Slides dalle lezioni del corso di "Interazione uomo macchina" per il corso di laurea in Informatica - Università di Milano Bicocca - Prof.R.Polillo
Lezione del 10 aprile 2013
Vedi anche www.rpolillo.it
This document discusses the wave-particle duality of light and how light can behave as a fluid under certain conditions. It describes experiments observing superfluid behavior in coherent light fields in semiconductor microcavities, analogous to superfluidity in Bose-Einstein condensates. The experiments show evidence of superfluid flow for flow speeds below a critical speed, and scattering and Cerenkov wakes occurring above the critical speed, providing evidence that light can take on hydrodynamic properties when interacting coherently as a Bose gas of photons.
Slides dalle lezioni del corso di "Interazione uomo macchina" per il corso di laurea in Informatica - Università di Milano Bicocca - Prof.R.Polillo
Lezione del 10 aprile 2013
Vedi anche www.rpolillo.it
This document discusses the wave-particle duality of light and how light can behave as a fluid under certain conditions. It describes experiments observing superfluid behavior in coherent light fields in semiconductor microcavities, analogous to superfluidity in Bose-Einstein condensates. The experiments show evidence of superfluid flow for flow speeds below a critical speed, and scattering and Cerenkov wakes occurring above the critical speed, providing evidence that light can take on hydrodynamic properties when interacting coherently as a Bose gas of photons.
The document summarizes research on using proximity-induced superconducting correlations in mesoscopic conductors to implement quantum detectors. It describes how superconductivity can modify the density of states in normal metals through the proximity effect. It then introduces the Superconducting QUantum Interference Proximity Transistor (SQUIPT), a novel quantum interferometer that uses this effect for high-sensitivity magnetic flux detection, and presents theoretical predictions and experimental results demonstrating its behavior and advantages over DC SQUIDs.
The document summarizes research on using proximity-induced superconducting correlations in mesoscopic conductors to implement quantum detectors. It describes how superconducting correlations can modify the density of states in normal metals, and how this effect can be probed. It then introduces the Superconducting QUantum Interference Proximity Transistor (SQUIPT), a novel quantum interferometer that uses phase-controlled proximity effect to achieve high sensitivity flux detection with ultralow dissipation. Experimental results on SQUIPTs are presented and show good agreement with theoretical predictions. SQUIPTs could enable new cryogenic applications due to their simple operation, design flexibility, and extremely low power consumption.
Spettroscopia di neutroni e dinamica proteicanipslab
This document discusses using neutron scattering to study the relationship between molecular dynamics and biological function in proteins, membranes, and cells. It provides several examples of how neutron scattering has been used to determine mean square displacements and effective force constants in proteins and how these parameters relate to flexibility and resilience. The document also discusses how dynamics can depend on environmental factors like hydration, temperature, and salt concentration and how dynamics relate to biological function and activity.
E' possibile controllare la corrente di calore?nipslab
The document discusses thermoelectric phenomena and efforts to improve thermoelectric materials and devices. It describes how thermoelectric generators could be used to convert waste heat from automobiles into electricity to improve fuel efficiency. It also discusses challenges in developing materials with a high figure of merit ZT above 3 to make solid-state refrigerators competitive with traditional compressor-based refrigerators.
- The document discusses cosmological horizons in physics and cosmology.
- It describes the particle horizon, which separates what we can observe from what came before the light had time to reach us.
- It also describes the physical horizon, which is closer due to details of light propagation in an expanding universe. This physical horizon corresponds to the surface of last scattering from 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
- Observing the cosmic microwave background radiation provides evidence of homogeneity across regions larger than the particle horizon, suggesting they were in causal contact earlier when the expansion rate was higher.
The document discusses the physics of molecular motors and fluctuations in small engines. It covers topics like noise rectification mechanisms that allow directed motion from thermal fluctuations in biological motors like myosin and kinesin. Brownian motion results in efficient but random transport, while molecular motors achieve very efficient directed transport through mechanisms like thermal ratchets that can rectify thermal fluctuations through asymmetric potentials or periodic driving. The document also discusses applications to areas like biology-inspired nano-devices and single molecule experiments.
The document discusses cosmological horizons in physics. It explains that there exists a physical horizon beyond which the early universe was opaque due to electron scattering, known as the surface of last scattering. This horizon represents the farthest point in the universe we can observe by detecting cosmic microwave background radiation. The document also notes that the near-perfect isotropy of the CMB is surprising given that different regions of the early universe beyond the particle horizon would not have been in causal contact. This suggests the universe achieved thermal equilibrium prior to the surface of last scattering.
