This document presents a summary of the effects of labor and capital flows across countries due to migration. It discusses how the movement of labor from foreign countries to home countries can impact wages and output in both the short run and long run. In the short run, when only labor is mobile, immigration leads to a decline in home wages as supply of labor increases. However, in the long run when all factors are mobile, immigration has no impact on wages. The document also discusses how capital flows across countries through foreign direct investment and portfolio investment can impact home and foreign economies.
Labour Migration between the Developing and the Developedlcatton
Prepared for University St. Gallen - Law & Globalization - Interdisciplinary Seminar
Presented to: Dr. Simon Evenett (St. Gallen) & Dr. Andreas Ziegler (Lausanne)
* Detailed the driving and limiting factors affecting the movement of workers from labour rich developing countries to developed countries facing labour shortages (including an analysis on GATS Mode IV). Discussed possible solutions countries could deploy to foster more liberalized and valuable labour migration
Labour Migration between the Developing and the Developedlcatton
Prepared for University St. Gallen - Law & Globalization - Interdisciplinary Seminar
Presented to: Dr. Simon Evenett (St. Gallen) & Dr. Andreas Ziegler (Lausanne)
* Detailed the driving and limiting factors affecting the movement of workers from labour rich developing countries to developed countries facing labour shortages (including an analysis on GATS Mode IV). Discussed possible solutions countries could deploy to foster more liberalized and valuable labour migration
Concept of national income and comparison with pakistanAgamya Dixit
It discusses the various concepts of national income like GDP, GNP, circular flow of income , etc .. It also brings to light the data related to national income for past few years and the trends. It also presents a comparison with the national income trends of Pakistan.
DEADLINE in 8 hoursThere are only two countries in the world Ri.docxedwardmarivel
DEADLINE in 8 hours
There are only two countries in the world: Richland and Poorland. The labor demand curve in Richland is given by:
W = K – 4L
Where W is the wage rate, K is a variable determined by accumulated capital stock in the country, and L is the labor force in the country. K = 500 is initially supplied by the capitalists in Richland. There is no depreciation.
Next to Richland, is Poorland. Poorland is poor and has an Arthur Lewis-type Dual Economy. A large number of workers in the agricultural sector there are not productive - they are disguised unemployed with a marginal product labor equal to zero. They are looking for jobs in Richland. Wage in Poorland is institutionally fixed at W = 10.
Nationalists in Richland argue that more open immigration policy will reduce wages in Richland.
But the globalists argue that will be good for global welfare.
Due to a loophole in the immigration system, however, 10 workers were able to migrate to Richland.
As a result of this, Richland labor force increases to 110 (L = 110 now). All workers work no matter what the wage is.
Nationalists are furious: they want the 10 immigrant workers to be deported. Globalists are, of course, happy. The Chief Economist of Richland offers a compromise solution. The economist notes that the capitalists and the immigrants benefit form immigration. So, both the capitalists and the immigrants in Richland should pay a tax on the
additional
income that received as a result of migration. The tax revenue collected would be given away to the original Richland workers who suffered the loss of wage due to immigration.
Please show your calculations and answer the following questions. There is no need to draw any graph (you can draw the graph on your scratch paper, but do not upload.)
Due to the immigration of 10 workers from Poorland to Richland:
(a) How much does the Richland wage change?
(b) How much does the World Welfare change?
(c) How much do the capitalists’ incomes change in Richland?
(d) How much do the total wages of the immigrants’ change (compared to their wages in Poorland)?
(e) If we follow the suggestion of the Richland economist, what would be the flat marginal tax rate (tax imposed on extra income that accrue to the capitalists and the immigrants due to migration) that will exactly compensate the Richland workers for their loss of wages? Find out the percentage of tax that will do the job.
.
