Lecture 3 terrorism & crime

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2010-2011 ©James L. Feldkamp. All rights reserved
Terrorism & Crime

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 Transnational Criminal Organization (TCOs)
 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, & Nuclear (CBRN)
 Significance:
 Need to comprehend links between terrorist organizations and TCO’s
 Support of a constituency – blame problems on an outside source
UBL : “Collapse of the Soviet Union made the US more haughty and
arrogant…”
 Funding sources : War requires weapons
 State sponsored, ideological insurgency ended since end of USSR
 Criminal based funding
 Drugs
 Kidnappings/extortion
Crime & Terrorism
“Narcotics, Terrorism, and International Crime:
The Convergence Phenomenon”

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 Terrorists:
 Create chaotic circumstances: Allow illicit activities.
 Criminal organizations have pre-established networks to move and sell
narcotics, people, and launder money
 Increased Scope of Attacks:
 Need massive loss of life to capture global attention
1. Black September 1972: 12 innocents died (Munich Olympics)
2. Marine Barracks 1983: 241 Marines died in Lebanon
3. Aum Shinrikyo 1995: 12 died, 3000 injured from Sarin gas
4. Al-Qaeda 1998: 264 died, 5000 wounded in Kenya & Tanzania
5. 9/11!
Crime & Terrorism
“Narcotics, Terrorism, ….”

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 Encompassing strategy:
 Terrorist / criminal groups draw and maintain a clear distinction
between violence to advance profit aims and violence used for politics
 Three general outcomes exist for Terrorist groups dealing with OC.
1. Form a partnership
2. Transform themselves into quasi-criminal
3. Maintain pure terrorist organizations
Independent variables:
 Terrorist: Do they intend to seek future legitimate governance role?
 Will followers support if they pursue criminal activities to gain revenue
or resources for future terror attacks?
 Terrorists: Will their actions cause a loss of support from followers?
Crime & Terrorism

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 Shinning Path vs. FARC:
 Shinning Path never lost desire to govern.
 FARC transformed after deciding it could not govern.
 Ethno-nationalist vs. extremist organizations.
 Extremist groups: Generally no desire to govern. Not averse to
criminal connections.
 Terrorist Inc;
 Capability-based partnerships (trade cash, drugs, nukes).
 Terrorist groups - well suited to narcotics production since environment
they create leads to lawlessness and the ability to conduct illicit business
 Criminal organizations may shy away from terrorists because:
1. Scope of violence
2. Carry out kidnappings and assassinations because they’re legit
3. Mass casualties a whole different story
a. Lethal partnership (could help get the bomb)!
Crime & Terrorism

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 Case Studies-Testing the Hypothesis: FARC
 Transformation: Criminal activities strengthened fighting capacity of
terrorist groups
 Failed in its attempt to gain a voice in Columbia politics
 AUC seeks alternative funding sources immersion in narcotics
eliminated all of FARC political legitimacy (became a “cartel”)
 Chaotic environment creates conditions for continued narcotics profits
 PKK-Ethno-Nationalist Converged:
 Founder : Abdullah Ocalan
o 128 teachers killed as PKK attacked educational institutions
 Partnered with Medellin cartel by 1995
Crime & Terrorism

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 PKK -failed to gain internal legitimacy but gained external recognition
 Mrs. Mitterand penned a letter of support to President Ocalan in 1998
 PKK threatened to resume war as defenders of Kurd cultural autonomy
o Ocalan captured in Kenya - drop in funding
 Al-Qaeda-extremist converged
 Taliban worlds leading opium producer
 Italian’s established link btwn Islamic groups and drug financing
o UBL spent $3 million to purchase nuke from USSR
 Fatwa's from extremist leaders allow highly irregular, seemingly un-
Islamic actions because they add to the destruction of Western society
Crime & Terrorism

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 Russian Mafia (@ 90’s)
 Up to 70,000 members (50% of the Russian economy)
 Capabilities determine partnerships; arms-for-cash with terrorists
o 1992-1994 Russian army lost
o 14,400 assault rifles and machine guns
o 17 shoulder-fired anti-tank weapons.
$300-500 B/year of crime proceeds go through financial markets undetected
 Terrorists groups transformed themselves or converged with OC when;
 Diminished chances of defeating government forces or;
 Funding apparatus collapsed.
Crime & Terrorism

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 Technical ease of laundering funds.
 Forcing away from Saudis (Hawals) to criminal enterprise
 Terrorist: Copy each other-trends will probably continue
 4th trend: Possession of CBRN weapons.
 Common conceptual framework; Construct broad strategy
 Can’t beat piecemeal (“Swatting Fly’s)
 Crash program to enhance HUMINT
 Inter-service sharing of intelligence
 Beware of TMI (too much information) overload
 Destroy Al-Qaeda’s legitimacy anchored by anti-western feelings
 Tailored Response
 Direct aid can help a fledgling democracy (e.g. Afghanistan/ Palestine)?
 Preemptive Offensive Action
o Global campaign requires carrots and sticks.
Crime & Terrorism

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Crime & Terrorism
NarcoTerrorism: How Drug Trafficking
and Terrorism Intersect
2011: U.S. DOS - 19 of 49 designated FTOs have links to the drug trade.
Curtailing of traditional donors force terrorist groups turn to criminal
enterprises for financing.
 Hezbollah, FARC, and Taliban, drugs provide significant / lucrative support
 DTOs –use intense violence instill fear into government and populations to
Render judicial system ineffective
 Allowing those groups to apply their trade with impunity.
DEA - Narco terrorism - as violent acts by drug or terrorist group designed to
influence national level counter drug policy
DOS Title 22 section 2656 legal meaning of terrorist

