This document provides an overview of telecommunication infrastructure development in Vietnam. It discusses the country's dominant telephone carrier VNPT, the competitive structure of the industry which is currently undergoing changes, and levels of foreign penetration. The legal and regulatory framework is also examined, along with plans to improve telecommunications and concluding remarks. In general, the telecom sector in Vietnam is growing rapidly but remains dominated by the state-owned incumbent VNPT, and the regulatory framework needs reforms to encourage more competition and private sector involvement.
Questionnaires on heterogeneous network, including the femtocellArief Gunawan
This questionnaire is proposed by IMT WG and Convergence WG. One of the objectives of IMT WG is to study service and technology related aspects of the future development of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced as well as the requirements and needs of the developing countries.
Mobile Broadband traffic has explosive development in the last several years. The rapid growth in traffic volumes calls for great increase of network capacity, and extension of the coverage of high-data-rate, i.e. enhancement of cell-edge throughput. When the required network capacity is high or coverage enhancement is necessary, the low power nodes (LPNs) could be deployed in the existing network, which then is characterized as heterogeneous network (HetNet). The category of the low power nodes can be Remote radio head (RRH), Micro eNB, Pico eNB (i.e., Hotzone), Home eNB (i.e. Femto), and Relay nodes. Different kinds of nodes can have different transmission power and be deployed for different scenarios.
The key characteristic of “heterogeneous deployment networks” is to introduce low power nodes with heterogeneous coverage laid over the macro coverage. Cell splitting gains and therefore significant capacity improvements can be achieved in a cost-effective manner by deploying network nodes within the low power and the local-area range. HetNet is a promising way to significantly increase the network capacity.
Supplementary information can be found in http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/specs/archive/36_series/36.814/
Regarding the Femtocell questionnaire, one of the objectives of the Convergence Working Group is to study and identify current, emerging and future issues of radio communication that are affected by the convergence of ICT, including fixed-mobile convergence, where the study may include technical, regulatory and business model issues.
A femtocell is a small, low cost, low power access point, enabling to access to a network operated wireless network, located in user or private premises. In term of spectrum, The femtocell shares the licensed wireless spectrum with the macrocell. The femtocell is connected to the operator’s network through an IP broadband backhaul connection such as fiber, DSL or cable.
Femto Forum uses Femtocell Access Point (FAP) terminology for the femtocell base station while 3GPP uses Home Node B (HNB) for 3G femtocell and Home eNodeB (HeNB) for LTE Femtocell.
Several FAPs are connected to the FAP Gateway (FGW) or H(e)NB Gateway which is a mobile operator’s equipment (usually physically located on mobile operator premises) through which the FAP gets access to mobile operator’s core network.
In the previous meetings, convergence working group has developed following documents:
a. Report on the Regulatory Aspect of Fixed Mobile Convergence (doc. AWF-7/OUT-07 and adopted as APT/AWF/REP-09)
b. Draft “Report of the Standardization Progress of Fixed Mobile Convergence” (doc. AWF-8/TMP-03): (continued)
c. Draft report of “FMC Business Model” (doc. AWF-8/TMP-01): (continued)
One of the solutions for fixed-mobile convergence scenario is by utilizing Femtocell, where the femto access point is installed in the customer’s house, covers a very small radius and it is connected to the mobile operator infrastructure via residential DSL or cable broadband connections.
Operators in some countries have deployed this femtocell-based solution. However, in some other countries it is not developed yet or still under study.
In this regard, at the 9th meeting of AWF, it was agreed that WG-IMT and Convergence WG could prepare a Questionnaire on HetNet and Femtocell in Asia Pacific and subsequently be sent to all APT members for their input. It is envisioned that the responses to the Questionnaire would be considered by AWF in the study of HetNet and Femtocell, which may provide useful information to APT members and facilitate the following research. Furthermore, the questionnaire results can be used to imp
The U.S. telecom industry has undergone a number of significant changes over the past few years.
In this presentation that Dr. Jim Anderson created for MBA students, he explains where the industry has been and where it is going.
Dr. Anderson takes the time to explain the changes that have occurred in the industry in terms of the classes that MBA students have already had. He brings home how the changes have dramatically reshaped the telecom industry.
For more information on Dr. Jim Anderson and his company, Blue Elephant Consulting, find out more on the web at http://www.BlueElephantConsulting.com
The Telecom, Media & Internet (TMI) group is responsible for the development and management of Rabobank International\'s wholesale banking activities in the TMI sector. The team aims at being recognised as a provider of innovative solutions to the financial needs of prime Telecom, Media and Internet companies in sophisticated markets.