This document discusses cosmological horizons in physics. It begins by explaining the particle horizon, which separates us from what we cannot observe because the light from beyond has not reached us yet. It then discusses other physical horizons that are closer than the particle horizon and depend on light propagation details in the universe. The document goes on to explain how observing further allows seeing back to when the universe was ionized, with the physical horizon being the surface of last scattering beyond which the universe was opaque due to scattering of photons by free electrons. It describes how detecting cosmic microwave background radiation photons provides strong evidence about the early hot phase of the universe.
Econofisica: alcuni tratti di una scienza ibridanipslab
The document discusses the modeling of economic complex systems using concepts and methods from physics. It provides three examples: 1) Filtering information from stock portfolio returns; 2) Analyzing high frequency strategic actions of economic actors in financial markets; 3) Empirical evidence of specialization among market members in financial markets. It also discusses hierarchical clustering analysis of correlation matrices to analyze complexity in financial markets.
COHERENCE, SELF-SIMILARITY AND BRAIN ACTIVITYnipslab
1) The document discusses coherence and self-similarity in brain activity, proposing that spatially extended domains of synchronized neural oscillations form rapidly in the brain and re-synchronize in frames at rates in the theta-alpha range.
2) These synchronized oscillation patterns cover large areas of the brain and are present during both resting and cognitive task periods, suggesting they represent background brain activity modulated by environmental engagement.
3) A dissipative quantum field theory model is able to account for the dynamical formation of these synchronized oscillations through spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanisms generating long-range correlations mediated by massless quanta.
La Previsione del tempo atmosferico dal paradigma deterministico a quello pro...nipslab
La Previsione del tempo atmosferico dal paradigma deterministico a quello probabilistico
Ten.Marcucci Francesca
Centro Nazionale Meteorologia e Climatologia Aeronautica
The document summarizes research on using proximity-induced superconducting correlations in mesoscopic conductors to implement quantum detectors. It describes how superconductivity can modify the density of states in normal metals through the proximity effect. It then introduces the Superconducting QUantum Interference Proximity Transistor (SQUIPT), a novel quantum interferometer that uses this effect for high-sensitivity magnetic flux detection, and presents theoretical predictions and experimental results demonstrating its behavior and advantages over DC SQUIDs.
The document summarizes research on using proximity-induced superconducting correlations in mesoscopic conductors to implement quantum detectors. It describes how superconducting correlations can modify the density of states in normal metals, and how this effect can be probed. It then introduces the Superconducting QUantum Interference Proximity Transistor (SQUIPT), a novel quantum interferometer that uses phase-controlled proximity effect to achieve high sensitivity flux detection with ultralow dissipation. Experimental results on SQUIPTs are presented and show good agreement with theoretical predictions. SQUIPTs could enable new cryogenic applications due to their simple operation, design flexibility, and extremely low power consumption.
Spettroscopia di neutroni e dinamica proteicanipslab
This document discusses using neutron scattering to study the relationship between molecular dynamics and biological function in proteins, membranes, and cells. It provides several examples of how neutron scattering has been used to determine mean square displacements and effective force constants in proteins and how these parameters relate to flexibility and resilience. The document also discusses how dynamics can depend on environmental factors like hydration, temperature, and salt concentration and how dynamics relate to biological function and activity.
E' possibile controllare la corrente di calore?nipslab
The document discusses thermoelectric phenomena and efforts to improve thermoelectric materials and devices. It describes how thermoelectric generators could be used to convert waste heat from automobiles into electricity to improve fuel efficiency. It also discusses challenges in developing materials with a high figure of merit ZT above 3 to make solid-state refrigerators competitive with traditional compressor-based refrigerators.
- The document discusses cosmological horizons in physics and cosmology.
- It describes the particle horizon, which separates what we can observe from what came before the light had time to reach us.
- It also describes the physical horizon, which is closer due to details of light propagation in an expanding universe. This physical horizon corresponds to the surface of last scattering from 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
- Observing the cosmic microwave background radiation provides evidence of homogeneity across regions larger than the particle horizon, suggesting they were in causal contact earlier when the expansion rate was higher.
The document discusses the physics of molecular motors and fluctuations in small engines. It covers topics like noise rectification mechanisms that allow directed motion from thermal fluctuations in biological motors like myosin and kinesin. Brownian motion results in efficient but random transport, while molecular motors achieve very efficient directed transport through mechanisms like thermal ratchets that can rectify thermal fluctuations through asymmetric potentials or periodic driving. The document also discusses applications to areas like biology-inspired nano-devices and single molecule experiments.
