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M7 A2 Review Paper
- 1. Review Paper Pet Therapy Chelsea Walling PSY 492 Advanced General Psychology August 14, 2011
Editor's Notes
- In order for a research project to be considered reliable and valid, many steps have to be taken. If these steps are skipped, then the research work suffers and so does its credibility. It is important to keep this in mind when researching pieces of literature. If the research that you are basing your own project off of cannot be considered accurate, then ultimately it will make your project suffer as well. Also, by reviewing other pieces of literature, it helps to expand on previous research projects so that we can continue to expand our knowledge.
- Pet therapy is an alternative form of therapy that is still in the works of being “discovered”. This type of therapy implements animals in the therapeutic process in order to help heal an individual that is suffering physically, mentally, and emotionally. Although there has been increasing amounts of research being done on Pet Therapy, it may take many years of research before it can be considered reliable. Pet therapy is also referred to as Animal-Assisted Therapy or ATT. Since every individual is unique it makes sense that the same therapy and counseling practices will not work for everybody. Therefore, Pet therapy is becoming more of an option. During this presentation, you will see the many possible outcomes that Pet therapy can have on an individual, such as lowered heart-rate and improved self-esteem.
- The objective of this research project was to determine whether or not animal-assisted therapy can improve the loneliness of elderly patients in long-term care facilities. To test their research question, they had 45 residents complete the Demographic and Pet History Questionnaire (DPHQ) and Version 3 of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS). Next, they randomly assigned their participants into three groups: no animal-assisted therapy, animal-assisted therapy once a week, and animal assisted therapy three times a week. After 6 weeks of this therapy, these patients completed the DPHQ and UCLA-LS again and the results were compared. These results showed that these elderly volunteers adopted emotional intimacy with the animals and that it did, in fact, improve their loneliness.
- For this study, 230 patients that were referred for therapeutic recreation sessions were observed in a single animal-assisted therapy session. Pre- and post-treatment crossover designs were created to compare the animal-assisted therapy session versus the regular therapeutic recreation session. These designs included a self-reported measure of current anxiety felt, the state scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, that were completed before and after completing both therapy sessions. Results showed that patients with psychotic, mood, and other disorders, after the animal-assisted therapy, had statistically significant reductions in anxiety scores. Also, patients with mood disorders had statistically significant reductions in anxiety scores after the regular therapeutic recreation session.
- This article is about the possible risks that may arise with pet therapy. For example, a patient may have an allergic reaction or the animal may misbehave and bite the patient. Also, because of the bond that patients form with these animals there is a chance that they may become possessive and competitive to have that animal, which may lead to low self-esteem if the animal rejects their attention or if it dies.
- The objective for this research project was “to determine if a 12-minute hospital visit with a therapy dog improves hemodynamic measures, lowers neurohormone levels, and decreases state anxiety in patients with advanced heart failure”. 76 advanced heart patients were used for the 3-group randomized repeated-measures experimental design, with one group having 12 minutes with the therapy dog, the second meeting for 12 minutes with a volunteer, and the third group, the control, receiving usual care. Data was collected at three points: baseline, 8 minutes, and 16 minutes. Compared to the control group, the group that met with the therapy dog showed significant decreases in systolic pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and baseline state anxiety sum score after the therapy sessions. In conclusion, this research project showed that animal-assisted therapy improves cardiopulmonary pressures, neurohormone levels, and anxiety in individuals hospitalized with advanced heart failure.
- This research project was used to repair psychological and physical symptoms, such as depression, social difficulties, fatigue, anxiety, and impaired gait, in children that have been diagnosed with cancer (Abbate, 2010). Since she used no earlier research project as a model for her study, Abbate’s research was exploratory. The research study was conducted on hospitalized cancer patients ages 6-12 and a manual was created according to the study, which covered the psychosocial and physical impacts of cancer (Abbate, 2010). She used stratified random sampling to choose her participants.
- Coletta focused her research project on children dealing with traumatic, stressful events. Coletta hypothesized that the human-animal bond that forms between a pet and a person can instill a deep, understanding respect and empathy for living creatures. Using a certified therapeutic dog, a turtle, and two clinicians, Coletta conducted her experiment on children 8-12 years of age who have undergone recent traumatic events. Coletta’s participants were selected based on the consultations of their group facilitors, individual therapist, potential group member, and parents/guardians and the individuals in the experiment ranged from 8- to 12-years-old.
- The researchers for this article wanted to know what affect pet therapy has on patients being treated with chemotherapy. They had two groups: patients with pet therapy and patients without. Two dogs that were trained and examined were used for this project. Both groups were asked to complete a simplified version of Kellner’s Symptom Questionnaire, the A.De.Ss.O test, and were taken before and after chemotherapy treatment. The results showed that the pet therapy group had a decrease in depression and an increase in arterial oxygen saturation, whereas the control group remained level in depression and decreased in arterial oxygen saturation.
- Adults that own dogs take 25% more steps than those that do not own a dog. This article explored whether or not dogs had the same affect on children. 78 schools were observed over the course of ten years. The children that participated were asked to wear an ActiGraph GT1M activity monitor for the course of 7 complete days. This monitor recorded whether they were doing light, moderate to vigorous, or vigorous activity and for how long it was experienced. Questionnaires were also handed out asking whether or not they owned pets and if so, what type. 10% of the children had a dog at home and they took 4% more steps than children that did not.
- The authors of this article wanted to know whether or not the public was more considerate towards animal health than human health. Therefore, they searched 128 articles from the Canadian media coverage. 6% of the articles did not relate to human of animal health and 32% had contradictory messages towards human’s and pet’s health (Rock & Lail, 2008). They used a scale of ‘do not worry’, ‘do worry’, and ‘be cautious to rate the articles. Only one article recommended ‘do not worry’ for pet owners and five conveyed a ‘do worry’ message. This article was packed full of information that supported their research. However, most of that information was about the specifics, such as the percentages of newspapers used versus internet article. Also, they very briefly touched the findings of their project. These two things combined made it somewhat difficult to understand their conclusion.