Questionnaires on heterogeneous network, including the femtocellArief Gunawan
This questionnaire is proposed by IMT WG and Convergence WG. One of the objectives of IMT WG is to study service and technology related aspects of the future development of IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced as well as the requirements and needs of the developing countries.
Mobile Broadband traffic has explosive development in the last several years. The rapid growth in traffic volumes calls for great increase of network capacity, and extension of the coverage of high-data-rate, i.e. enhancement of cell-edge throughput. When the required network capacity is high or coverage enhancement is necessary, the low power nodes (LPNs) could be deployed in the existing network, which then is characterized as heterogeneous network (HetNet). The category of the low power nodes can be Remote radio head (RRH), Micro eNB, Pico eNB (i.e., Hotzone), Home eNB (i.e. Femto), and Relay nodes. Different kinds of nodes can have different transmission power and be deployed for different scenarios.
The key characteristic of “heterogeneous deployment networks” is to introduce low power nodes with heterogeneous coverage laid over the macro coverage. Cell splitting gains and therefore significant capacity improvements can be achieved in a cost-effective manner by deploying network nodes within the low power and the local-area range. HetNet is a promising way to significantly increase the network capacity.
Supplementary information can be found in http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/specs/archive/36_series/36.814/
Regarding the Femtocell questionnaire, one of the objectives of the Convergence Working Group is to study and identify current, emerging and future issues of radio communication that are affected by the convergence of ICT, including fixed-mobile convergence, where the study may include technical, regulatory and business model issues.
A femtocell is a small, low cost, low power access point, enabling to access to a network operated wireless network, located in user or private premises. In term of spectrum, The femtocell shares the licensed wireless spectrum with the macrocell. The femtocell is connected to the operator’s network through an IP broadband backhaul connection such as fiber, DSL or cable.
Femto Forum uses Femtocell Access Point (FAP) terminology for the femtocell base station while 3GPP uses Home Node B (HNB) for 3G femtocell and Home eNodeB (HeNB) for LTE Femtocell.
Several FAPs are connected to the FAP Gateway (FGW) or H(e)NB Gateway which is a mobile operator’s equipment (usually physically located on mobile operator premises) through which the FAP gets access to mobile operator’s core network.
In the previous meetings, convergence working group has developed following documents:
a. Report on the Regulatory Aspect of Fixed Mobile Convergence (doc. AWF-7/OUT-07 and adopted as APT/AWF/REP-09)
b. Draft “Report of the Standardization Progress of Fixed Mobile Convergence” (doc. AWF-8/TMP-03): (continued)
c. Draft report of “FMC Business Model” (doc. AWF-8/TMP-01): (continued)
One of the solutions for fixed-mobile convergence scenario is by utilizing Femtocell, where the femto access point is installed in the customer’s house, covers a very small radius and it is connected to the mobile operator infrastructure via residential DSL or cable broadband connections.
Operators in some countries have deployed this femtocell-based solution. However, in some other countries it is not developed yet or still under study.
In this regard, at the 9th meeting of AWF, it was agreed that WG-IMT and Convergence WG could prepare a Questionnaire on HetNet and Femtocell in Asia Pacific and subsequently be sent to all APT members for their input. It is envisioned that the responses to the Questionnaire would be considered by AWF in the study of HetNet and Femtocell, which may provide useful information to APT members and facilitate the following research. Furthermore, the questionnaire results can be used to imp
The U.S. telecom industry has undergone a number of significant changes over the past few years.
In this presentation that Dr. Jim Anderson created for MBA students, he explains where the industry has been and where it is going.
Dr. Anderson takes the time to explain the changes that have occurred in the industry in terms of the classes that MBA students have already had. He brings home how the changes have dramatically reshaped the telecom industry.
For more information on Dr. Jim Anderson and his company, Blue Elephant Consulting, find out more on the web at http://www.BlueElephantConsulting.com
The Telecom, Media & Internet (TMI) group is responsible for the development and management of Rabobank International\'s wholesale banking activities in the TMI sector. The team aims at being recognised as a provider of innovative solutions to the financial needs of prime Telecom, Media and Internet companies in sophisticated markets.
