This document summarizes a study on the response of maize phenophases (seedling, heading, maturity stages) to temperature changes in Northeast China over the past 20 years. The study found:
1) Temperatures in May and September increased significantly, extending the growing season.
2) Maize seedling stages advanced by 1-2 days, maturity stages were postponed by 1-4 days, extending the growing season by 2-6 days.
3) Maize seedling stages correlated negatively with May temperatures, advancing more in northern areas. Maturity stages correlated positively with September temperatures, postponing more in eastern Jilin. The growing season extended with longer temperature-allowing
Effect of climate change on maize production in Nigeria Premier Publishers
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- Maize area cultivated and productivity increased with rising temperature and rainfall over time. However, maize output and area cultivated decelerated later in the period, likely due to increasing temperature and rainfall. Productivity accelerated.
t-Emphasis on the impact of weather contribution to crop production in the developing world is of
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The document discusses how abundant natural gas production in the U.S. Northeast, particularly from the Marcellus and Utica shale plays, is expected to keep gas and natural gas liquid (NGL) prices low through 2017. Increased production is outpacing the expansion of pipeline infrastructure, leading to bottlenecks that are depressing regional prices. As more production flows to other markets, it will displace gas from other supply basins and put downward pressure on prices across the U.S. into 2017, even as capacity expands. Additional pipelines may help alleviate infrastructure constraints and differentials in the Northeast, but oversupply conditions are expected to persist nationally.
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Climate change is projected to shift the northern limits of cropping systems and increase crop yields in China. The analysis found the northern limits of two-cropping and three-cropping systems moved significantly northward between 1981-2007 compared to 1951-1980. This expansion increased spring maize and winter wheat yields by 54-106% and 27-58% respectively in several northern provinces. The limits of high-yield cropping areas also shifted north, increasing potential yields of winter wheat and the winter wheat-summer maize system by 1697-9002 kg/hm2 in Liaoning, Shanxi and Hebei.
Effect of climate change on maize production in Nigeria Premier Publishers
- The study examined the effect of climate change on maize production in Nigeria from 1980-2010.
- The results showed average annual rainfall and temperature were 1288.311mm and 31.7173°C respectively over this period. Average annual maize output was 4.84 metric tons.
- Maize area cultivated and productivity increased with rising temperature and rainfall over time. However, maize output and area cultivated decelerated later in the period, likely due to increasing temperature and rainfall. Productivity accelerated.
t-Emphasis on the impact of weather contribution to crop production in the developing world is of
crucial as far as the agricultural sector is concerned. Meanwhile,
Farmer's Agribusiness Training Course: Module 1 Lesson 3 Supplementary Readin...PiLNAfrica
The objectives of this paper are threefold: (1) to assess the direction and magnitude of changes in agricultural productivity in Kenya in the last 25 years for five of the most important agricultural provinces in Kenya, with particular focus on the period since the initiation of agricultural policy adjustment in the 1990s; (2) to identify the major factors affecting changes in crop productivity; and (3) to identify cost-effective strategies likely to promote future agricultural intensification and productivity growth in Kenya's crop sector in the post-reform period.
This document summarizes a presentation on the impacts of drought on grain production in China. It discusses how drought has frequently and severely affected around 25-30 million hectares of cropland in China each year. Using statistical data and modeling, it finds that between 1990-2005, drought reduced annual grain production by an average of 28 million tons and impacted overall food security by 6%. The years 1996-2000 experienced the most severe drought conditions according to this analysis.
The document discusses how abundant natural gas production in the U.S. Northeast, particularly from the Marcellus and Utica shale plays, is expected to keep gas and natural gas liquid (NGL) prices low through 2017. Increased production is outpacing the expansion of pipeline infrastructure, leading to bottlenecks that are depressing regional prices. As more production flows to other markets, it will displace gas from other supply basins and put downward pressure on prices across the U.S. into 2017, even as capacity expands. Additional pipelines may help alleviate infrastructure constraints and differentials in the Northeast, but oversupply conditions are expected to persist nationally.
