Linked Data, Rdf & Sparql

1. Linked Data, RDF & SPARQL Rob Styles Senior Technical Consultant http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/uk/

2. Tim Berners Lee on Linked Data at TED, By PhOtOnQuAnTiQuE, CC-BY-NC-SA on Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/photonquantique/3272712288/

4. Linked Data 1. Use URIs as names for things 2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names. 3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL) 4. Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things. Sir Tim Berners-Lee, http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData

5. What is Linked Data?

6. What is The Web of Documents?

7. The Web of Documents A global network of linked documents A place where anyone can say anything about anything A vast collection of human-readable knowledge (and opinion) Documents are linked, but links are not qualiﬁed

8. Linked Data 1. Use URIs as names for things 2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names. 3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL) 4. Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things. Sir Tim Berners-Lee, http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData

9. The Web of Documents A global network of linked documents A place where anyone can say anything about anything A vast collection of human-readable knowledge (and opinion) Documents are linked, but links are not qualiﬁed

10. The Web of Data A global network of linked statements A place where anyone can say anything about anything A vast collection of machine-readable knowledge (and opinion) Statements are linked, and links are qualiﬁed

17. What is RDF?

18. RDF is ... Resource Description Framework http://www.w3.org/RDF/ A simple, powerful, data model Used to deﬁne relationships between things Designed to work with the architecture of the web The data model for the Web of Data

19. Allow anyone to say anything about anything

21. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Apollo 11 Command and nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do? about Service Module id=1969-059A title NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details name Apollo 11 Command and Service Module published 23 November 2009 launched 16 July 1969 size 15702 mass 28801.0 a Web Page a Spacecraft

22. Apollo 11 Command and launchsite Cape Canaveral Service Module name Apollo 11 Command and Service Module name Cape Canaveral, United States launched 16 July 1969 mass 28801.0 a Spacecraft

23. Resources... Represent things on the web, like web pages Represent things not on the web, like people and places Can represent anything at all Named using URIs (usually)

24. Values... Values can be ‘literal’ values or other resources Literal values are to work with and show users Literal values can have speciﬁc types (numbers, dates) and language codes (en-gb, cy-gb) Other resources are URIs to follow and ﬁnd more data

25. Properties are... The relationship between Resources Named using URIs Described in Schema (or vocabularies, or ontologies)

26. Apollo 11 Command and Cape Canaveral, launchsite Cape Canaveral name Service Module United States

27. Apollo 11 Command and Cape Canaveral, launchsite Cape Canaveral name Service Module United States

28. Subject Property Value Apollo 11 Command and Cape Canaveral, launchsite Cape Canaveral name Service Module United States

29. Subject Property Value Apollo 11 Command and Cape Canaveral, launchsite Cape Canaveral name Service Module United States Subject Property Value

30. Statement or Triple Subject Property Value Apollo 11 Command and Cape Canaveral, launchsite Cape Canaveral name Service Module United States Subject Property Value

31. Statement or Triple Subject Property Value Apollo 11 Command and Cape Canaveral, launchsite Cape Canaveral name Service Module United States Subject Property Value Statement or Triple

32. Simple Rules for Merging URIs name the resources we are describing Two people using the same URI are describing the same thing The same URI in two datasets becomes one URI with all of the properties from both datasets RDF data can use URIs from many different websites

33. http://... Apollo 11 Command and launchsite http://... Cape Canaveral Service Module /1969-059A /cape+cana... name Apollo 11 Command and Service Module name Cape Canaveral, United States launched 16 July 1969 http://... /cape+cana... mass 28801.0 a http://... Spacecraft /Spacecraft latitude N 28° 27' 31'' longitude W 80° 31' 59''

34. http://... Apollo 11 Command and launchsite http://... Cape Canaveral Service Module /1969-059A /cape+cana... name Apollo 11 Command and Service Module name Cape Canaveral, United States launched 16 July 1969 latitude N 28° 27' 31'' mass 28801.0 longitude W 80° 31' 59'' a http://... Spacecraft /Spacecraft

35. Simple Rules for Merging Graphs from several different sources can be merged Resources with the same URI are considered identical No limitations on which graphs can be merged

36. Any RDF can be merged with any other RDF

37. RDF... is a Graph data model XML is a tree data model RDBMS is a table data model can be easily distributed can be easily merged allows anyone say anything about anything is not new the spec is from 1999 the idea stems back to the late 1960s

38. What does RDF look like?

39. Writing RDF Turtle What I’m about to show you N-Triples One statement per line, subset of Turtle, grep compatible RDF/JSON Useful for AJAX Applications and anything with else JSON support RDFa Writing RDF within HTML pages RDF/XML Machine to Machine Transfer De-facto Standard

40. Turtle (TTL) stands for Terse Triple Language

41. Turtle Terse Triple Language (TTL) http://www.w3.org/2007/02/turtle/primer/ A human-readable notation for RDF Provides useful syntax for quickly hand-writing RDF Forms the basis of patterns in SPARQL

42. http://... a http://... /1969-059A /Spacecraft <http://.../1969-059A> a <http://.../Spacecraft> .