J)o aUtuxoa- q,rr{fAsl4 #S-CHAPTER 12 Spending by lndivi.docxpriestmanmable
'J)o aUtuxoa-/ q,rr"*{fAsl4 #S-
CHAPTER 12 Spending by lndividuals, Firms, and Governments on Real Goods and Services 359 f-,LI
Given the following variables in the open econ-
omy aggregate expenditure model, autonomous
consumption (Co) * 2A0, autonomous invest-
ment (16) = 200, government spending (Gd = 100,
export spending (Xo) = 100, autonomous import
spending (Mil = 100, taxes (Tp) = 0, marginal pro.
penstty to consume (cJ = 0.8, marginal propen-
sity to invest (iJ = 0"1, and marginal propensity
to import @nt) = 0-15,
a Calculate the equilibrium level of income for the
open economy aggregate expenditure model.
b. If there is an increase in autonomous import
expenditure from 100 to 200 resulting from arr
increase in the currency exchange rate, calcu-
late the new equilibrium level of income and
the value of the multiplier.
c. Compared with the original equilibrium in part
a, if the goyernrnent decides to impose taxes
{Tp) of 100, ca}culate the new equilibrium level
of income.
ffi
Application Questions
1. [Jse the aggregate expenditure model developed in
this chapter to explain the following statements:
a Coming amid continued turmoil in the finan-
cial and credit markets, the report sent stocks
lower, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average
fatling 146.70 points F?idayto close at 11,899.69.
b. Administration offlcials said they were confi-
dent conditions would improve as tax rebates
that are part of the recent $152 billion economic-
stimulus package begin to reach consumers.
c. The Fed is expected to cut interest rates again
to prop up the economy.
2. Redraw Figures l2.11aand 12.11b to illustrate the
effects on the resulting equilitrrium level of income
trom ea,ch of the following changes:
a A greater sensitivity of interest-related con-
sumption and investment expenditure to
changes in the interest rate.
b. A larger multiplier in the aggregate expenditure
model.
Hint: Remember that consumption has an auton-
omous component and is a firnction of dispos-
able income, Iz4, where Ya= Y - Tp.
the consumption ion is given by C = 800 + 0.8
{Y - T1), that nt (1) equals 200,
and that government (G) and taxes (7p)
or
export spending.
a. Calculate the equilibrium lncome.
b. If government purchases crease by 100
(all else held constant), the new equi-
librium level of ue of the
multiplier.
c. Compared with
government nditure (G) and Qp)
so that the government budget
remalns anced, does the equilibrium level
remain unchanged? Explain your
"r'';+
3. Go to the Web site of the Conference Board
(www.conference-board.org) and find the latest
release of the Consumer Confidence Index. I{ow
has the index changed since its last release?
What is the expected impact of this change on
the economy?
4. A number of articles in the Watl Street Jou,mraL
reported that the strong dollar, combined with
the recession of 2001, fbrced many U.S. manu-
facturers to develop better methods to produce
and sell their products. Usc the discussion of the
nlacr ...
Compute the inflation rate for each year 1993-201 2 and determ.docxmaxinesmith73660
Compute the inflation rate for each year 1993-201 2 and determine
which were years of inflation. ln which years did deflation occuP ln
which years did disinflation occur? Was tirere hyperinflation in any yeaf
* (Sources of tnflation)Usingthe concepts of aggregate supply and ag-
gregate demand, explain why inflation usually increases during wartime.
s. (nftatiln and lnterest Rates) Using a demand-supply diagram
for loanable funds (like the exhibit below), show what happens
to the nominal interest rate and the equilibrium quantity of loans
when both bonowers and lenders increase their estimates of the
expected inflation rate from 5 percent to 1 0 percent.
The Market for Loanable Funds
Loanable funds per period
7-4 Explain how unanticipated inflation harms
some individuals and harms the economy
as a whole
10, (AnticipatedVersus Unanticipated lnflation) lf actual inflation ex-
ceeds anticipated inflation, who will lose purchasing power and who
will gain? How does unanticipated inflation harm the economy?
GHAPTER 8
8-1 Describe how we measure labor
productivity, and explain why is it
important for a nation's standard of living
(Measuring Labor Productivily) How do we measure labor productivitf
How do changes in labor productivity affect the U.S. standard of living?
