP2 film on GaAs(100) during the deposition in
(b) 20 and (c) 500 seconds. (d) A RHEED image of
a MnGeAs2 film on GaAs(100) during the
deposition and those of (e) Si(111) substrate before
the deposition and of (f) a MnGeAs2 film on Si(100)
during the deposition.
MnGeAs2 has lattice constants of a = 5.782 and
c = 11.323 Å in bulk, while those for MnGeAs2 are a
= 5.655 and c = 11.269 Å [17]. The lattice mismatch
between MnGeAs2 and GaAs (a = 5.65315 Å) is
2.28% for a (0.15% for c/2) (with Si (a = 5.4307 Å),
6.47% (4.25%)) and that between MnGeP2 and
GaAs is 0.0327% for a (0.330% for c/2) (with Si,
4.13% (3.75%)). Hence for our very thin MnGeAs2
and MnGeAs2 layers, we could not resolve the film
peaks from the GaAs substrate peaks in x-ray -2
diffraction (XRD) measurements, as shown in Fig. 2.
XRD measurements on a MnGeAs2 film on Si(100)
substrates with a considerable lattice mismatch with
the film showed a couple of XRD films peaks as
shown in the figure. The peaks could be identified as
(200) and (400) from a chalcopyrite ordering and
other peaks from the film layers were not found on a
log scale plot. The (004) and (008) peaks, which are
expected in a crystal with a chalcopyrite ordering
were not found, suggesting that the grains on Si(100)
do not have a chalcopyrite structure but a mixed
(zinc-blend) structure. Scanning electron microscope
(SEM) was used to characterize the surface
morphology of the grown films. MnGeAs2 grains
look to be distributed randomly over the whole area
and not relatively smooth. The composition of Mn,
Ge, and As (or P) for the film samples were
determined by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy
(EDX) measurements, as summarized in Table 1.
From the EDX measurements, the composition of
Mn, Ge, and As deviates from stoichiometric value
of (1: 1: 2).
Fig. 2 -2 XRD patterns of a MnGeAs2
film on Si(100) substrate deposited at substrate
temperature of 600 o
C and of a MnGeP2 film on
GaAs(100) at temperature of 350 o
C, on a
logarithmic scale.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
3. Yunki Kim. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 12, ( Part -3) December 2016, pp.79-83
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Table 1 Compositions of Mn, Ge, and As or P of
several MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 films from EDX
measurements. (Note that the gallium or arsenic
composition of a film on GaAs substrate cannot be
determined.)
Samples (substrate and
growth temperature (o
C))
Composition
Mn Ge As or P
MnGeAs2
(Si(100), 600)
0.72 1 2.02
MnGeAs2
(GaAs(100), 350)
1.23. 1
MnGeP2
(GaAs(100), 350)
1.64 1 1.74
The magnetizations of the film samples
were measured using a SQUID (Quantum Design)
magnetometer. Magnetization (M) measurements on
MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 film samples were
performed in a small (1000 Oe) external magnetic
field (H) from 5 to 400 K, as shown in Fig. 3. All the
samples display magnetic transitions above room
temperature, around 320 and 350 K. Note that the
negative magnetization values above the transition
temperature for the film samples on GaAs come
from the GaAs substrate which is diamagnetic.
Temperature dependent electrical resistance
measurements from 5 to 400 K in zero magnetic
field show that the MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 films on
GaAs have a metallic behavior in resistance which
increases with temperature up to the transition
temperature observed in the magnetization
measurement but above the temperature saturates.
This distinct change in the resistance curve seems to
be caused by spin-flip scattering rate between
ferromagnetic (FM) and paramagnetic (PM)
temperature regions, which leads the slope change in
resistance at the transition temperature. Field
dependent magnetization measurements were also
performed for the film samples at 5 and 300 K (and
250 K for the films on GaAs). The hysteric
ferromagnetic M-H curves were observed at room-
temperature (300 K) and below (5 K or 250 K),
suggesting that the transitions around 320 and 350 K
are FM-PM transition. Among them, M-H curves for
the films at 5 K and 300 K are shown in Fig's 4(a)
and (b). The coercive fields of the MnGeAs2 and
MnGeP2 films are summarized in Table 2. The
magnetic moment per Mn atom at 5 K for the
MnGeAs2 and the MnGeP2 films on GaAs were
obtained to be 3.4 B and 2.4 B, respectively, from
the saturation magnetization value at 5 K, which is
in good agreement with the bulk value [17].