43. http://... /1969-059A name Apollo 11 Command and Service Module @prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> . launched 16 July 1969 @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> . <http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> mass 28801.0 a space:Spacecraft ; space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ; space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ; space:mass 28801.0 . a http://... /Spacecraft

44. http://... launchsite http://... /1969-059A /cape+cana... name Apollo 11 Command and Service Module name Cape Canaveral, United States @prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> . launched 16 July 1969 @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> . <http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> mass 28801.0 a space:Spacecraft ; space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ; space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ; space:mass 28801.0 . a http://... /Spacecraft

45. http://... launchsite http://... /1969-059A /cape+cana... name Apollo 11 Command and Service Module name Cape Canaveral, United States @prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> . launched 16 July 1969 @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> . <http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> mass 28801.0 a space:Spacecraft ; space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ; space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ; space:mass 28801.0 . ; a http://... space:launchsite <http://.../cape+cana...> . /Spacecraft

46. http://... launchsite http://... /1969-059A /cape+cana... name Apollo 11 Command and Service Module name Cape Canaveral, United States @prefix space: <http://example.com/space-schema/> . launched 16 July 1969 @prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> . <http://example.com/spacecraft/1969-059A> mass 28801.0 a space:Spacecraft ; space:name "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module" ; space:launched "1969-07-16"^^xsd:date ; space:mass 28801.0 . ; a http://... space:launchsite <http://.../cape+cana...> . /Spacecraft <http://.../cape+cana...> space:name "Cape Canaveral, United States"@en-us .

47. How do I SPARQL?

48. SPARQL Query Language for RDF http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language Graph pattern based language written the same as Turtle Several queries — Ask; Select; Describe; Construct Read Only still vulnerable to injection, though not as bad as SQL

49. /discipline/ space:Discipline a rdfs:label Space Physics spacephysics foaf:name Sputnik 1 space:discipline dc:description The Sputnik 1 spacecraft was ... space:agency U.S.S.R /spacecraft/ space:Spacecraft a 1957-001B space:mass 86.3 foaf:depiction /images/sputnik.jpg space:spacecraft space:launched 1957-10-04 space:Launch a /launch/1957-001 space:launchvehicle Modiﬁed SS-6 (Sapwood) space:launchsite rdfs:label Tyuratam (Baikonur Cosmodrome) space:Launchsite a /launchsite/tyurata space:country U.S.S.R

50. Triple Patterns

51. Triple Patterns <http://example.com/spacecraft/1957-001B> foaf:name "Sputnik 1" .

52. Triple Patterns <http://example.com/spacecraft/1957-001B> foaf:name "Sputnik 1" . ?something foaf:name "Sputnik 1" .

53. Triple Patterns <http://example.com/spacecraft/1957-001B> foaf:name "Sputnik 1" . ?something foaf:name "Sputnik 1" . ?something foaf:name ?name .

54. Triple Patterns <http://example.com/spacecraft/1957-001B> foaf:name "Sputnik 1" . ?something foaf:name "Sputnik 1" . ?something foaf:name ?name . SELECT ?name WHERE { ?something foaf:name ?name . }

56. Triple Patterns PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> SELECT ?label WHERE { ?something rdfs:label ?label . }

59. Triple Patterns PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> SELECT ?label WHERE { ?something rdfs:label ?label ; rdf:type space:Discipline . }

62. Triple Patterns PREFIX space: <http://purl.org/net/schemas/space/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> SELECT ?launchdate WHERE { ?spacecraft foaf:name “Sputnik 1” . ?launch space:spacecraft ?spacecraft . ?launch space:launched ?launchdate . }

67. Example Select PREFIX space: <http://purl.org/net/schemas/space/> PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> SELECT ?subject ?label WHERE { ?subject rdfs:label ?label ; a space:Discipline . }

68. Example Select <sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#"> <head> <variable name="subject"/> <variable name="label"/> </head> <results> <result> <binding name="subject"> <uri>http://nasa.dataincubator.org/discipline/astronomy</uri> </binding> <binding name="label"> <literal>Astronomy</literal> </binding> </result> <result> <binding name="subject"> <uri>http://nasa.dataincubator.org/discipline/communications</ uri> </binding> <binding name="label"> <literal>Communications</literal>

69. Example Select PREFIX space: <http://purl.org/net/schemas/space/> PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> SELECT * WHERE { ?subject rdfs:label ?label ; a space:Discipline . }

71. Example Query PREFIX space: <http://purl.org/net/schemas/space/> PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> SELECT ?name ?mass WHERE { ?launch space:launched ?date ; space:spacecraft ?spacecraft . ?spacecraft foaf:name ?name ; space:mass ?mass . FILTER ( ?date >= "1965-01-01"^^xsd:date && ?date <= "1975-12-31"^^xsd:date ) } ORDER BY DESC(?mass) LIMIT 10 OFFSET 10

72. Tip 1: Find all the Properties SELECT DISTINCT ?p WHERE { ?s ?p ?o . }

75. Tip 2: Find all the Classes SELECT DISTINCT ?type WHERE { ?s a ?type . }

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Linked Data, Rdf & Sparql

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