(Growth and the PPF) Use the production possibilities frontier (PPD
to demonstrate economic growth.
a. With consumption goods on one axis and capital goods on the
other, show how the combination of goods selected this period
affects the PPF in the next period.
b. Extend this comparison by choosing a different point on this
period's PPF and determining whether that combination leads to
more or less growth over the next period.
(Shifts in the PPflferrorist attacks foster instability and may affect
productivity over the short and long term. Do you think the
September 1 l, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center
and the Pentagon affected short- and/or longterm productivity in
the United States? Explain your response and show any move-
ments in the PPF.
o
o
o
o
o
.Ei
o
c
c
oz
33O PROBLEMS APPENDIX
8-2 Summarize the history of U.S.labor
productivity changes since World War II
and explain why these changes matter
(Labor Productivity) ldentify at least four definable periods of labor
productivity growth beginning right after World War ll. During which
periods was productivity growth lowest and why? (Refer to Exhibit 6
inthe chapter.)
(Long-Term Productivity Growfhl Suppose that two nations start
out in 201 3 with identical levels of output per work hour-say,
$100 per hour. ln the first nation, labor productivity grows by
1 percent per year. ln the second, it grows by 2 percent per
year. Use a calculator or a spreadsheet to determine how much
output per hour each nation will be producing 20 years later, as-
suming that labor productivity growth rates do not change. Then,
determine how much eacll will be producing per hour 100 years
later. What.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
More Related Content
Similar to M K Javed & H M S Raza [Autosaved].pptx
Concept of national income and comparison with pakistanAgamya Dixit
It discusses the various concepts of national income like GDP, GNP, circular flow of income , etc .. It also brings to light the data related to national income for past few years and the trends. It also presents a comparison with the national income trends of Pakistan.
DEADLINE in 8 hoursThere are only two countries in the world Ri.docxedwardmarivel
DEADLINE in 8 hours
There are only two countries in the world: Richland and Poorland. The labor demand curve in Richland is given by:
W = K – 4L
Where W is the wage rate, K is a variable determined by accumulated capital stock in the country, and L is the labor force in the country. K = 500 is initially supplied by the capitalists in Richland. There is no depreciation.
Next to Richland, is Poorland. Poorland is poor and has an Arthur Lewis-type Dual Economy. A large number of workers in the agricultural sector there are not productive - they are disguised unemployed with a marginal product labor equal to zero. They are looking for jobs in Richland. Wage in Poorland is institutionally fixed at W = 10.
Nationalists in Richland argue that more open immigration policy will reduce wages in Richland.
But the globalists argue that will be good for global welfare.
Due to a loophole in the immigration system, however, 10 workers were able to migrate to Richland.
As a result of this, Richland labor force increases to 110 (L = 110 now). All workers work no matter what the wage is.
Nationalists are furious: they want the 10 immigrant workers to be deported. Globalists are, of course, happy. The Chief Economist of Richland offers a compromise solution. The economist notes that the capitalists and the immigrants benefit form immigration. So, both the capitalists and the immigrants in Richland should pay a tax on the
additional
income that received as a result of migration. The tax revenue collected would be given away to the original Richland workers who suffered the loss of wage due to immigration.
Please show your calculations and answer the following questions. There is no need to draw any graph (you can draw the graph on your scratch paper, but do not upload.)
Due to the immigration of 10 workers from Poorland to Richland:
(a) How much does the Richland wage change?
(b) How much does the World Welfare change?
(c) How much do the capitalists’ incomes change in Richland?
(d) How much do the total wages of the immigrants’ change (compared to their wages in Poorland)?
(e) If we follow the suggestion of the Richland economist, what would be the flat marginal tax rate (tax imposed on extra income that accrue to the capitalists and the immigrants due to migration) that will exactly compensate the Richland workers for their loss of wages? Find out the percentage of tax that will do the job.
.