This document discusses climate risk management in West Africa by communicating seasonal forecasts to farmers in Kaffrine, Senegal to improve their decision making. A team of stakeholders was built including government agencies, NGOs, farmers groups, and researchers. The team worked to build trust over the long term. Historical climate data was used to identify wet and dry years and introduce the concept of probabilities and risk. Farmers' local knowledge was respected. The resulting seasonal forecasts were communicated and evaluated, with most farmers finding them useful but some not using them or unaware. The project demonstrated the importance of partnership, a long term approach, and effective communication for climate services.
The document discusses the region of Northeast China (Dongbei), including the provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. It then focuses on the city of Shenyang in Liaoning province. Shenyang has a multicultural and multi-religious population that practices Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Taoism, and Catholicism. Various religious sites are mentioned, including churches, mosques, and temples built in different historical periods. The architectural styles reflect the religions' places of origin.
Climate change is projected to shift the northern limits of cropping systems and increase crop yields in China. The analysis found the northern limits of two-cropping and three-cropping systems moved significantly northward between 1981-2007 compared to 1951-1980. This expansion increased spring maize and winter wheat yields by 54-106% and 27-58% respectively in several northern provinces. The limits of high-yield cropping areas also shifted north, increasing potential yields of winter wheat and the winter wheat-summer maize system by 1697-9002 kg/hm2 in Liaoning, Shanxi and Hebei.
Climate change is a major threat to sustainable food security. Temperatures are rising, precipitation patterns are changing, and extreme weather events are occurring more frequently. As a result, producing enough to feed a growing population is becoming more challenging. Everyone in the agriculture sector must adapt—and quickly. Delays now will raise the costs in the future.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
This document discusses plant tolerance to climate change and abiotic stresses like drought and soil salinity. It notes that climate change caused by human activities is causing more extreme weather events like droughts that threaten global agriculture and food security. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms to cope with stresses, but their sedentary nature makes adaptation difficult. The document reviews research on stress response pathways and genes that confer tolerance to drought and salt when overexpressed. It argues that improving stress tolerance in crops through transgenic and molecular breeding approaches will be crucial to ensuring food security in a changing climate.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The document summarizes the Adapting to Climate Change in China (ACCC) project which aims to improve food security in China by linking climate adaptation and agriculture. The project uses an interdisciplinary approach across physical, biological and socioeconomic factors. It identifies vulnerabilities and risks of climate change to agriculture, water resources, and socioeconomics in three Chinese regions. Stakeholders then prioritize adaptation options. The results inform China's national and provincial climate adaptation strategies and policies.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change and extreme weather on grasslands and husbandry in China. It finds that temperatures have significantly increased in Inner Mongolia over the last 50 years. Future projections show temperatures continuing to rise. Climate change and extreme events like droughts and snowstorms negatively impact grass biomass and feed supply, degrading grassland ecosystems. Adaptation strategies discussed include ecological restoration projects, rotational grazing, forage production, and adjusting livestock breeds to increase resilience.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
This document summarizes a study on the simulated effects of climate change on food security in China by 2050. It describes China's current cropland and population situation and challenges to food security. It then outlines the research settings, including crop modeling, yield simulations, and cropping area analysis. The results suggest that climate change will decrease wheat and rice yield growth rates spatially and temporally. Food self-sufficiency projections under different climate scenarios indicate self-sufficiency may only increase as population decreases. The conclusions call for accounting of climate change's nonlinear effects and proper scale in decision-making.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on Indonesian agriculture and food security. It provides context on Indonesia's development and agriculture sector, then analyzes how climate change may negatively affect agricultural production and food availability based on climate modeling scenarios. The document outlines Indonesia's national policies around climate change mitigation and adaptation for the agriculture sector. These include mainstreaming climate change into development planning, establishing a climate change roadmap, and sectoral plans to reduce emissions and increase resilience of food production.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
