This document provides an overview of Java's collections framework. It introduces common data structures like lists, sets, maps and their implementations including ArrayList, LinkedList, HashSet, TreeSet and HashMap. It explains how iterators work and how to traverse collections. The key interfaces like Collection, List, Set and Map are described along with their common methods. Examples of using different collections and their performance characteristics are also provided.

3.  Introduction
 Collections and iterators
 Linked list
 Array list
 Hash set
 Tree set
 Maps
 Collections framework

4.  Data structures can make a big difference in programming
⚫ Do you need to search quickly? Do you need to rapidly insert and remove element? ...
 The first version of Java was supplied with a very small set of classes
⚫ Vector, Stack, Hashtable, BitSet and Enumeration
⚫ Java needed a serious data structure library
 Without the complexity of C++ STL(Standard Template Library)
 With the benefit of «generic algorithms» of C++ STL
⚫ The collections framework satisfies those needs

5.  Java collection framework separates interfaces and implementations
⚫ It defines a set of interfaces that represents abstract data structures
⚫ Each interface is then implemented in different ways,
each with main focus on some aspects
 For example, fast insertion, fast search, fixed memory consumption, ...
⚫ Using interfaces, you can change the implementation
simply modifying a single statement
// ArrayList optimizes random access, LinkedList modification stmts
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
list = new LinkedList<>()

7.  The fundamental interface for collection is the
Collection interface
⚫ The add method adds an element ot the collection
 Returns true if the collection was changed by the addition
⚫ Iterators are used visit elements in the collection
 Implements the Iterator design pattern
public interface Collection<E> {
boolean add(E element);
Iterator<E> iterator();
// ...
}
public interface Iterator<E> {
E next();
boolean hasNext();
void remove();
}

8.  Using iterators we have decoupled a collection from the
traversing policies
⚫ The order in which elements are visited depends on the the collection
type
⚫ Using the next method the collection is visited one
element at time
 If the end of the collection is reached an
NoSuchElementException is thrown
⚫ Use the hasNext method to check if the collection
has more elements to visit
⚫ Think of Java iterators as being between elements
 The iterator jumps over the next element

9. Think of Java iterators as being
between elements
While moving, the iterator returns
the current element

10.  Using next and hasNext it is possibile to
traverse the collection
⚫ As of Java 5, there is an elegant shortcut to looping a
collection using iterators
⚫ To use the for each loop the data structure must
implement Iterable<E> interface
for (String element : c) {
// do something with element
}
Collection<String> c = /* ... */;
Iterator<String> iter = c.iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
String element = iter.next();
// do something with element
}

11.  Using an iterator it possibile to remove elements
from a collection
⚫ The remove method removes the element that was
returned by the last call to next
 There is a strong dependency between next and remove: it
is illegal to call remove if it wasn’t preceded by a call to next
⚫ This is the only way to safely modify a collection after
the creation of an iterator
for (Iterator<String> iterator = list.iterator();
iterator.hasNext();) {
// Point the iterator to the current element
String string = iterator.next();
iterator.remove();
}

12.  All concrete collections implement Collection
or Map interfaces
⚫ We will introduce only few of them
Collection type Description
ArrayList An indexed sequence that grows and
shrinks dynamically
LinkedList An ordered sequence that allows efficient
insertion and removal at any location
HashSet An unordered collection that rejects
duplicates
TreeSet A sorted set
HashMap A data structure that stores key/value
associations

13.  A LinkedList<E> is an ordered data structure
that stores each object in a link
⚫ Each link store a reference to the next link of the seq.
 In Java, a linked list is always doubly linked
Implements List<E>
interface

14.  Very efficient for remove and add operations
⚫ These ops are made through an Iterator
 Other elements in the list have not to be repositioned after
removal of an element

15.  Also di add operation is made efficiently
through an iterator of type ListIterator<E>
⚫ Use List.listIterator method to get one
⚫ New element is added before the current position of
the iterator
 Be carefull of concurrent modification using iterators
 Linked list are very inefficient in random access
interface ListIterator<E> extends Iterator<E> {
void add(E element);
E previous()
boolean hasPrevious()
}
for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++)
// do something with list.get(i);

16. Adding a new element
changes at most two
references

17.  An ArrayList<E> is an ordered data structure
that is very efficient in random access ops.
⚫ It encapsulate a dynamically reallocated array of
objects
⚫ Adding and removing operation
are not so efficient
 Reallocation of elements is needed
⚫ Use ArrayList instead of Vector
 More efficient due to its not
synchronized methods