J)o aUtuxoa- q,rr{fAsl4 #S-CHAPTER 12 Spending by lndivi.docxpriestmanmable
'J)o aUtuxoa-/ q,rr"*{fAsl4 #S-
CHAPTER 12 Spending by lndividuals, Firms, and Governments on Real Goods and Services 359 f-,LI
Given the following variables in the open econ-
omy aggregate expenditure model, autonomous
consumption (Co) * 2A0, autonomous invest-
ment (16) = 200, government spending (Gd = 100,
export spending (Xo) = 100, autonomous import
spending (Mil = 100, taxes (Tp) = 0, marginal pro.
penstty to consume (cJ = 0.8, marginal propen-
sity to invest (iJ = 0"1, and marginal propensity
to import @nt) = 0-15,
a Calculate the equilibrium level of income for the
open economy aggregate expenditure model.
b. If there is an increase in autonomous import
expenditure from 100 to 200 resulting from arr
increase in the currency exchange rate, calcu-
late the new equilibrium level of income and
the value of the multiplier.
c. Compared with the original equilibrium in part
a, if the goyernrnent decides to impose taxes
{Tp) of 100, ca}culate the new equilibrium level
of income.
ffi
Application Questions
1. [Jse the aggregate expenditure model developed in
this chapter to explain the following statements:
a Coming amid continued turmoil in the finan-
cial and credit markets, the report sent stocks
lower, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average
fatling 146.70 points F?idayto close at 11,899.69.
b. Administration offlcials said they were confi-
dent conditions would improve as tax rebates
that are part of the recent $152 billion economic-
stimulus package begin to reach consumers.
c. The Fed is expected to cut interest rates again
to prop up the economy.
2. Redraw Figures l2.11aand 12.11b to illustrate the
effects on the resulting equilitrrium level of income
trom ea,ch of the following changes:
a A greater sensitivity of interest-related con-
sumption and investment expenditure to
changes in the interest rate.
b. A larger multiplier in the aggregate expenditure
model.
Hint: Remember that consumption has an auton-
omous component and is a firnction of dispos-
able income, Iz4, where Ya= Y - Tp.
the consumption ion is given by C = 800 + 0.8
{Y - T1), that nt (1) equals 200,
and that government (G) and taxes (7p)
or
export spending.
a. Calculate the equilibrium lncome.
b. If government purchases crease by 100
(all else held constant), the new equi-
librium level of ue of the
multiplier.
c. Compared with
government nditure (G) and Qp)
so that the government budget
remalns anced, does the equilibrium level
remain unchanged? Explain your
"r'';+
3. Go to the Web site of the Conference Board
(www.conference-board.org) and find the latest
release of the Consumer Confidence Index. I{ow
has the index changed since its last release?
What is the expected impact of this change on
the economy?
4. A number of articles in the Watl Street Jou,mraL
reported that the strong dollar, combined with
the recession of 2001, fbrced many U.S. manu-
facturers to develop better methods to produce
and sell their products. Usc the discussion of the
nlacr ...
Compute the inflation rate for each year 1993-201 2 and determ.docxmaxinesmith73660
Compute the inflation rate for each year 1993-201 2 and determine
which were years of inflation. ln which years did deflation occuP ln
which years did disinflation occur? Was tirere hyperinflation in any yeaf
* (Sources of tnflation)Usingthe concepts of aggregate supply and ag-
gregate demand, explain why inflation usually increases during wartime.
s. (nftatiln and lnterest Rates) Using a demand-supply diagram
for loanable funds (like the exhibit below), show what happens
to the nominal interest rate and the equilibrium quantity of loans
when both bonowers and lenders increase their estimates of the
expected inflation rate from 5 percent to 1 0 percent.
The Market for Loanable Funds
Loanable funds per period
7-4 Explain how unanticipated inflation harms
some individuals and harms the economy
as a whole
10, (AnticipatedVersus Unanticipated lnflation) lf actual inflation ex-
ceeds anticipated inflation, who will lose purchasing power and who
will gain? How does unanticipated inflation harm the economy?
GHAPTER 8
8-1 Describe how we measure labor
productivity, and explain why is it
important for a nation's standard of living
(Measuring Labor Productivily) How do we measure labor productivitf
How do changes in labor productivity affect the U.S. standard of living?
