Here is a 300 word critical analysis of the National Health Policy 2071:
The National Health Policy 2071 was formulated to replace the old health policy and address the changing health needs of Nepal. The previous health policy from 2053 failed to achieve its goals due to various challenges.
The rationale for a new policy was to develop an equitable, efficient and quality health system. It aims to increase access to basic health services for all Nepalis and reduce the financial burden of health care costs, especially for disadvantaged groups.
However, the previous policy lacked clear strategies and financing plans to achieve universal health coverage. It did not recognize the important role of private providers and non-governmental organizations in service delivery. There was also insufficient focus
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
This presentation deals with advent of NRHM, backdrop of public health scenario prior to NRHM & discusses in details vision & core strategy of NRHM. It focuses on different schemes related to maternal & child health under NRHM with special reference to Maharashtra.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
This presentation deals with advent of NRHM, backdrop of public health scenario prior to NRHM & discusses in details vision & core strategy of NRHM. It focuses on different schemes related to maternal & child health under NRHM with special reference to Maharashtra.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Explore our infographic on 'Essential Metrics for Palliative Care Management' which highlights key performance indicators crucial for enhancing the quality and efficiency of palliative care services.
This visual guide breaks down important metrics across four categories: Patient-Centered Metrics, Care Efficiency Metrics, Quality of Life Metrics, and Staff Metrics. Each section is designed to help healthcare professionals monitor and improve care delivery for patients facing serious illnesses. Understand how to implement these metrics in your palliative care practices for better outcomes and higher satisfaction levels.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
2. First long term health plan (1975-1990)
• A First Long Term Health Plan (1975 - 90) was formulated with a calendar of
operations for the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Five Year Plans.
• The main emphasis was the provision of comprehensive basic health
services to the majority of the rural population.
• This plan majorly emphasizes on popularizing family planning plus
maternal and child health to check population growth.
3. Cont…
• The reason for the compilation of the FLTHP was basically to ensure
consistent and proper functioning of the health services in an
environment prone to be subjected to personal whims of the political
leaders and their technical and non-technical advisors.
4. Target of First Long Term Health Plan
Number of Hospitals 95
Beds 4415 (4665)
Health posts 1462
Control of Small-pox, TB, Leprosy
Human Resources to be developed in country
Expand services of FP
Develop Basic Health service in rural & remote areas
Strengthen the hospital services
Environmental Health and Health Education
Establish Regional Directorate and District Health Office
Career ladder for health workers
Para-military training to all health workers
Laboratory services at regional level
5. Achievement of First Long Term Health Plan (as
reviewed in SLTHP)
• Health Posts 816
• Health Centers 18
• District Hospitals 61
• Zonal Hospitals 9
• Total Hospitals 114
• Total beds 4848
• Total Doctors 1182
• Total Nurses 2980
6. Second long term health plan (1997-2017)
• Presented by yourself.
7. Periodic plans
• Pre-Plan Period, 1951-56
• First Five Year Plan, 1956-61
• Second Five Year Plan, 1962-65
• Third Five Year Plan, 1965-70
• Fourth Five Year Plan, 1970-75
• Fifth Five Year Plan, 1975-80
8. Plans…
• Sixth Five Year Plan, 1980-85
• Seventh Five Year Plan, 1985-90
• Eighth Five Year Plan, 1992-97
• Ninth Five Year Plan, 1997-2002
9. Cont..
• Tenth five Year plan:-
• Following the local self government ant 1999, started to hand over SHP, HP
and PHCC to local bodies
• Developed national capacity to produce human resource in health sector
• Started bottom up approach
Distinct Features
• It is Nepal’s poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP)
• It recognizes the role of local bodies
• It uses modern planning and logical framework to define institutional
task
• It has clearly defined Priorities: P1, P2 and P3 projects
• Extensive monitoring and evaluation provisions, including
commitment for annual poverty monitoring
10. Cont…
• First three Year Interim Plan, 2007/8- 2009/10:-
• Laying a foundation for economic and social transformation
• Adopting an inclusive development process and carrying out targeted programs
while focusing on excluded group
• Establishing the right of all citizens to free basic health care services without any
discrimination.
• Second three Year Interim Plan, 2009/10- 2011-12
• Encouraging partnerships between public and private organizations, NGOs
• Developing appropriate referral systems
• Controlling and treating NCDs like, cancer, heart disease, mental health problems,
DM, HTN
11. Cont…
• Third three year interim plan, 2012/13- 2014/15
• To increase the access and quality of free and basic health services by
improving policy and strategy
• To develop the capacity of health institutions for effective conduction of
preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative service by managing
HR, medicine and equipment
• To mobilize the community and civil society for health service
awareness.
• To strengthen the monitoring and evaluation work.
12. Essential Health Care Services
• “Essential Health Care Services at the District level and below” are
priority public health measures and essential curative services for the
treatment of common illness and injuries:- that GoN will ensure the
availability to the total population.
• These services address the most essential health needs of the
population and are highly cost effective.
• Provision of Essential Health Care Services is linked to the recognition
that the resources available to the health sector through GoN and its
donor partners are inadequate to address all of the possible health care
needs of the people.