Open Access Network (OAN) & Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC): Foundation for a ...Hedi Hmida (PhD)
Abstract— Today, the increasing adoption of internet applications is driving the demand for high bandwidth communication services to individuals, homes and business premises. Fiber to the home (FTTH) is a future-proof fixed access technology that supports high bandwidth applications to the end user; however its deployment typically requires heavy capital investments that make for a significantly long payback period. For this reason, there has been an increase in fiber access network sharing initiatives between Network Operators. Analysis has shown that sharing the infrastructure on a wholesale basis delivers savings in capital and operational expenses; subsequently shortening the RoI (Return of Investment) period, enabling the faster delivery of services to a greater number of subscribers. This model is known as OAN; a horizontally layered network architecture and business model that separates the physical access of the network from the actual service provision. This paper presents an overview of OAN models, the most commonly shared infrastructure globally, and draws conclusions from experiences in the region. The paper outlines strategic business models, provides guidelines to overcome technical and regulatory implementation challenges and presents a new business model based on the combination of OAN and FMC concept that would enable the future deployment of networks capable of providing broadband services from multiple services providers (retailers) simultaneously.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Experience the thrill of Progressive Puzzle Adventures, like Scavenger Hunt Games and Escape Room Activities combined Solve Treasure Hunt Puzzles online.
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Create a Seamless Viewing Experience with Your Own Custom OTT Player.pdfGenny Knight
As the popularity of online streaming continues to rise, the significance of providing outstanding viewing experiences cannot be emphasized enough. Tailored OTT players present a robust solution for service providers aiming to enhance their offerings and engage audiences in a competitive market. Through embracing customization, companies can craft immersive, individualized experiences that effectively hold viewers' attention, entertain them, and encourage repeat usage.
Meet Dinah Mattingly – Larry Bird’s Partner in Life and Loveget joys
Get an intimate look at Dinah Mattingly’s life alongside NBA icon Larry Bird. From their humble beginnings to their life today, discover the love and partnership that have defined their relationship.
240529_Teleprotection Global Market Report 2024.pdfMadhura TBRC
The teleprotection market size has grown
exponentially in recent years. It will grow from
$21.92 billion in 2023 to $28.11 billion in 2024 at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 28.2%. The
teleprotection market size is expected to see
exponential growth in the next few years. It will grow
to $70.77 billion in 2028 at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 26.0%.
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
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Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Young Tom Selleck: A Journey Through His Early Years and Rise to Stardomgreendigital
Introduction
When one thinks of Hollywood legends, Tom Selleck is a name that comes to mind. Known for his charming smile, rugged good looks. and the iconic mustache that has become synonymous with his persona. Tom Selleck has had a prolific career spanning decades. But, the journey of young Tom Selleck, from his early years to becoming a household name. is a story filled with determination, talent, and a touch of luck. This article delves into young Tom Selleck's life, background, early struggles. and pivotal moments that led to his rise in Hollywood.
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Early Life and Background
Family Roots and Childhood
Thomas William Selleck was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 29, 1945. He was the second of four children in a close-knit family. His father, Robert Dean Selleck, was a real estate investor and executive. while his mother, Martha Selleck, was a homemaker. The Selleck family relocated to Sherman Oaks, California. when Tom was a child, setting the stage for his future in the entertainment industry.
Education and Early Interests
Growing up, young Tom Selleck was an active and athletic child. He attended Grant High School in Van Nuys, California. where he excelled in sports, particularly basketball. His tall and athletic build made him a standout player, and he earned a basketball scholarship to the University of Southern California (U.S.C.). While at U.S.C., Selleck studied business administration. but his interests shifted toward acting.
Discovery of Acting Passion
Tom Selleck's journey into acting was serendipitous. During his time at U.S.C., a drama coach encouraged him to try acting. This nudge led him to join the Hills Playhouse, where he began honing his craft. Transitioning from an aspiring athlete to an actor took time. but young Tom Selleck became drawn to the performance world.
Early Career Struggles
Breaking Into the Industry
The path to stardom was a challenging one for young Tom Selleck. Like many aspiring actors, he faced many rejections and struggled to find steady work. A series of minor roles and guest appearances on television shows marked his early career. In 1965, he debuted on the syndicated show "The Dating Game." which gave him some exposure but did not lead to immediate success.
The Commercial Breakthrough
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Selleck began appearing in television commercials. His rugged good looks and charismatic presence made him a popular brand choice. He starred in advertisements for Pepsi-Cola, Revlon, and Close-Up toothpaste. These commercials provided financial stability and helped him gain visibility in the industry.