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Climate change is a major threat to sustainable food security. Temperatures are rising, precipitation patterns are changing, and extreme weather events are occurring more frequently. As a result, producing enough to feed a growing population is becoming more challenging. Everyone in the agriculture sector must adapt—and quickly. Delays now will raise the costs in the future.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
This document discusses plant tolerance to climate change and abiotic stresses like drought and soil salinity. It notes that climate change caused by human activities is causing more extreme weather events like droughts that threaten global agriculture and food security. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms to cope with stresses, but their sedentary nature makes adaptation difficult. The document reviews research on stress response pathways and genes that confer tolerance to drought and salt when overexpressed. It argues that improving stress tolerance in crops through transgenic and molecular breeding approaches will be crucial to ensuring food security in a changing climate.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
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The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change and extreme weather on grasslands and husbandry in China. It finds that temperatures have significantly increased in Inner Mongolia over the last 50 years. Future projections show temperatures continuing to rise. Climate change and extreme events like droughts and snowstorms negatively impact grass biomass and feed supply, degrading grassland ecosystems. Adaptation strategies discussed include ecological restoration projects, rotational grazing, forage production, and adjusting livestock breeds to increase resilience.
The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
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The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
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The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
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The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.
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Li Zhengguo — Response of maize phenophases to temperature changes in northeast china during the past 20 years
1. International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security 2011
Response of maize phenophases to temperature
changes in Northeast China during the past 20 years
Li Zheng-guo
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning (IARRP)
Dr. Zhengguo Li Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
16 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian, Beijing, 100081, China
Email Zhenguoli@caas.net.cn
2. Part I
Background Data and methods Result Analysis Discussion and
Information Conclusion
3. I Research background
Crop phenophase is the one of key characteristics of
agricultural systems.
Crop phenophase refer to the timings of significant
morphological changes in crops, with seedling, heading and
maturity.
Understanding the dynamic mechanism of crop phenophase
can help formulate and improve policy-making in the face of
climate change.
4. II Study area
Northeast China plays a critical
role in the national food supply
and agricultural production.
Northeast China is one region
subjected to high temperature
increases .
5. III Shortcomings of current research
Current research on phenophases in Northeast China is
concerned with natural vegetation types, with little analysis of
crop phenophases.
Studies on regional crop phenophases thus far have been
mostly based on agroclimatic conditions, however, actual
agricultural production has been confounded by other
environmental factors.
Application of actual phenophase records in analyzing the
trend of maize phenophases is a good supplement to studies
based on meteorological data alone.
Such response mechanisms of regional maize phenophases to
agroclimatic condition changes have yet to be examined.
6. Part II
Background Data and methods Result Analysis Discussion and
information Conclusion
7. I Data source
The remote sensing data used
were the maximum value composites
of the SPOT/VGT NDVI data (VGT-
S10, 1998-2010, 1000 m).
The phenological observation data
used were from 79 agro-
meteorological stations in the
Northeast China .
Specifically, the data included the
number of days of the seedling stage,
heading/tasseling stage, maturity
stage and growth period.
Location of maize phenological stations
8. II Data pre-processing
Preparation of time-series
NDVI data
ƒ—••‹ ˆ
ƒ —…–‘
‹
Extraction of phenological
parameters based on
smoothing NDVI series
Timesat 3.0 for analyzing
time-series remote-sensing
data
10. IV Meanings of phenological parameters
Phenological Maize phenological Relevant agricultural
Definition
parameters characteristics thermal conditions
Date when the NDVI fitting
Onset-of-growth Average temperature in
curve grew to a certain level Seedling stage
date May
(20% of the overall increase)
Date when NDVI fitting curve
End-of-growth Average temperature in
was reduced to a certain level Maturity stage
date Sep.
