2. What is magnetism?
Force of attraction or repulsion due to electron
arrangement
Magnetic forces are the strongest at the poles
Magnets have two poles: North and South
When free to rotate, to come to rest pointing in a
north-south direction
Like magnetic poles repel
Unlike magnetic poles attract
3. Types of magnet
Natural magnet: known as lodestones which is a type of iron
ore with magnetic properties
Artificial magnet : materials in which magnetic properties are
produced artificially such as iron, cobalt, nickel, steel etc
Temporary magnet : that loses their magnetic properties
easily and quickly e.g. soft iron
Permanent magnet : which retain their properties more longer
and difficult to magnetise e.g. steel
Electromagnet : an electric current produces magnetic effects
and a coil of wire carrying a current act as an electromagnet
4. Molecular theory of magnetism
If we break a magnet into two parts, each part become a
complete magnet
Individual molecule of the magnet act as a tiny molecular
magnet
Their magnetic properties may be due to electrons rotation
in their orbits, which constitute minute electric current and
thus produce magnetic properties
When material is unmagnetized, molecular magnets lie in
haphazard manner and their magnetic properties neutralize
each other
5. When material is magnetized, the molecular magnets are
arranged in an order so that their properties augmented
and become apparent
Heating or hammering a magnet accelerate loss of
magnetic properties why?
Point of saturation: is a point where further magnetizing
a magnet cannot increase the strength of a magnet and all
molecular magnets are fully alligned
6.
7. Properties of magnet
Setting in north-south direction: utilized in compass
Behavior of like and unlike poles
Magnetic field
Attraction for objects of magnetisable material
Transmission of properties
Magnetization by contact
Magnetic induction
8. Magnetic field
A magnetic field is the area around magnet in which
magnetic forces are apparent
Travel away from north and towards south pole
Magnetic field lines are close continuous curves
No two lines intersect each other
Tend to repel each other helps distribution of
magnetic field
Travel more easily through magnetisable material
than others
9. Magnets have two ends or poles,
called north and south poles. At
the poles of a magnet, the
magnetic field lines are closer
together.
Unlike poles of magnets attract
each other and like poles of
magnets repel.
10. Transmission of properties
Magnetization By contact
Stroke a piece of iron or steel with one pole
of bar magnet
Same pole is used throughout and stroke is
carried out in same direction
same polarity where stroke commence and
opposite polarity where stroke finishes
If north pole of magnet is used it will
attract the south poles of molecular
magnets of steel or iron and draws them
towards the point where it leaves the bar
11. Magnetic induction
Production of magnetic properties in an object
by magnet without contact
demonstrated by using a magnet to pick up
some paperclips or iron tacks.
The paperclip in contact with the magnet
attracts another paperclip due to the fact that it
has become magnetised.
This second paperclip is also magnetised and so
on
Opposite polarity develop at adjacent end and
same polarity at far end
As unlike pole attract each other and repel like
pole
12. Magnetic effect of electric current
Magnetic field around a straight wire
An electric current sets up magnetic field around a
conductor through which it pass
The shape of the magnetic field lines for a straight
conductor is concentric circles.
These concentric circles become larger as we move
away from the wire.
13. Demonstration
Take a thick copper wire and pass it
through a horizontal cardboard as
shown.
Pass a strong current through the wire.
Sprinkle iron filings on the cardboard
around the wire.
Tap the cardboard gently. You would
see a pattern as shown here.
You may plot the field lines with a
compass needle also.
14. Right-hand Thumb Rule
When you wrap your right hand
around the straight conductor such
that the thumb points in the direction
of the current, the fingers will wrap
around the conductor in the direction
of the field lines of the magnetic field.
Anticlockwise if current flow from
negative to positive
Clockwise if flow from positive to
negative
15. Magnetic field around coil of wire
The magnetic field lines are circular
at the points where the current enters
or leaves the wire
Within the space enclosed by the
coil, the field lines are in same
direction and parallel to each other
and uniform
Mag. lines are clockwise in upper
turns, positive to negative
Mag. lines are anticlockwise in lower
turns, so direction is towards positive
Emerging from north pole and
returning to south pole
16. Magnetic polarity
Magnetic poles lie at end of coil and polarity of each pole
depends upon:
1. Direction of current flow: reversal of current reverses
direction of mag. lines of forces
2. Direction in which coil wound
Many rules for determining magnetic polarity assume the
current flow to be from positive to negative
17. Electromagnet
Consist of coil of wire wound on a soft
iron bar
When current pass through the coil,
magnetic field set up and soft iron core is
magnetised by induction, so that its field
is added to that produced by current
A strong magnetic field is produced,
which can turn on and off as required by
starting or stopping current
Soft iron is chosen for core because it can
be easily magnetised and demagnetized
18. Moving-coil Milliammeter
Used to measure the intensity of electric current
Based on principle of magnetic effect of electric current
and interactions of magnetic fields
Suitable for measurement of D.C
Principle of working
Coil of fine insulated wire, the solenoid, situated on pivot
between the poles of a permanent magnet
The current which has to be measured is passed through
coil which set up mag. field around it
Like poles of magnetic field repel and unlike poles attract
each other
19.
20. Solenoid is free to rotate on pivot as it does so, and pointer
attached to it will move over the scale of meter
Movement is controlled by hairspring which resists the
rotation of solenoid
Deflection of needle depends on intensity of current and
strength of mag. field
Solenoid and needle return to resting, when current stop
Shunt circuit: larger current would damage solenoid as it
is very light and delicate
Parallel shunt circuit is included in circuit which allow a
portion of current to pass through solenoid
Resistance one-ninth times less than that of solenoid
21. Wiring into circuit: Milliammeter is placed in series with
other components in which current intensity has to be
measured
Because in series, current intensity remain same
Resistance of meter should kept low
Care of meter:
Current of great intensity should not pass as it causes
deflection of needle beyond scale
Interrupted d.c should be avoid as it will strain the
hairspring and needle would not come to zero position
22. Voltmeter
Construction and working
Used to measure the p.d. between two points
Constructed same as that of moving coil ammeter except
large resistance is placed in series with solenoid
If total resistance is 1000 ohm, p.d. of 1 volt will produce
a current of 1mA
As I= E/R, so if resistance is 8000 ohm, p.d. of 1 volt will
produce 1/8 mA
8 volt will be required to produce 1 mA
16 volts for 2mA
23. Wiring into circuit
Voltmeter is connected in parallel to any circuit, p.d. of
which has to be measured
As p.d. in parallel circuits remains same
Resistance of voltmeter should be high
Meters for measuring A.C
Convert a.c. into d.c then pass it through the moving
coil ammeter