Here are examples of statements demonstrating each type of bias: 1. Attribution effect: "He failed the exam so he must be lazy." 2. Confirmation bias: "I don't believe the studies showing vaccines are safe because I'm convinced they cause autism." 3. Framing: "The debate focuses on tax cuts and ignores spending cuts." 4. Hindsight: "In retrospect it was obvious they would get divorced." 5. Conflict of interest: "As an employee of the company, I think their practices are ethical." 6. Cultural bias: "Their parenting style is too permissive based on my cultural upbringing."

2. HOW DO WE
KNOW IF THEY
ARE TELLING
THE TRUTH?

3. PHILOSOPHY-
CONCERNED
WITH
DETERMINING
THE TRUTH.
•KNOWLEDGE
MUST BE
TRUTHFUL
INORDER TO
GAIN
VALIDITY
AND
ACCEPTANCE

4. Propositions are
statements about
the world or
reality which may
or may not carry
truth.
•Propositions
which are
observed to be
•real or truthful
are considered
FACTS.

5. There are statements, however,
that are not evidently or
immediately known to be true
and they are called CLAIMS.
They require further examination
to establish whether it is true or
false.

6. •UNLEARN SO THAT WE
MAY LEARN ANEW
HOW DO WE KNOW IF
SOMETHING IS TRUE?
•PHILOSOPHERS QUESTIONED WHAT THEY KNEW AND EVEN
ANALYZED THEIR METHODS OF KNOWING IN ORDER TO
UNDERSTAND.
•NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE AND HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE
KNOW

7. 1. A BELIEF IS TRUE IF IT CAN BE JUSTIFIED OR PROVEN
THROUGH THE USE OF ONE’S SENSES
•I AM ALIVE
•I HAVE A BODY
•I CAN BREATHE.
AM I ALIVE?
DO I HAVE A BODY?
CAN I BREATHE?
I AM ALIVE!
I HAVE A BODY!
I CAN BREATHE!

8. 2. A BELIEF OR STATEMENT IS TRUE IF IT IS
BASED ON FACTS.

9. •GETTING EVERYONE
AGREE
3. GETTING A CONSENSUS OR HAVING PEOPLE AGREE
ON A COMMON BELIEF

10. 4. REQUIRES A PERSON TO PROVE A STATEMENT
THROUGH AN ACTION AND SUBJECTED TO TEST
•I CAN PLAY BASKETBALL.
•I CAN FRY EGGS.
•I UNDERSTAND THE LESSON.

11. FACT
AND
OPINION

12. FACT
•A fact is a statement that can be proven
true.
•Statements that can be verified.
•They can be proven true or false.
•Signal words to convey facts: confirm,
discovered, according to, and
demonstrated

13. OPINION
•An opinion expresses someone’s belief,
feeling, view, idea, or judgement about
something.
•They are neither true or false.
•They are one person’s view about a topic
or issue

14. OPINION
•Signal words to convey opinion: claimed,
view, argues, and suspect
•Biased words: bad, good, better, best,
worst
•Qualifiers: all, always, never, seem,
possibly, probably

15. SEATWORK:
FACT OR OPINION
1. Tuguegarao reached 42.2 degrees Fahrenheit making it the
hottest city in the Philippines.
2. Dry cough may be one of the symptoms of COVID-19.
3. Manuel Noveno Mamba became the Governor of Cagayan.
4. Staying in extremely hot places can protect you from COVID.
5. Reading books of different disciplines can make you
successful.

16. 6. Batil patong, a kind of pancit delicacy is the most
delicious food in Cagayan.
7. Sweeping at night according to some Filipino beliefs
drives richest away.
8. Drinking liquor is prohibited to minors ages 17 below.
9. Buntun bridge is not only the most beautiful but the
longest bridge in the Philippines.
10. All students have the same IQ.

17. ANSWER KEY

18. 1.O
2. F
3. F
4.O
5. O
6. O
7.O
8. F
9. O
10. O

19. ACTIVITY
IDENTIFYING FACT
OR
OPINION?

20. METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHY

21. 1. LOGIC- is the art and
science of correct thinking.

22. • The foundation of a logical
argument is its proposition, or
statement.
The proposition is either accurate
or not accurate.

23. 2. EXISTENTIALISM- is a
philosophical view that assert
the individuality of a human
person.

24. 3. ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY-
assumption of truth only
becomes true after it shall
have gone through validation.

25. 4. PHENOMENOLOGY-
bring varied perception over
a thing to a common end.
*experiences w/out explanation

26. LOGIC allows you to think
accordingly about anything,
making your reasoning
correct and weighing what is
probable and what is true.

27. • Deductive reasoning
GENERAL TO SPECIFIC

28. • Deductive reasoning
Premises: All teachers are smart.
Some smart people are studious.
Conclusion: Some smart people
are teachers.

29. • Deductive reasoning
Premises: All students are kind.
Pedro is a student.
Conclusion:
Pedro is kind.