Struggling Actor in Hollywood
Despite his success in commercials. breaking into large acting roles remained a challenge for young Tom Selleck. He auditioned and took on small parts in T.V. shows and movies. Some of his early television appearances included roles in popular series like Lancer, The F.B.I., and Bracken's World. But, it would take a
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Reimagining Classics - What Makes a Remake a Success
Mabruka Toaha (061847056)
1. Telecommunication Infrastructure
Development in
Vietnam
Course
IP Telephony [ETE 605]
Prepared by
Mabruka Toaha
061 847 056
Prepared For
Dr. Mashiur Rahman
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication
North South University
Date of Submission
15th April 15, 2008
1
2. List of abbreviations
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asia Nations
BCC Business Cooperation Contract
BTA US Bilateral Trade Agreement
Code-Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular technology
CDMA
(www.cdg.org)
Department General of Post and Telecommunications,
DGPT
before MPT
ISP Internet Service Provider
IXP Internet eXchange Provider
MPT Ministry of Post and Telematics (www.mpt.gov.vn )
Saigon Post and Telecom share-holding company (Saigon Postel)
SPT
(www.saigonnet.vn)
VARENet Vietnam Academic Research and Educational Network
VDC Vietnam Data Communications Company (www.vdc.com.vn)
Military Electronics and Telecom Company
Vietel
(www.viettel.com.vn )
Vietnam Shipping Communications and Electronics Company
VISHIPEL
(www.vishipel.com.vn)
Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications Corporation
VNPT
(www.vnpt.com.vn )
2
3. Table of contents
1. STATE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE AND
INTERNET DEVELOPMENT…….................................................... 3
1.1. Introduction ……..............................................................................3
1.2. Telephone carriers ..........................................................................3
1.3. Competitive structure ……................................................................3
1.4. Foreign penetration.........................................................................4
2. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.............................. 6
2.1. General Policy................................................................................. 6
2.2. Regulatory framework ................................................................... 7
2.3. P&T Ordinance, legal framework for telecommunications ................. 8
2.4. Service charges............................................................................. 9
3. PLAN FOR IMPROVING TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEVELOPMENT
................................................................................................... 10
4. CONCLUDING REMARKS ....................................................... 12
5. ANNEXES ............................................................................... 13
5.1. MAIN TELECOMMUNICATIONS SUBSIDIARY BUSINESSES ............13
6. REFERENCES........................................................................... 15
3
4. 1. STATE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE
1.1. Introduction
Vietnam, a major emerging market in the ASEAN region, is showing some of the fastest rates of
growth in economic development and consumer demand. One of the underpinnings of this growth
has been the expansion of telecommunication networks. Vietnam passed the critical threshold
point of one fixed-line telephone per 100 inhabitants (teledensity) during 1994, about two years
later than Indonesia. By the end of 2000, Vietnam had reached a teledensity of 3.2, surpassing
Indonesia. Over the past few years, Vietnam has sustained an average network growth rate of
26.8 percent with particularly rapid expansion in the middle part of the last decade, which is
slightly ahead of China, and one of the highest rates in the region. With this rate of growth
continuing, Vietnam has reached a target of ten million phone lines installed in 2006 and hopes
for a teledensity of thirty within a decade.
This report provides brief overview of the Vietnamese telecommunications sector in general and
that of Internet in particular. Close attention is paid to the legal framework the government has
and is developing in this sub-sector. The goal is to identify parts of the framework that need
improving for the sake of having more Internet and a higher rate of economic growth.
1.2. Telephone carriers
The dominant telephone carrier in Vietnam is VNPT (Vietnam Posts and Telecommunications
Corp. (www.vnpt.com.vn). Fully owned and operated by the Government, VNPT was officially
established in 1995 along with MPT (Ministry of Post and Telematics), formerly DGPT
(Department General of Post and Telecommunications). VNPT is active in all aspects of
telecommunications, including infrastructure ownership and operation, and provision of
telecommunications services. VNPT operates through a number of subsidiary businesses.
1.3. Competitive structure
The structure of the Vietnam telecommunications sector is currently undergoing major change as
new operators enter the market and existing operators increase the scope of their business
activities. At present, the government owned incumbent operator, VNPT, dominates the sector.
