The document provides an overview of adjective clauses and participles, highlighting their definitions, functions, classifications, and punctuation rules. It explains the role of relative pronouns and the distinction between restrictive and non-restrictive clauses. Additionally, it discusses participles, including their forms and uses in participial phrases.

1. LESSON 4
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
PARTICIPLES & PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
Nguyen Thi Tinh, M.A.

2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Definition
- Be dependent clauses
- Function as adjectives
- Begin with relative pronouns or relative
adverbs.
Relative pronouns: who, whom, that,
which, whose
Relative adverbs: when, where

3. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Function
- Modify the antecedent (nouns, noun phrases
or pronouns) in the independent clause.
Ex: People who work in mines are called miners.
- Modify the entire sentences
Ex: My mother got angry with me, which made
me afraid.

4. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Position
- Come right after its antecedent.
- Come after other words modifying the
antecedent.
- Come at the end of the sentence.
* Verb agreement
The verb in an adjective clause agrees with its
antecedent.

5. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Classification
- Restrictive adjective clauses
- Non-restrictive adjective clauses
• That – only in restrictive clauses
• Which – only in non-restrictive clauses
• Others – in both

6. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Punctuation
- A restrictive clause does not take a comma
with it.
- A non-restrictive clause takes one or two
comma(s) with it.
- Practice 1 (p.247)

7. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Kinds of adjective clauses
1. Relative pronouns as subjects (p.247)
2. Relative pronouns as objects (p.250)
3. Possessive adjective clauses (p.252)
4. Relative pronouns as objects of prepositions
(p.255)
5. Relative pronouns in phrases of quantity and
quality (p.257)
6. Adjective clauses of time and place (p.259)

8. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Notes
- That can replace who, which, whom
- Relative pronouns can be omitted if they are the
objects in the restrictive adjective clauses.
- If the adjective clause modifies the entire
sentence, which is the only relative pronoun to
be used.
- Prepositions can only be placed before whom
and which.

9. PARTICIPLES
Definition
- Be adjectives formed from verbs
- Two types: present participles (V-ing) and past
participles (V-ed/V-pp)
- Participial phrases = participles + other words

10. PARTICIPLES
Classification
- Active voice verbs become present participles.
Ex: an interesting film
- Passive voice verbs become a past participles.
Ex: a printed version
- Perfect forms of participles.
Ex: Having finished the test, he submitted
and left the room.

11. PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
Definition
Participial phrases = reduced adj or adv clauses
Position and punctuation
- Restrictive phrases follow the nouns modified
(without commas).
- Non-restrictive phrases precede or follow nouns
modified (with commas).
- If the phrase modify the entire sentence, it follow
the clause (with a comma).

12. PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
1. Present participial phrases (p.268)
2. Past participial phrases (p.269)
3. Perfect form participial phrases (p.271)
4. Participial phrases and writing style (p.272)
5. Reduced adjective clauses (p.267)
6. Reduced adverb clauses (p.274) –
watch the video

13. PRACTICE
Handout