(Growth and the PPF) Use the production possibilities frontier (PPD
to demonstrate economic growth.
a. With consumption goods on one axis and capital goods on the
other, show how the combination of goods selected this period
affects the PPF in the next period.
b. Extend this comparison by choosing a different point on this
period's PPF and determining whether that combination leads to
more or less growth over the next period.
(Shifts in the PPflferrorist attacks foster instability and may affect
productivity over the short and long term. Do you think the
September 1 l, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center
and the Pentagon affected short- and/or longterm productivity in
the United States? Explain your response and show any move-
ments in the PPF.
o
o
o
o
o
.Ei
o
c
c
oz
33O PROBLEMS APPENDIX
8-2 Summarize the history of U.S.labor
productivity changes since World War II
and explain why these changes matter
(Labor Productivity) ldentify at least four definable periods of labor
productivity growth beginning right after World War ll. During which
periods was productivity growth lowest and why? (Refer to Exhibit 6
inthe chapter.)
(Long-Term Productivity Growfhl Suppose that two nations start
out in 201 3 with identical levels of output per work hour-say,
$100 per hour. ln the first nation, labor productivity grows by
1 percent per year. ln the second, it grows by 2 percent per
year. Use a calculator or a spreadsheet to determine how much
output per hour each nation will be producing 20 years later, as-
suming that labor productivity growth rates do not change. Then,
determine how much eacll will be producing per hour 100 years
later. What.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
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NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
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@Pi_vendor_247
2. FLOW OF LABOUR AND
CAPITAL ACROSS THE
COUNTRIES (MIGRATION)
PRESENTATION
Presented by:
Students of MPhil
Economics
Presented to:
DR. AYZA SHOUKAT
Ph. D. Economics
University of the Punjab
Lahore, Pakistan
MUHAMMAD KASHIF JAVED
HAFIZ MUHAMMAD
SULTAN RAZA
3. INTRODUCTION
From May to September 1980,
boatloads of refugees from Cuba
arrived in Miami.
This would lead you to believe that
these less-skilled workers would
drive down wages.
However, this immigration does not
appear to have pulled down the wages
of other less-skilled workers in Miami.
Movement of Labor
4. INTRODUCTION
A similar situation occurred with the
1989 emigration of Russian Jews to
Israel.
The immigrants were more
highly skilled than the existing
Israeli population.
However, the relative wages of
high-skilled workers in Israel
actually rose during the 1990s.
In other large scale immigrations,
the wages of domestic workers did
fall.
5. INTRODUCTION
Movement of capital
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a
company from one country owns a company in
another country.
The foreign investors have a relatively short-
term interest in the ownership of these passive
investments such as bonds and stocks. The
purpose of the investment is financial gain.
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
Portfolio investment
6. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
Migration is the flow of labor from the Foreign
country to the Home country.
The wages paid to labor and the rentals paid to
capital and land are determined by the prices of
goods purchased.
If prices of goods are fixed, how do the Home
wage and rentals paid change as labor moves
between countries?
7. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
Effects of immigration in the Short Run Specific-Factors Model:
In the short run, only labor is mobile
across industries
Remember the resource equation:
L = LM + LA
Workers will migrate from Foreign to Home.
9. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
Effects of Immigration in the Short Run Specific-Factors Model:
We add the ΔL to figure 1.2,
The PAMPLA shifts right by ΔL.
The origin for manufacturing has not
changed so PMMPLM does not change.
Determining the Wage:
The new equilibrium Home wage is at B, at a lower wage.
The extra workers are shared between both industries since both
industries have more workers, but fixed amounts of capital and land.
The wage declines due to the diminishing marginal
product of labor.
11. Do you Know This ?
A new EU-wide “green card” would allow skilled workers already
in the 25-nation bloc to change countries without extra paperwork.
Europe's work force is expected to shrink by 20 million between
now and 2040.
Businesses complain regularly about a shortage of highly
skilled personnel.
Today there are about 190 million people in the world who live in a
country other than the one in which they were born—nearly 60
percent of them are in rich countries (about 36 million in Europe
and 38 million in the United States.
12. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
Other Effects of Immigration in the Short Run
Rentals on Capital and Land
U.S. and Europe have both welcomed foreign workers in
specific industries agriculture and high-tech.