19.  A Set<E> is a data structure that doesn’t care
about element’s ordering
⚫ A set contain the same element only once
⚫ Search operation performs very efficiently
⚫ A set is a Collection
 An HashSet<E> uses hash codes to distinguish
among elements
⚫ An hashCode is a number that can be derived from
object data
 You must provide an hash function to your classes
 The function must be compatible with the equals method

20. If the hash function produceds values
that are randomly distributed, collision
should be rare
buckets

21.  An HashSet is implemented using an hash table
⚫ The contains method is very efficient, because it has
to lookup the element only in one bucket
⚫ An iterator to hash set visit each bucket in turn
 Because of scattering, they are visited in a seemingly random
order
⚫ The add method adds an element if it is not already
present
 Don’t mutate an element in a set once inserted
⚫ If the hash code of an element were to change, the
element would no longer be in the correct position

22.  A TreeSet<E> is a sorted set
⚫ While iterating over the collection, the elements are
presented in sorted order
⚫ It uses a red-black tree to store data
 Insertion is slower than insertion in an hash table, but it is
still much faster than insertion in an array or linked list
 ...but a tree set automatically sorts the elements ;)
⚫ The type of the elements may implement
Comparable<T>
public interface Comparable<T> {
// It returns a value that is < 0, = 0 or > 0
int compareTo(T other);
}

23.  What if elements do not implement Comparable
or if you need more than on compation alg?
⚫ Provide a Comparator during set construction
 The compare method acts like the compareTo method
 Function object (lambda anyone?!)
 Using an HashSet or a TreeSet?
⚫ There must be a total ordering defined on elements
 You have to implement also the Comparator interface
⚫ Do you neeed elements to be sorted?
public interface Comparator<T> {
// Defines how two elements of type T have to be compared
int compare(T a, T b);
}

25.  A Map<K,V> is a data structure that allows you
to search an element using a key
⚫ A map stores key/value pairs
 Key must be unique: If you call the put method twice with
the same key, the second value replaces the first one.
 If no info is associated with a key, get returns null
 In sets to find an element you must have a copy of it
⚫ An HashMap hashes the keys
// HashMap implements Map
Map<String, Employee> staff = new HashMap<>();
Employee harry = new Employee("Harry Hacker");
staff.put("987-98-9996", harry);
String s = "987-98-9996";
e = staff.get(s); // gets harry

26.  The collection framework does not consider a
map itself as a Collection
⚫ It is possible to obtain views of the map
 If you are interested in all the values of a map, loop over the
enumeration of its entries
 Iterators on views cannot add elements to the map
 An UnsupportedOperationException is thrown
Set<K> keySet() // Set of keys
Collection<K> values() // Collection of values
Set<Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet() // Set of pairs (key,value)
for (Map.Entry<String, Employee> entry : staff.entrySet()) {
String key = entry.getKey();
Employee value = entry.getValue();
// do something with key, value
}

27.  A framework is a set of classes that form the
basis for building advanced functionality
⚫ The Collection framework defines classes to
implement collections
⚫ The main interfaces are Collection and Map
 Insertion interfaces are different between the two types
 To get the elements from a Collection, just iterate over it
 To get a value from a Map, use the get method
// To insert an element in a Collection
boolean add(E element)
// To store a key/value pair in a Map
V put(K key, V value)
V get(K key)

28.  A List is an ordered collection
⚫ There is the concept of position of an element
 A list provides random access methods
 Lists provides a specialized iterator, ListIterator
 A Set is a Collection with no duplicates
⚫ The add method can reject a value if already present
⚫ Methods equals and hashCode are used to maintain
elements inside the set
void add(int index, E element)
E get(int index)
void remove(int index)
void add(E element)

29.  The framework provides some wrappers

30.  The framework have some companion objects
⚫ The Arrays type allows to trasform arrays into List
 And so on...
static <T> List<T> asList(T... a)
 The list returned is a view on the array: it is not possible to
change the size of the list; elements are the same
⚫ The Collections type have a bunch of utilities
 The method nCopies builds an illusory immutable list
List<String> settings = Collections.nCopies(100, "DEFAULT");
 Object is stored only once
 Method singleton returns an illusory set with one element
Collections.singleton(anObject)

32. EXAMPLES
https://beginnersbook.com/java-collections-tutorials/