The document discusses cosmological horizons in physics. It explains that there exists a physical horizon beyond which the early universe was opaque due to electron scattering, known as the surface of last scattering. This horizon represents the farthest point in the universe we can observe by detecting cosmic microwave background radiation. The document also notes that the near-perfect isotropy of the CMB is surprising given that different regions of the early universe beyond the particle horizon would not have been in causal contact. This suggests the universe achieved thermal equilibrium prior to the surface of last scattering.
This document discusses cosmological horizons in physics. It begins by explaining the particle horizon, which separates us from what we cannot observe because the light from beyond has not reached us yet. It then discusses other physical horizons that are closer than the particle horizon and depend on light propagation details in the universe. The document goes on to explain how observing further allows seeing back to when the universe was ionized, with the physical horizon being the surface of last scattering beyond which the universe was opaque due to scattering of photons by free electrons. It describes how detecting cosmic microwave background radiation photons provides strong evidence about the early hot phase of the universe.
Econofisica: alcuni tratti di una scienza ibridanipslab
The document discusses the modeling of economic complex systems using concepts and methods from physics. It provides three examples: 1) Filtering information from stock portfolio returns; 2) Analyzing high frequency strategic actions of economic actors in financial markets; 3) Empirical evidence of specialization among market members in financial markets. It also discusses hierarchical clustering analysis of correlation matrices to analyze complexity in financial markets.
COHERENCE, SELF-SIMILARITY AND BRAIN ACTIVITYnipslab
1) The document discusses coherence and self-similarity in brain activity, proposing that spatially extended domains of synchronized neural oscillations form rapidly in the brain and re-synchronize in frames at rates in the theta-alpha range.
2) These synchronized oscillation patterns cover large areas of the brain and are present during both resting and cognitive task periods, suggesting they represent background brain activity modulated by environmental engagement.
3) A dissipative quantum field theory model is able to account for the dynamical formation of these synchronized oscillations through spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanisms generating long-range correlations mediated by massless quanta.
La Previsione del tempo atmosferico dal paradigma deterministico a quello pro...nipslab
La Previsione del tempo atmosferico dal paradigma deterministico a quello probabilistico
Ten.Marcucci Francesca
Centro Nazionale Meteorologia e Climatologia Aeronautica
3. La scienza oggi….
• E’ una dei campi del sapere che hanno maggiore
credito
CNR-INOA
4. La riflessione
E sì come secondo raggio suole
uscir del primo e risalire in suso,
pur come pelegrin che tornar vuole,
così de l'atto suo, per li occhi infuso
ne l'imagine mia, il mio si fece,
e fissi li occhi al sole oltre nostr'uso.(Par.I 49-54)
Qui dàe uno esemplo a descrivere sua fortezza acquistata solo per la visione
di Beatrice, e dice siccome lo raggio, poniamo del sole, descende sovra uno
specchio, poi si risalisce in ver lo corpo del sole sì come raggio peregrino,
così li raggi ch'usciano delli occhi di Beatrice, e rifrangeansi nelli occhi di
Dante, lo disponeano a tanta fortezza ch'esso Dante guardava nel sole oltra
la nostra umana usanza. (Lana)
5. La legge della riflessione
Come quando da l'acqua o da lo specchio
salta lo raggio a l'opposita parte,
salendo su per lo modo parecchio
a quel che scende, e tanto si diparte
dal cader de la pietra in igual tratta,
sì come mostra esperienza e arte;
(Purg. XV 16-21)
6. L’occhio: qualcosa che stupisce
• To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable
contrivances for adjusting the focus to different
distances, for admitting different amounts of light,
and for the correction of spherical and chromatic
aberration, could have been formed by natural
selection, seems, I confess, absurd in the highest
degree.
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species, John Murray, London, 1859
CNR-INOA
7. I due (??)
elementi
essenziali
Non basta!!
CNR-INOA
8. I tre
elementi
essenziali
La conoscenza (visiva e
no) è sempre l’incontro tra
un soggetto e un oggetto:
ma non è un
soggettivismo (Nihil est in
intellectu quod non prius
fuerit in sensu)
CNR-INOA
33. Monet (1840-1926), la cataratta e la miopia
Questa opera
di Monet è
del 1899 e
rappresenta
il ponte sulle
ninfee
CNR-INOA
34. Incredibilmente anche questa opera
rappresenta il ponte sulle ninfee, ma è stata
dipinta nel 1922, quando Monet soffriva di
cataratta. I contorni e i colori sono modificati
CNR-INOA
35. Monet dopo l’operazione
Dopo l’operazione
Monet si rimise
all’opera,
riacquistando un certo
controllo dei colori e
dei contorni. Non
possiamo però
sapere quanto della
sua opera precedente
fosse dovuto allo
stato mentale in cui
versava
CNR-INOA
36. Renoir (1841-1919) e la
miopia
1915?