Why do they do so if those foreign workers compete with
domestic workers in those industries.
Answer: Immigration increases rental rates on capital and
land.
Given this, it should not be surprising that owners of capital
and land often support more open borders.
14. Gains from Immigration
Gains to
Foreign
Gains to
Home
0 0’
Wage, W
L L*
World amount of labor
A
A*
W
W*
L
B
W’ C
L’
Home
Wage
Foreign
Wage
Workers move from Foreign to
Home until equilibrium is
reached at C, full migration,
with wages equalized at W’
World Labor Market
15. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
Effect of Immigration on Industry Output
We showed before that immigration led to an increased
labor force in each industry.
With more workers and the same amount of capital and
land, output rises in both industries.
Immigration leads to an outward shift in the PPF.
This result depends on the short-run nature of the specific
factors model
If land and capital are not fixed, as in the long run, one
industry's output will rise while the other will fall.
17. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
In the long run, all factors are free to move between industries.
We now use the Heckscher-Ohlin model from before, except that labor can
move between countries.
Total capital: K = KA + KM earning rental R.
Total labor: L = LA + LM earning wage W.
Computers are capital intensive and shoes are labor intensive.
As before: LS/KS > LC/KC and KC/LC > KS/LS
Effects of Immigration in the Long Run
18.
19. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
Box Diagram
Length is total amount of labor at Home, L.
The vertical axes measure the total amount of capital, K, at home, in each industry.
OSA shows the amount of labor and capital used in shoes and OCA in computers.
The capital-labor ratio in each industry is the slope of the respective industry line.
OSA is flatter, so capital-labor ratio in shoes is less than in computers.
20. L
K K
L
LS
LC
KC
0S
0C
Labor allocated to computers
Capital
allocated to
shoes
Capital
allocated to
computers
Labor allocated to shoes
Total
Amount of
Capital in
the
Economy
Total Amount of Labor in the Economy
A
Figure 5.7
21. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
Remember: W = P*MPL and R=MPK
If there is a higher capital-labor ratio, then MPL is higher and MPK is lower.
Because each line in the box diagram is a particular ratio, it is also a
particular wage and rental rate.
Determination of the Real Wage and Real Rental
Increase in the Amount of capital-labor Home Labor
Immigration leads to increase in the amount of Home labor to L′ = L + ΔL.
Instead of allocating the extra labor to both industries, we allocate it all to
shoes the labor intensive industry.
22. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
Increase in the Amount of Home Labor
Because both labor and capital increase in shoes, the capital-labor ratio is
unchanged. Notice the slopes of the lines have not changed.
When capital can move freely between industries, immigration in the long
run has no impact on the wage and rental rates.
23. A
L
L L’
L’
B
K’
K
K’
K
0S
0’S
0C
L
ΔL
1. Increase in
Home labor due to
immigration:
additional labor
(ΔL) allocated to
shoes
2. Decrease
in Capital in
the Computer
industry
3. Increase in
Capital in the
Shoe industry
4. Decrease in Labor in the Computer industry
5. Additional
increase in
Labor in the
Shoe industry
Increase in Home Labor
Figure 5.8
24. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
Effect of Immigration on Industry Outputs
1. Since the factors of production both increase or decrease, it makes sense that output
will follow the same trend. Since labor and capital moved to shoes, shoe output
expands and capital production contracts.
On our PPF, due to the increase in labor, the PPF shifts out more in the direction of shoes.
Since prices are unchanged, the economy moves to equilibrium at point B in Figure 5.9.
More shoe production and less computer production
This only holds in the long run.
25. Flow of Labor and Capital across the
countries (Migration)
We can now look at how capital flow from one country to another through foreign direct
investment (FDI).
When a firm from one country owns a company in another country.
U.S. Department of commerce uses a 10% rule to determine FDI.
If a foreign country acquires 10% or more of a U.S. firm, that is FDI inflow to the U.S.
If a U.S. company acquires 10% or more of a foreign firm then that is FDI outflow
from the U.S.