There are a number of “competitors,” even though many of them are at least in part or even
predominantly under ownership of several government branches such as Military, Ministries of
Industry, Transport, or local government. The biggest problem is the obvious influence of the
main incumbent operator VNPT over the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, which
highlights the need for strict structural separation and the creation of an independent regulatory
4
5. authority capable of ensuring competition at the network level. Formally, VNPT proposes to
MPT the system of prices in the industry, which is already an unfair practice, but what it does
informally is even worse. VNPT influences the process of licensing by MPT, preventing any
business that is a potential rival of firms under VNPT’s umbrella from obtaining a license. The
case of delaying SPT's CDMA mobile service is clearly an example of VNPT’s monopolistic
power. The following exhibit provides a brief overview of each operator and the scope of
telecommunications services that they provide. As is clear, the private sector is nearly
invisible in this industry.
Table 1 - Service scope by operator
No. Operator Services Provided Comments
VNPT is the market leader
Full range of
1 VNPT belongs to MPT and has a substantial,
telecommunications services
informal influence on MPT.
GSM mobile The only active services are
Military Electronics and
Fixed leased lines (national VoIP and radio trunk.
Telecom Company (Vietel or
and local) However, network
Viettel)
2 Radio trunk construction is underway
Belongs to Ministry of
Wireless local loop and further services will
National Defense
ISP and IXP become active in the near
VoIP
future.
CDMA mobile
CDMA services are
Saigon Postal Corporation VoIP
delayed.
(SPT) ISP, IXP
3 WLL is not active.
Belongs to HCMC’s People’s Wireless local loop
Fixed local service is
Committee Fixed Local
limited and not active.
Fixed leased lines (national
Electricity and local)
Fixed leased line service is
telecommunications Fixed service (nationwide
active.
4 Company (ETC) local, long distance and
VoIP should begin soon.
Belongs to Ministry of international)
Industry VoIP
ISP, IXP
Vietnam Shipping Ship-to-ship and ship-toshore
Communications and communication Niche market player
5
Electronics Company services
(VISHIPEL)
Source: http://www.mpt.gov.vn
5
6. 1.4. Foreign penetration
Today most of the top telecommunication companies in the world have already established
offices in Vietnam, a majority of European and Asian companies have been in the country for at
least four to five years. Previously, under Vietnam’s Investment Law of 1992 (supplemented by
the revised Investment law of 2000), foreign companies were allowed to provide services to
Vietnam’s telecommunication market only if they enter into a Business Cooperation Contract
(BCC). BCCs are cost and revenue sharing agreements under which the foreign partner generally
provides the needed equipment and training for local operators. In the past, BCC put foreign
companies in a disadvantageous position compared to their domestic partners, give them few
incentives to make investments, and expose them to high business risks. However, the BCC limit
ended in the year 2003. According to the new decree, telecommunication local networks and
telecommunication services are allowed to be provided by foreign investors. However, any
investment is necessarily under the form of a BCC. Nonetheless, only a tiny fraction of these
companies has contracts to provide telephone operations in Vietnam.
6
7. 2. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
2.1. General Policy
The Vietnam government is actively pursuing a telecommunications policy that aims for
significant structural and institutional reforms designed to achieve sustainable national growth
and development. The policy backs aggressive development of modern infrastructure and services
to match the achievements and performance levels of Vietnam’s regional neighbors. The three
basic objectives of the telecommunications policy are the following:
• To build up and further develop the national information infrastructure with modern
technologies;
• To provide society and consumers with modern, diversified, and abundant
telecommunications service in all parts of the country;
• To increase the share of this sector in Vietnam’s GDP and employment growth.
Simply stated, these policy objectives are very broad and address a wide range of inter-related
issues. The need for infrastructure development is essential to the provision of services.
Moreover, the relationship between telecommunications development and overall economic
growth and development is a fundamental aspect of the policy. The telecommunications policy
sets out a number of key goals and targets. Among these, the following are important:
• By 2010 the number of telephone sets and Internet users per 100 people shall reach the
regional average;
• By 2005 all provinces and cities throughout the country shall be linked together by
broadband fiber optic cables (goal not reached yet in 2008);
• By 2010, the average telephone density shall reach 15-18 telephones per 100 people and
60% of households will have telephones.
