History of urban planning

2.  Located in southeastern Europe, Greece is
defined by a series of mountains and
surrounded on all sides except the north by
water.
 The Mediterranean Sea moderates
Greece's climate, cooling the air in summer
and providing warmth in the winter months.

4.  About four-fifths (80%) of Greece is
mountainous, including most of the islands. The
capital city of Greece, Athens, is located along
the country's southern coast (seashore).
 Greece is the southernmost country in the
Balkan Peninsula, with a total area of 131,940
sq km (50,942 sq mi); about a fifth (20%) of the
area is composed of more than 1,400 islands in
the Ionian and Aegean seas.

6.  The architecture of Ancient Greece concerns the
buildings built on the Greek mainland (main part),
the Aegean Islands, and throughout the Greek
colonies in Turkey, Sicily and Italy, during the
approximate period 900-27 BCE (Before Common
Era). Possibly due to the greatest form of Greek art,
the stone temples, Greece is most famous. Greek
architecture is traditionally divided into three
periods: Archaic (650-480 BCE); Classical (480-323
BCE) and Hellenistic (323-27 BCE).

7.  Greek architecture is important for several reasons:
(1) Because of its logic and order:
Logic and order are at the heart of Greek
architecture. Egyptian pyramid architecture had
been an early attempt, but Greek building art
offered the first clear, strong expression of a rational
and national architectural creed (set of beliefs).
(2) Because of its invention of the classical “orders”;
namely, the Doric Order, the Ionic Order and the
Corinthian Order - according to the type of column,
capital and entablature used.

8.  (3) Because of its very beautiful architectural
sculpture. Architects commissioned (gave task to) sculptors to
carve friezes, statues and other architectural sculptures, whose
beauty has rarely, if ever, been equalled (matched) in
the history of art.
 (4) Because of its influence on other schools:
Although Greek architects rarely progressed further
than simple post-and-lintel building techniques, and failed to
match the engineering techniques (arch, vault) developed
in Roman architecture, they succeeded in creating the most
beautiful, tremendous structures of the Ancient World.
Sculpture: The art of making shapes by carving wood or
stone.

10.  Greek Temples were structures built to house
deity (god or goddess) statues within Greek
sanctuaries (safety or shelter) in ancient Greek
religion. The temple interiors did not serve as
meeting places, since the sacrifices and rituals
(religious actions) dedicated to the respective
deity took place outside them. Temples were
frequently used to store votive offerings. They
are the most important and most widespread
building type in Greek architecture.

13.  In ancient Greece, the central shopping area of a
city was called the Agora. The Agora was the center
of business and political life. A typical Greek city had
a large open area where local merchants could set
up displays and sell their products. In Athens, one
could find a large variety of items from around the
Mediterranean. There was linen from Egypt, ivory (a
creamy white substance) from North Africa, spices
from Syria, and dates from Phoenicia. Merchants of
similar goods had shops together in a specific area
in the agora.

14.  The market was often crowded and tended to be
noisy. Criers called out specials or announced
when fresh fish arrived from the boats. Prices
were rarely firm, so bargaining with the
merchants was a common practice. In Athens
women shopped with a male relative or slave.
Only very poor women would shop in the
markets alone.

16. RECREATION
 Greece is a country where the culture and
entertainment play a significant role in its
inhabitants' outlook on life. There is an abundance
of things to do in Greece. Going to a live music hall,
a concert, a restaurant or a theater in Athens are
some of the best ways to spend an evening during
your stay.
 Hunting: was enjoyed by aristocratic (noble or highly
ranked)
populace (slave bears, horses, dog.
Lion hunting; were the preview of
royalty; sport of nobility.

17.  Fishing: was seen as more of a job; Ancient sources
mention one fishmonger wining the Olympia
 Aquatic sports: such as swimming were only used as a
way of training for other sports (recreational, not
competitive)
 Acrobatics (gymnastic stunt master): popular; used as
children’s entertainment; NO evidence of competition
 Children has their own games/ amusements (I.e
juggling, teeter-totters, swings, (one particular game
was hoop; played in the streets, and was recommended
by doctors as healthy exercise that children could
perform by themselves.

18.  The Greeks were POLYTHEISTIC and did not all
worship the same gods.
 Some small villages worshiped the main gods and
their own village gods.
 There were hundreds of Greek gods (perhaps
around 1,000). Some of the most famous gods were
Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Poseidon, Aphrodite,
Athena, Demeter, Hermes, Ares, and Hades.
 ZEUS surpassed (exceeded or be better than) all
other gods in spirit, wisdom and justice and his wife
HERA was the queen of the gods.

19.  SACRIFICES to please the gods were a
major part of every Greek's religion.
Most gods preferred an animal
sacrifice -- generally a DOMESTICATED
ANIMAL like a chicken, goat or cow.

20.  In the ancient Greek world, religion was personal,
direct, and present in all areas of life. The government
does not keep statistics on membership in religious
groups; however, it is estimated that about 97% of the
population are nominally members of the Greek
Orthodox Church.
 A place of worship is a specially designed structure or
consecrated space where individuals or a group of
people such as a congregation come to perform acts of
devotion, veneration (honor), or religious study. A
building constructed or used for this purpose is
sometimes called a house of worship.

21.  Dating back to 1200 BC, the Oracle of Delphi was the
most important shrine in all Greece. Built around a
sacred spring, Delphi was considered to be the
omphalos - the center (literally navel) of the world.
People came from all over Greece and beyond to have
their questions about the future answered by the
Pythia, the priestess of Apollo.