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Macroeconomics
Lecture 6
Taxes
Questions?
Exam 1
Review
Economics
The study of how
humans create value for
one another
Government
Sell Stuff
Taxes
Borrow
Monetary Policy
Taxes
Income Taxes
Sales Taxes
Property Taxes
Excise Taxes
Estate Taxes
Fuel Taxes
Hotel Taxes
Sin Taxes
Key Terms
average tax rate
marginal tax rate
lump-sum tax
benefits principle
ability-to-pay principle
proportional tax
regressive tax
progressive tax
Taxes
Federal - Income
States - Sales Tax
Counties - Property Taxes
Lump-Sum Tax
Pay a fixed amount
regardless of income
Two Objectives
Efficient and Equitable
Low Cost and Fair
Efficient
Low deadweight loss and
low administrative burden
What does it cost to
collect a dollar in tax?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Demand
Supply
with no tax
Loss of 160 in
surplus
120 in taxes
40 to deadweight
loss
25 percent loss
to deadweight
Buyer
Surplus
Seller
Surplus
Tax Analysis
Supply
with 40 tax
Tax on Seller with shift Supply curve up by the amount of the tax
Taxes Tax of 40
40
40
40
Incentives
Taxes change behavior
Types
Income - Earn
Sales - Spend
Are Taxes Fair?
Benefits
Ability to Pay
Benefits
You should pay for
what you receive
Ability
If you are able, you
should pay more
Tradeoff
Fair
or
Efficient
Income Taxes
Proportional
Progressive
Regressive
Proportional
Same rate
regardless of income
Tithing
Flat Tax
Progressive
Rate increases as income
increases
The more you make the
higher your rate
Regressive
Rate decreases as income
increases
The more you make the
lower your rate
Taxes
Income
Proportional
Regressive
Progressive
Lump Sum
Taxes
Income
Proportional
Regressive
Progressive
Lump Sum
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
$0 to $20 $20 to $50 $50 to $100 $100 +
Marginal
Tax
Rate
Income
How much tax?
Income of $150,000
Range Rate Income Tax Total
$0 - $20 10% $20,000 $2,000 $2,000
$20 - $50 25% $30,000 $7,500 $9,500
$50 - $100 35% $50,000 $17,500 $27,000
$100 + 50% $50,000 $25,000 $52,000
Summary 35% $150,000 $52,000
Personal
Range Rate
$0 - $9,275 10%
$9,276 - $37,650 15%
$37,651 - $91,150 25%
$91,151 - $413,350 33%
$413,351 - $415,050 35%
$415,051 + 39.6%
Corporate
Range Rate
$0 - $50,000 10%
$50,001 - $75,000 25%
$75,001 - $100,000 34%
$100,001 - $335,000 39%
$335,001 - $10,000,000 34%
$10,000,001 - $15,000,000 35%
$15,000,001 - $18,333,333 38%
$18,333,334 + 35%
Double Taxation
Start Level Tax Rate Tax End
$100 Corporate Tax 35% $35 $65
$65 Personal Tax 35% $23 $42
Summary 58% $58
Social Security
15.3%
Split between employee
and employer
Incentives Matter
Change the rate
Change the behavior
Laffer
Curve
Art
Laffer
Tax Rate %
$
Tax
Revenue
Laffer Curve
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Dropped Top Marginal
Income Tax Rate
from 70% to 28%
If you want more
revenue
Lower the rate
1988
$352 billion
28%
$100 billion
Income above $200,000
Pie x 9.7
Taxes x 5.2
Smaller slice of a larger pie
1980
$36 billion
70%
$19 billion
How you slice the pie
Determines the size of the pie

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