Given the current state of telecommunication development in Vietnam, these represent ambitious
development targets. For example, by the end of 2002, according to the annual report of the MPT,
Vietnam had around 3.65 million main telephone lines (exact number: 3,664,752) giving a
teledensity of around 4.56 per 100 people. The target penetration level requires the current
teledensity to increase four fold in the 9-year period. That is, an additional 13 million lines. The
estimated capital cost for achieving this target would be in the order of 13,200 million USD in
total or 1,466.6 million USD per annum (assuming that the cost of installing each main telephone
line is 1 USD). In conjunction, it makes sense to comment that Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
7
8. systems should reduce this cost significantly. However, WLL systems have not generally been
popular to the extent that a lower per line estimate is considered justified. Several key strategies
are set forth in the telecommunications policy. The following strategies are considered as
important:
• Speeding up the development of the Ordinance on Posts and Telecommunications;
• Developing specific policies and measures to boost competition;
• Implementing the Vietnam – US Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA);
• Renewing the charge rate policy in line with competitive market conditions;
• Effectively managing the radio frequency spectrum, numbering systems, zone and
domain names, and addresses;
• Promoting productivity, quality, and efficiency within business enterprises;
• Creating policies for network development in rural and remote areas;
• Encouraging foreign direct investment;
• Promoting international co-operation in service development.
It is apparent that these strategies rely too much on the role of government, and too little on
market mechanisms.
2. 2. Regulatory framework
The regulation of the telecommunications sector in Vietnam falls under the responsibility of
MPT, which fulfils the dual role of policy maker and regulatory authority. Such a combination of
functions is not common in the world of developed telecommunication markets. The key
functions and responsibilities of the organization of MPT are outlined in the Government Decree
No. 90/2002/ND-CP of November 11, 2002. The Decree sets out a wide range of functions and
responsibilities under four different groupings. It is noted that MPT exercises regulatory control
over both post and telecommunications. However, only the telecommunications related functions
of MPT are addressed here. These are summarized in the following exhibit.
Table 4. Major functions of MPT
Main functions Sub Functions
Draft laws, ordinances, policies on telecommunications
Issue decisions, directives, and circulars to implement
Legal documentation
laws and regulations
Issue regulations, rules, and technical standards
8
9. Submit strategic plans and development plans and radio
Economic planning frequency spectrum plans
Set prices for telecommunications services
Issue and revoke permits in accordance with regulations
Decide the plan for numbering telecommunications
networks
Supervision over technical
Manage the operation of national telecommunications
and professional issues
lines
Issue regulations for dealers in telecommunications
services
Make plans and policies for telecommunications research
Manage international treaties on telecommunications and
Coordinating international
radio frequency
relations
Organize and participate in conferences and seminars
Source: http://db.vnpt.com.vn/legals.asp?ID=64&group=2
http://asemconnectvietnam.gov.vn/laws/kinds.asp?tenvd=post%20telecommunications
Within this regulatory framework, MPT exercises a significant degree of control over the
telecommunications sector. In particular, MPT exercises regulatory control through a wide range
of mechanisms including the issuing of operator licenses and monitoring of license conditions.
2. 3. P&T Ordinance, legal framework for telecommunications
The main regulations relating to telecommunications in the Post and Telecommunication
Ordinance include the following.
General provisions:
Amongst other provisions, the state aims to encourage enterprises of all economic sectors to
engage in telecommunication activities in a fair, transparent, and competitive environment, in
order to facilitate the application and promotion of telecommunications technology, and to
enhance the standard of living.
Telecommunications provisions:
Consumer Protection:
Although the Ordinance does not contain specific provisions that address consumer protection,
references to the topic are found throughout.
State Management:
Like the replaced documents, the Ordinance makes provisions for a postal inspectorate, whose
duties include the inspection of implementation of the laws, resolving complaints lodged,
punishing offenders, and suspending activities that are contrary to the laws.
9
10. The Ordinance provides a comprehensive framework that allows for the expansion of the
telecommunications industry, and the opening up of the market (with some limited exceptions) to
enterprises of all economic sectors, thus establishing a competitive market environment. In this
regard, it is anticipated that the quality of service will be enhanced, and fees and charges reduced.
It is hoped the Ordinance will also pave the way for further detailed regulations to be
implemented for the rapid development of telecommunications industry.
2. 4. Service charges
Currently service charges in the Vietnam telecommunications sector are regulated by the MPT.
The telecommunication prices and charges are based on the product or service costs, ensuring that
the enterprises can cover expenditures, make reasonable profits, and fulfill obligations towards
the State budget. The international telecommunication prices and charges are determined in US
dollars (USD), applicable to all Vietnamese organizations and individuals, foreign organizations,
and individuals working in Vietnam.