Con
l’avanzare
accertato
della miopia i
colori tendono
al rossiccio e i
contorni si
fanno meno
precisi
1875
CNR-INOA
37. El Greco (1541-1614) e
l’astigmatismo
Un allungamento delle figure è
innegabile, ma è probabilmente un
espediente stilistico
CNR-INOA
41. Breve come un battito di ciglia
• Ogni 4 secondi circa battiamo le ciglia. Il
movimento complessivo dura circa un
terzo di secondo. Per metà di questo
tempo la luce che arriva sulla retina si
riduce del 90%. Se la luce fosse spenta
per questo stesso tempo ce ne
accorgeremmo. Allora perché non ci
accorgiamo di battere le ciglia?
CNR-INOA
42. La bufferizzazione
• Durante l’ammiccamento la sensibilità
della retina è cinque volte più bassa:
l’occhio si “spegne”
• Ma la corteccia parietale posteriore
funziona: in pratica bufferizza
l’immagine e ce la ripresenta, così non
vediamo buio.
CNR-INOA
43. La sensibilità al contrasto
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
48. B
Risultati normali
lepri
45
40
35
B
30
25
20
0 5 10 15 20
A
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
49. S.L.
D.L.
Un caso strano
50
40
30
Sensibilità al contrasto
20
10
0
-10
0 5 10 15
Cicli per grado
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
50. S.L.
S.P.
D.L.
Effetto luccioli poli
Due casi strani
50
40
30
Sensibilità al contrasto
20
10
0
-10
-20
0 5 10 15
Cicli per grado
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
53. Test qualitativo e quantitativo
http://www.commontags.com/test/colordifference.htm
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
54. La luna splende grande nel cielo La luna splende grande nel cielo
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
55. Il bimbo corre felice nel prato Il bimbo corre felice nel prato
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
56. Il bimbo corre veloce nel prato Il bimbo corre veloce nel prato
∆E = 55.8205 ∆E = 27.2768
47.22 % di partite vinte 62.09 % di partite vinte
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
57. ∆E = 55.8 ∆E = 27.3
47.2 % partite vinte 62.1 % partite vinte
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
58. 1. ∆E vs partite vinte
77
44
183
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
68. • Non “la mia idea è”, ma “che
esperimento vuoi fare”. (D.Burr)
CNR-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica
Applicata
69. La scienza…...
Ho un amico artista, e non sempre sono d'accordo con le sue
opinioni. Magari prende in mano un fiore, e dice quot;Guarda
come è bello!quot;, e sono d'accordo. Poi aggiunge quot;io, in
quanto artista, riesco a vedere come è bello un fiore. Voialtri
scienziati lo fate a pezzi, e diventa noiosoquot;. E io penso che
sragioni.
Prima di tutto la bellezza che vede lui è a disposizione di tutti
gli altri -anche mia. Forse non avrò la sua estetica
raffinatezza, ma so apprezzare la bellezza di un fiore. per di
più vedo nel fiore qualcosa, anzi molto, che lui non riesce a
vedere: posso immaginare le cellule, anch'esse con una loro
bellezza. la bellezza non si ferma alla dimensione dei
centimetri, ma si trova anche su scale più piccole.
CNR-INOA
70. E il mistero
Pensate alle azioni complesse delle cellule, e ad
altri processi. Il fatto che i colori del fiore si siano
evoluti per richiamare gli insetti impollinatori, per
esempio, è interessante: significa che gli insetti
vedono i colori. E viene da chiedersi: possiamo
ritrovare il senso estetico dell'uomo anche in forme
inferiori di vita? Molte domande affascinanti
nascono dal sapere scientifico: questo può soltanto
accrescere il senso di meraviglia, di mistero, di
rispetto che si prova davanti a un fiore. Accrescere
soltanto. Non capisco come e che cosa potrebbe
diminuire (R.Feynman)
CNR-INOA
72. La verità (cosa avrebbe detto Voltaire?)
Tale statuetta non ha nulla a che vedere
con le decorazioni originali. Quando
negli anni Ottanta iniziò il restauro della
Puerta de Ramos, fu deciso di lasciare
impressi nella pietra anche alcuni
ricordi del nostro secolo. Così, dove le
ricche decorazioni del XVI secolo erano
andate perdute, i restauratori inserirono
altre figure significative, come la lince
iberica, a rischio di estinzione, la
cicogna, di cui si celebrava l'anno
internazionale, e un vero astronauta,
simbolo della moderna era spaziale del
nostro secolo.
CNR-INOA