13. Content of Essential health care services for
the modern system of medicine
1. Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries
2. Reproductive health services
3. EPI + hepatitis B vaccine
4. Condom promotion and distribution
5. Leprosy control
6. Tuberculosis control
7. Integrated management of childhood illness
8. Nutritional supplementation, enrichment, nutrition education and
rehabilitation
9. Prevention and control of blindness
14. Cont…
10.Environmental sanitation
11. School health service
12. Prevention of deafness
13. Substance abuse including tobacco and alcohol control
14. Mental health services
15. Accident prevention and rehabilitation
16. Community based rehabilitation
17. Occupational Health
18. Emergency preparedness and management
15. Nepal Health Sector Programme-
Implementation Plan (NHSP-IP) (2003-2007)
• The aim of Government of Nepal is to provide an equitable high
quality of health care system for the Nepalese people.
• To meet this, along with other policy and plan GoN has formulated
NHSP-IP.
• Nepal Health Sector Program is a sector wide approach (SWAP) with
an agreed of Programme performance indicator and policy reform
milestones for the Programme duration.
• The programme seeks to address inequities in the system and
improve the health of the people.
16. Cont…
• NHSP-IP provides operational guidelines for implementing the
outputs of the Health Sector Reform Strategy during it’s five years
(2004-2009).
• The Focus is to increase the coverage and raise the quality of the
EHCS, with special emphasis on improved access for poor and
vulnerable groups.
• Achievement of this is expected to increase greater utilization of EHCS
by the people and ultimately to improve health status.
17. Outputs
1. Prioritized EHCS
2. Decentralized health management
3. Private and NGO sector development
4. Sector management
5. Financing and resource allocation
6. Management of physical assets
7. HRD, Quality of training, co-ordination between MoE, MoHP and CTEVT
8. Integrated management information system, implement quality
assurance Policy.
18. Program Outputs of NHSP - IP
Output One: Prioritised EHCS
1. Costing of resource allocation for EHCS
2. Redefine institutional arrangements for delivering
EHCS
3. Develop systems for priority access for poor and
vulnerable groups
4. Strengthen Outpatient Services
5. Enhance Behaviour Change Communication (BCC)
activities
19. Program Outputs of NHSP - IP
Output Two: Decentralised health
management
1. Introduce Local management of
Sub-health Posts
2. Create Hospital autonomy and initiate
resource mobilization
20. Program Outputs of NHSP - IP
Output Three: Private and NGO
sector developed
1. Establish district level Health Co-coordinating Committees.
2. Establish sub-committees or workgroups for specific program
areas to co-ordinate the work of government, donor and
I/NGO groups
3. Up-date Inventory of existing Private/NGO/Public involved in
health sector, by district
4. Define an appropriate Public/Private/NGO/ mix for each
district
5. Set quality standards and regulatory mechanisms for private
and NGO sector service delivery.
21. Sector Management Outputs of NHSP - IP
Output Four: Sector Management
1. Strengthen joint MoH/donor annual planning,
programming, budgeting and monitoring cycle
2. Strengthen ongoing MoH/Donor programmatic
collaboration
3. Strengthen Sector Management at the Central Level
4. Strengthen Regional and District Management
5. Capacity building at central and district levels
6. Assess institutional and organisational arrangements
systematically.
7. Re-define roles and responsibilities throughout the
health system.
22. Sector Management Outputs of NHSP - IP
Output Five: Financing and resource allocation
1. Identify health sector priorities and re-allocate
resources to those services.
2. Explore alternative financing arrangements, such as
community health insurance, explored.
3. Develop national guidelines for user fee practices
and other payments in public facilities
4. Strengthen drug financing mechanisms to support
increased and equitable availability of essential drugs
23. Sector Management Outputs of NHSP - IP
Output Six: Management of physical assets
1. Improve product selection and quality
2. Strengthen commodity distribution system
3. Expand and strengthen drug financing mechanism
4. Implement National Drug Policy in relation to
essential drug
5. Strengthen Logistics Management Information
System (LMIS)
6. Strengthen disaster relief commodities management
7. Establish quality and safety policies and systems
24. Sector Management Outputs of NHSP - IP
Output Seven: Human Resource Development
1. Locate HRD unit in an appropriate MoH structure
and reform it.
2. Improve personnel management system in a
effective way
3. Improve co-ordination and quality of in-service
training
4. Provide training in newly identified areas of training
needs
5. Improve co-ordination between the Ministry of
Education (MoE), MoH and CTEVT for preservice
education.
25. Sector Management Outputs of NHSP - IP
Output Eight: Integrated MIS and QA
Policy
1. Develop and establish integrated Management
Information System
2. Establish and implement Quality Assurance (QA)
Policy
26. Nepal Health Sector Strategy
• Nepal health sector strategy (NHSS) is a commitment to achieving the
improved health outcomes set out in government’s 10th five year plan,
PRSP, and MDGs.
• The NHSS proposes to take a strategic approach to reform making health
services available to all especially disadvantaged and poor group of
people in rural, remote areas.
• It acknowledges the role of private and NGOs service provider, the need
of decentralization of services.
27. National health policy 2071
• You have presented.
• Sub sectoral health policies:-
• National Blood policy (1993), revised in 2005
• National drug policy (1995)
• National AIDS policy, 1995, updated in 2011
• National mental health policy, 1995
• National Ayurveda health policy, 1996
• National safe motherhood policy, 1998
• National health research policy, 2003
28. Cont…
• National oral health policy and strategy, 2004
• National nutritional policy and strategy, 2004
• National safe abortion policy, 2006
• National skilled birth attendants policy, 2006
• Health care technology policy, 2006
• Policy on Quality health services, 2007
• Free essential health care policy, 2008
• Free delivery policy, 2009
30. Assignment
1. Critically analyze the National health policy 2071. (300 words)
I. Introduction/Background
II. Rationale
III. Lacking in previous policy
IV. Present situation
V. Problems/challenges
VI. Conclusion