In theory, post and telecommunication enterprises must accept the prices and charge rates set by
competent agencies. Companies are supposed to comply with the State’s guidance on the
management of telecommunication prices and charges. Enterprises are allowed to invent options
on telecommunications prices, charges, and charge brackets and submit them to the Government
Pricing Committee or MPT for approval. In addition, the enterprises may use price and charge
brackets and guiding documents of MPT and the Government Pricing Committee, as benchmarks
for offering specific prices and charge levels for telecommunications products and services. The
Government Pricing Committee and MPT also decide and guide the application of prices and
charges for telecommunication services outside the list prescribed by the State. Thus, price
regulation is heavy.
Recently there has been a major change in the pricing policy for telecommunications and the
Internet. The new decision signed on January 6, 2004 stipulates tariffs only for companies with
dominant market share (understood as 30% or higher). According to the guidance, only these will
be subject to tariff regulation:
• NPT (in long haul, domestic, and international telephone, VoIP, leased line, mobile telephone,
Internet, and Immarsat),
• Viettel (in international telephone, VoIP),
• Vishipel (in Immarsat)
All other companies are free to decide their own service charges in respect to the Ordinance on
price and relevant regulations.
10
11. 3. PLAN FOR IMPROVING TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEVELOPMENT
The government of Vietnam recognizes the importance of ICT infrastructure for economic
growth, and therefore has had a number of strategies for development of telecommunications. As
for the development in the telecommunications sector, the plan for development planning of the
telecommunications sector of Vietnam to the year 2010, with five-year, yearly plans, and major
investment projects. The objectives of the plans and projects are the following:
• Establishing a national information superhighway that has a high bandwidth and speed,
as well as widespread coverage, and will be accessible by the year 2010 to all districts
across the country via wideband transmission means using modern technologies such as
optical fiber, satellite communications, microwave, and wired and wireless access
systems;
• Accelerating the speed of development and diversifying posts, telecommunications, and
Internet services in the entire country so that by the year 2010 the level of accessibility of
these services in Vietnam will reach the regional average, with charges lower than or
equal to those in the region;
• The teledensity in the year 2005 was 8-10 lines/100 inhabitants, or 10-12 subscribers/100
locals; and these by the year 2010 will respectively be 15-18 sets/100
inhabitants(including both fixed and mobile subscribers) and 20-25 lines/100 locals(if
pre-paid users are taken into account);
• Encouraging all economic sectors (domestic and foreign) to get involved in
telecommunications development, strengthening the co-operation and exchange with and
participation in the international labor division market, and conducting specialized
production of a number of items in Vietnam.
Currently, the government is actively building ICT infrastructure, implementing a number of
major national projects such as VINASAT telecommunications satellite, the domestic submarine
optical cable network, the HCM Trail optical fiber network, the coastal communications system,
new mobile phone systems, and upgrading and modernizing postal operation centers in Hanoi,
Da-nang, and HCM city.
Recognizing the need for improvement of legal environment and development policies, the
Directive calls for focusing on the compilation of the system of legal regulations and documents
comprising ordinances, decrees, and guiding circulars to create a new legal framework for the
11
12. period of integration and development. It also mentions the need for enhancing the
competitiveness of Vietnamese telecommunications enterprises. It plans that by 2010, monopoly
in the provision of telecommunications will have been switched to competition, and between 25-
30 percent of the market share will be obtained by new enterprises.
The Directive also points out a plan for Human resource development. The State and enterprises
will focus on investing in the modernization of specialized training centers, upgrading the
material base and training equipment, renovating the curriculum and textbooks, keeping up with
latest network developments, strengthening the training and retraining of the existing as well as
future workforce suited to development targets, and diversifying forms of training and refreshing.
Suitable incentive policies will be applied to attract human capital both at home and abroad to
contribute to the development of this sector.
12
13. 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The government of Vietnam has been eager to take advantage of Internet and telecommunications
technologies to narrow the gap between Vietnam and more advanced countries in the region. The
Government has made good efforts in developing a number of IT policies. However, the policies
were designed by personnel with background shaped during the period of a centrally planned
economy. The strategies and programs rely too much on the actions of government, and do not
take into enough account the role of market. For example, the government tries to launch a
number of expensive programs on computerization of public offices and upgrading IT
infrastructure, however it overlooks real bottlenecks such as the monopolistic status of VNPT, or
over-regulation of Internet content provision.