30. • Inductive reasoning
SPECIFIC TO GENERAL

31. • Inductive reasoning
Premises: Going to public places
increases the high possibility to
acquire Covid 19. Rose goes to the
market everyday.

32. Conclusion:Therefore, Rose is Covid
19 infected.

33. • Inductive reasoning
Premises: Jose is a drunkard. Jay
is one of the brothers of Jose.

34. Conclusion:
Jay and his other brothers are
also drunkard.

35. • DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE
1. All animals have four legs. All
creatures who have four legs are
fast in running. Therefore, all
animals are fast in running.
Deductive

36. • DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE
2. Mango is a tree. All trees are
color green. Therefore, Mango is
color green
Inductive

37. • DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE
3. Some animals are dangerous.
Pigs are animals. Therefore, all
animals are pig.
Inductive

38. • DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE
4. All students are doing their
homework. Maricel is doing her
homework. Therefore, Maricel is a
students. Deductive

39. • DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE
5. All things are created by God.
Trees are examples of things.
Therefore, Trees are created by
God
Deductive

40. TRUTH FROM
OPINIONS

41. CLASSIC JOKE
•Teacher: Juan, do you believe in God?
•Juan: Yes Sir.
•Teacher: Juan, have you seen God?
•Juan: Not yet Sir?
•Teacher: Juan, to see is to believe. If you
have not seen God, therefore, there is no
God.

42. •Juan: May I ask you sir?
•Teacher: Yes Juan.
•Juan: Have you seen your brain Sir?
•Teacher: NO?
•Juan: Classmates, lets go home, our
teacher do not have brain.

43. METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHIZONG
•Apply the Socratic method
•Evaluate fallacies in the arguments
•Determine biases
•Evaluate opinion

44. SOCRATIC METHOD
•Give an initial definition of a thing or
concept
•Look for characteristics not captured in
the initial definition(question)
•Give new definition by looking into its
essence or purpose

45. TYPE OF
FALLACIES
A number of arguments may be
based on faulty reasoning

46. 1. AD HOMINEM
•Attacking the person presenting the
argument instead of the argument itself.
Ex:
“These soldiers who fought in the war are
all bloodthirsty murderers!”

47. 2. APPEAL TO FORCE
•Using the threat of force or an undesirable
event to advance an argument
Ex:
“If the peace agreement will not be signed
by the government, then we will have no
recourse but go to war.

48. 3. APPEAL TO POPULAR
•The idea is presented as acceptable
because a lot of people accept it
Ex:
“Marriage should be between a man and a
woman. It should remain today and in the
future.”

49. 4. APPEAL TO EMOTION
•Using emotions such as pity or sympathy
Ex:
“All these charges are baseless; this is just
plain harassment- can’t you see how this
affecting my family.”

50. 5. FALLACY OF DIVISION
•Assuming that what is true for the whole is
true for its parts
Ex:
“You came from a family of doctors and
intellectuals! Surely you can do better in
this course.”

51. 6. BEGINNING THE
QUESTION
•Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is
true; also known as “circular argument”
Ex:
“I have a right to free speech; therefore,
you cannot stop me from talking.”

52. 7. CAUSE AND EFFECT
•Assuming a “cause and effect”
relationship between unrelated events
Ex:
“Ever since you bought that sweater,
everything has been going wrong in your
life. You should get rid of it.”

53. 8. FALLACY OF COMPOSITION
•Assuming that what is true of a part is true for
the whole
Ex:
“These cases of robbery in this district have
convinced me that the city has become a den
of thieves and criminals.”

54. ACTIVITY
EXAMPLE:
89% of the entire Philippine population believes
that he is corrupt, and I do not want to support
this kind of government official.
Appeal to popular

55. TYPE OF
BIAS
The personal views of the person
presenting it.

56. 1. ATTRIBUTION EFFECT
•Tendency to judge a person’s personality
by his or her actions, w/out regard for
external factors.
Ex:
“These soldiers who fought in the war are
all bloodthirsty murderers!”

57. 2. CONFIRMATION BIAS
•Tendency to look for and readily accept
information w/c fits one’s own beliefs and
to reject ideas that go against it.
Ex:
“How can I accept his view that there is no
God? I am a Christian.”

58. 3. FRAMING
•Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem
while ignoring other aspects.
Ex:
“Investigators are focusing on the
possibility of pilot error.”

59. 4. HINDSIGHT
•Tendency to see past events as
predictable.
Ex:
“There will come a time that the Philippines
will be colonized again by the Americans.”

60. 5. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
•A person or group is connected to or has a
vested interest in the issue being
discussed.
Ex:
“As daughter of the accused, I believe I
have the right to express my opinion on the
issue.”

61. 6. CULTURAL BIAS
•Analyzing an event or issue based on
one’s cultural standards.
Ex:
“I do not agree with this Western practice of
placing aged parents in the retirement
homes. We Filipinos take care of our family
members.”

62. ACTIVITY
Write 1 example of statement in
each types of BIAS.