(20% of the overall decrease)
Duration from the onset-of-
Length of Length of temperature-
growth date to the end-of- Length of growth period
growing season allowing growth period
growth date
11. Part III
Background Data and Methods Result Analysis Discussion and
Information Conclusion
12. I-1 Rising trend of temperature conditions
Average temperature in May (T5) Temperature-allowing growth period
Average temperature in September(T9)
• The tendency rate of T5 in Heilongjiang, Jilin and
Liaoning reached 0.072, 0.094 and 0.051°C·y–1.
• The tendency rate of T9 in Heilongjiang, Jilin and
Liaoning reached 0.052, 0.065 and 0.075°C·y–1 .
• The temperature-allowing period for Heilongjiang,
Jilin and Liaoning was extended with tendency rates
of about 0.29, 0.15 and 0.24 d·y–1, respectively.
13. I-2 Spatial pattern of temperature rise
Annual tendency rate of T5 Annual tendency rate of T9
Over the past 20 years, positive trends of average temperature in May and
September, as well as an extended temperature-allowing period, were found
in most areas of the three provinces.
14. II-1 Temporal trend of maize phenophases
Maize seedling stage Maize growing season
Maize maturity stage
• The maize seedling stage in 2000–2009 for
Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning, compared with that in
1990–1999, was advanced by approximately 2, 0.05
and 1 d .
• Compared with 1990–1999, the maize maturity stage
in 2000–2009 was postponed by 1, 2 and 4 d.
• The extension of maize growth season in Liaoning was
about 6 d, followed by that in Jilin and Heilongjiang,
both with 2 d.
15. II-2 Spatial variation of maize phenophases
Maize seedling stage Maize growing season
Maize maturity stage
• The ranges of maize seedling stage, maturity stage
and growing season during 1999–2010 were less than
10 d for most area. Only west part of Songnen Plain
and east part of Sanjiang Plain were more than 20 d.
16. III-1 Responses of maize seedling stage to T5
Correlation coefficients and significance levels between maize seedling stage and T5 (1990–2009)
The negative correlation coefficients in the north of Songnen Plain in Heilongjiang, the
middle and east of Jilin, and the middle of Liaoning were mostly < -0.60 . This indicated
an obvious advanced maize seedling stage in response to the rise of T5.
17. III-2 Responses of maize maturity stage to T9
Correlation coefficients and significance levels between maize maturity stage and T9 (1990–2009)
The correlation analysis showed the correlation coefficients in the middle and east of Jilin
were mostly > 0.60 . This suggested a significant postponement of maize maturity stage in
response to the rise of T9.
18. III-3 Responses of maize growth period
Correlation coefficients and significance levels between the temperature-allowing period and maize growth
period (1990–2009)
For the east and north of Sanjiang Plain in Heilongjiang, middle and east of Jilin, and some
areas of Songnen Plain, the correlation coefficients were mostly > 0.60, which indicated an
obviously advanced maize growth stage in response to the extension of the temperature-
allowing period.
19. Part IV
Background Data and methods Preliminary Discussion and
information Analysis Conclusion
20. I Conclusion
In the context of global climate change, phenophase change not
only represents the passive adaption of crops, but also reflects
active adaption by adjusting crop varieties in agricultural
production.
In response to the rising trend of T5, advancing of the maize
seedling stage occurred, which was most significant in the north
of Songnen Plain, the middle and the east of Jilin.
Corresponding to the rising trend of T9, the maize maturity
stage showed a postponement trend, which was more significant
in the middle and east of Jilin.
In response to the extending trend of the temperature-allowing
period, the maize growth period showed an overall significant
extending trend.
21. II Discussion
Climate warming had resulted in changing phenophases of
maize in Northeast China.
Further investigation
Fluctuation and uncertainty of regional climate change.
Different causes for the changes in maize phenophases.
Crop phenophase observation data does not fully reflect the regional
response of the crop growth to environmental conditions in a timely
manner.