Even though MPT claims it has equaled its Internet and Telecommunication costs to that of many
counties in the region, costs remain expensive for the average consumer of this country, because
the GDP per capita is lower than in the comparative countries. E-Commerce in Vietnam is
currently almost nonexistent. There are a few companies selling products to foreigners over the
Internet, and there is small number of consumers who order commodities from abroad. The
government is in the stage of educating businesses and people on how e-commerce works. A draft
of policy on e-commerce is currently being prepared by the Ministry of Trade, though the process
began back in 1999. It is not certain when the final draft will be ready to submit to the national
assembly. However, it is unfair to overlook the governmental commitment to the course of ICT
development. This includes willingness to collaborate with international organizations and to
learn from foreign experiences. Thus, while the current status of ICT in this country is low, the
potential is quite good. There is a good reason to believe that, within a decade, the sector of
Internet and Telecommunication of Vietnam will emerge as average with the rest of the world.
13
14. 5. ANNEXES
MAIN TELECOMMUNICATIONS SUBSIDIARY BUSINESSES
VTN (www.vtn.com.vn)
VTN (Vietnam Telecom National) of VNPT operates national long distance telecommunications
transmission services and provides leased line services. VTN has national toll exchanges in
Hanoi, Da-nang, and Hochiminh City.
VTI (www.vti.com.vn)
VTI (Vietnam Telecom International) of VNPT operates international gateway services and is
responsible for Vietnam’s international voice and data traffic. International gateways are located
in Hanoi, Da-nang, and Hochiminh City. VTI also operates seven satellite ground stations.
GPC (www.gpc.vnn.vn)
GPC (Vietnam Telecom Services Company) of VNPT operates nationwide GSM 900 mobile
telecommunications services. GPC provides a full range of local, long distance, and international
call services under the brand name “Vinaphone.”
VDC (www.vdc.com.vn)
VDC (Vietnam Data Communication) of VNPT provides data communication services, Internet
access and connectivity services, software applications, and other value added services.
VMS (www.mobifone.com.vn)
VMS (Vietnam Mobile Telecom Services Company) is a financially independent business unit of
VNPT operating GSM 900 mobile telecommunications services under the brand name
“Mobifone.” VMS operates under a Business Co-operation Contract (BCC) by which VMS
shares revenue with foreign partner Millicom in exchange for investment capital and
technological support.
Provincial PTTs
In addition to the subsidiaries discussed above, VNPT operates local access networks in each of
Vietnam’s 61 Provinces. Hanoi PTT and Hochiminh PTT are additional local networks operated
by VNPT.
14
15. Vietel (www.vietel.com.vn), recently changed to Viettel (www.viettel.com.vn)
The Military Electronics and Telecom Company (Viettel) is an arm of the Ministry of Defence.
Viettel has a general telecommunications license and is allowed to provide a wide range of
telecommunications services. However, the main activity undertaken by Viettel is domestic and
international VoIP services.
SPT (www.saigonpostel.com.vn)
Saigon Posts and Telecoms (SPT) also has a general telecommunications license permitting it to
provide a wide range of telecommunications services. This is the first joint-stock company in
telecommunications of Vietnam. The international partner of this Business Co-operation Contract
is a Korean company.
ETC (www.etc.com.vn)
The Vietnam Electronic Telecommunications Company (ETC) is licensed to provide fixed
domestic leased line services and international and domestic VoIP services.
VISHIPEL (www.vishipel.com.vn)
The Vietnam Shipping Communications and Electronics Company (VISHIPEL) is an arm of the
Ministry of Transport. VISHIPEL provides niche market ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore
communication services.
Hanoi Telecom (www.hanoitelecom.com.vn)
Hanoi Telecom Company is licensed to provide telecommunications services in Hanoi.
15
16. 6. REFERENCES
1) Annual Reports to the Minister of Post and Telematics www.mpt.gov.vn
2) Legal documents on Vietnamese post and telecommunications
http://www.vnnic.net.vn/ and
http://asemconnectvietnam.gov.vn/laws/kinds.asp?tenvd=post%20telecommunications
3) Local electronic paper “vnexpress” www.vnexpress.net
4) Statistics of the Vietnam Internet Network Information Center (MPT)
http://www. vnnic.net.vn and www.mpt.gov.vn
5) Table 1. Service scope by operator www.mpt.gov.vn
6) Table 2. Major functions of MPT www.mpt.gov.vn based on
Decree No. 90/2002/ND-CP
http://asemconnectvietnam.gov.vn/laws/kinds.asp?tenvd=post%20telecommunications
7) Vietnamese Press Law http://www.vnnews.com/coci/0202/0202.htm
8) Nortel Network Case Study: RMIT International University Vietnam
http://whitepapers.silicon.com/ vietnam0,39024759,60303197p,00.htm
16