Fig. 3 Magnetization of MnGeAs2 films on
GaAs and Si and of a MnGeP2 film on GaAs,
normalized with their value at 5 K, scaled on left
axis. And, electrical resistance of a MnGeAs2 and a
MnGeP2 film on GaAs, normalized with their value
at 300 K, scaled on right axis.
Fig. 4 M-H curves for the MnGeP2 and the
MnGeAs2 films on GaAs and the MnGeAs2 film on
Si at (a) 5 and (b) 300 K. The insets are de-
magnified views for the M-H curve of the film on Si.
4. Yunki Kim. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 12, ( Part -3) December 2016, pp.79-83
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Table 2 Coercive fields of the MnGeAs2 and
MnGeP2 films at some temperatures (5 and 300 K
for all the samples, 250 K for the films on GaAs)
with respect to various growth conditions.
Samples
(substrate, growth
temperature (o
C))
Coercive Field (Oe)
5 K 250 K 300 K
MnGeAs2
(Si(100), 600)
494 286
MnGeAs2
(GaAs(100), 350)
2300 260 70
MnGeP2
(GaAs(100), 350)
3900 1400 160
Magnetoresistance (MR) measurements for
the deposited film samples were performed at 5, 305
and 355 K. The MR changes for a MnGeAs2 film in
fields between -5 and 5 T, at 5 and 300 K, were
found not larger than 9%. Hysteresis in MR curves is
clearly seen in the data at 305 K, as shown in Fig.
5(a). The two peak positions, one from a positive
sweep of magnetic field (around 1000 Oe) and the
other (around -1000 Oe) from a negative sweep,
look to be 2000 Oe apart. At 355 K above the
transition temperature, no apparent MR change was
found. At 5 K, MR changes by very small amount,
less than 1%. MR measurement results for a
MnGeP2 film are shown in Fig. 5(b). Though MR
changes from -5 to 5 T, at 5 and 305 K are small,
less than 2%, but hysteresis is clearly seen for both 5
and 305 K data. And no hysteresis was found from
the 355 K data, which is above the transition
temperature. These results give evidence that some
of carriers in the films are spin polarized [18]. When
a low magnetic field is applied anti-parallel to the
magnetization direction of the sample, two peaks in
MR can be usually observed, due to the scattering.
Fig. 5 MR curves for (a) a MnGeAs2 film
and (b) a MnGeP2 film on GaAs at 5, 305 and 355 K.
All the MR values are normalized with a resistance
value at zero field during the sweep-up.
Field dependent Hall resistances have been
measured at various temperatures. The anomalous
Hall effect in a bar-patterned MnGeAs2 film on
GaAs has been observed at temperatures below the
FM-PM transition temperature, as shown in Fig. 6(a),
indicating the presence of spin polarized carriers in
MnGeAs2. At 355 K, above the transition
temperature, the ordinary Hall effect was observed
and the type of charge carriers have been determined
n-type with a effective carrier density is 21020
cm-3
.
A MnGeAs2 film was deposited on an p-type
GaAs(100) substrate and the current-voltage (I-V)
characteristics measured. A typical p-n diode type I-
V curve is observed for the MnGeAs2/p-GaAs
system, confirming that the MnGeAs2 film layer is
n-type. Hall measurement has also been performed
on a patterned MnGeP2 film on GaAs. The
anomalous Hall effect was observed in the film at
various temperatures from 5 to 305 K below the
transition temperature with apparent hysteresis in
Hall resistance curve with respect to the magnetic
field sweeping direction as shown in Fig. 5(b), and
an ordinary Hall effect was viewed at 355 K above
the transition temperature, with a p-type (also
confirmed from I-V characteristics of a MnGeP2/n-
GaAs diode structure) effective carrier density of
61020
cm-3
.
Fig. 6 Hall resistance curves for (a) a
MnGeAs2 film and (b) a MnGeP2 film on GaAs at 5,
305 and 355 K. All the Hall resistance values are
normalized with a normal zero-field resistance value.
5. Yunki Kim. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 12, ( Part -3) December 2016, pp.79-83
www.ijera.com 83 | P a g e
IV. CONCLUSION
MnGeAs2 and MnGeP2 films have been
synthesized on GaAs(100) and Si(100) substrates.
The films display room-temperature ferromagnetism
and a high magnetic moment of 3.4 B and 2.4 B
per Mn, respectively. Anomalies in magnetic field
dependent transport of the carriers, presumably due
to spin polarization were observed from Hall and
magnetoresistance measurements. The results of the
present investigation suggest that MnGeAs2 and
MnGeP2 films are potential candidates for room-
temperature spintronic devices.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The present research has been conducted by the
Research Grant of Kwangwoon University in 2016.
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