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Hezbollah
 One of the worlds largest non-state terror group (@ 1982)
 Some attacks:
o 1983 – U.S. Marine and French forces in Beirut
o 1992 - Israeli Embassy Buenos Aries
o 1994 – Jewish Argentine community center Buenos Aries
o 1996 – Khobar Towers (U.S. Personnel) Saudi Arabia
 Iran contributed $100-200 million /year
 Reduction of support provides motives for illicit sources of financing
o Shiite Lebanese Diaspora remit significant funds back to Lebanon
 Tri-borders region
 Ciudad del Este - center of operations for several FTO’s
o Ali Assi, Islamic Welfare Center, busted for cocaine in Beirut airport
o Assi - father-in-law of Ali Hassan Abdallah, operative of Hezbollah,
financial partner of Sobhi Mahmoue Fayad (Hezbollah lieutenant)
o Hassan ordered fund transfers to the Middle East though an
associate in Ciudead del Este
Crime & Terrorism
NarcoTerrorism…

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 Cocaine smuggling ring between Ciudad del Este and Foz do Iguacu.
 400-1000 kilos shipped monthly though the tri-borders to Sao Paulo
 $261 million / year raised in Tri-Border, and sent overseas to support
 Lebanese Canadian Bank (LCB) sanctioned for role in money laundering
 Narcotics trafficking network with ties to Hezbollah
 Prohibited form operating in the U.S.
 Ayman Jouma conspiracy to coordinate shipments of cocaine
from Colombia through Central America for sale to Los Zetas
o Organization operates Lebanon, West Africa, Panama and Colombia
o Launders proceeds from illicit activates and pays fees to Hezbollah
 SOCOM estimates Hezbollah raised $300 -$500 million/per year
in Tri Border area and duty free zones of Iquique, Colombia
Crime & Terrorism
NarcoTerrorism…

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FARC (@ 1960)
 One of the largest, oldest and most violent and best
equipped terrorist originations in Latin American.
 Attacks
 Infrastructure and equipment increased by 46% in 2013
 Political reform in Colombia and fall of communism eroded FARCS
traditional basses of support
 Longevity due in part to the involvement in the drug trade
o Driving factor for its involvement in such criminal activity
 FARC demands “taxes” from cocaine traffickers ($30/kilo)
o FARC units would extract a 20% tax on every kilo of opium gum sold
o Service contracts for security on crops, laboratories and airstrips
 Used vacuum created by USA and Colombian against big drug cartels
 FARC became a major competitor of the drug cartels.
 FARC took a more direct role in drug production and distribution.
 FARC: Major narco-trafficking cartel reaps an estimated $300 million/ year
Crime & Terrorism
NarcoTerrorism…

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Taliban
 2013 Taliban conducted VIED attacks against coalition forces.
 Seeking to expand territorial influence and disrupt civil governance.
 Goals of driving the Coalition Forces out of Afghanistan, overthrow
central Afghan government in Kabul, and return to national power.
 Turned to the opiate trade as key source of funds.
 15% of Afghans GDP
 98% of opium is produced in 7 provinces under Taliban control.
o 90% goes through the Hawala system.
 Collects tithes from poppy farmers
 Tax drug processors according to the amount of refined end product.
 2011 – estimated heroin production at 467 tons w/ more that 50 laboratories
 Most profitable is the movement of heroin from laboratory to point of sal
 Controls, or provides protection to ensure safe movement of opium on
the three main trade routes ($ 300 million annually).
 Haji Bashir Noorzai: Convicted of smuggling heroin into the US
Crime & Terrorism
NarcoTerrorism…

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Taliban
Taliban ruled favored because they allow farmers to continue growing opium .
 Eradication polices hurt poor farmers while lining the pockets of the
Afghan authorities
 Opium ban threatened to cause widespread public unrest
and disrupt the Taliban’s ability to consolidate control of the country
o Taliban began to mange and control this industry
o Guarantee order, security, and a measure of economic prosperity
 Taliban’s support of the drug trade became the key source of its political
legitimacy in the poppy growing regions.
 Taliban’s embracing of the drug trade accomplishes the goal of
obtaining public support while securing a stream of revenue to
fund its operations
Crime & Terrorism
NarcoTerrorism…

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Mexican DTO’s
 Narco terrorism: Used to counter government crackdown of DTO’s.
 2006-2013: 70 Mexican mayors and former mayor were killed
 4380 murders 15.5% accompanied by narco message,
o 16.2% tortured, 10.4% decapitation, 8% dismemberment
o Most dangerous place in world for journalists (91) – self censor
 Zeta’s : Formed 1998 by 14 former Mexican soldiers
 Commands more than 10K gunmen from Rio Grande to Central America
 2011 -230K were displace due to intense Mexican violence
 DTO lacks a political ideology and thus do not fit the term of terrorism
 Challenges Mexican government and other countries state monopoly as
the use of force and rule of law
 Senate report: 195 of Mexican municipalities under control of OC
 1536 were infiltrated by OC
 Mexican DTO is present in more than 1000 cities.
 Violence has spilled over into the U.S.
o Since 2007 violence against border agents has increased by 35%
Crime & Terrorism
NarcoTerrorism…

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 FARC: Evolved into drug cartel – Remote prospects of achieving main goal
 Taliban: Resurgence even though they were exiled from the country
o Providing 90% of the worlds opiates
 Hezbollah: Able to provide millions of USD/year to al-Qaeda operatives
and Palestinian terrorist groups
 No evidence of success against narco terrorism
o Counternarcotics efforts does not seem to be a top priority during the
critical transition period
o Drug cartels: Distribution systems rival world’s largest retailers
Conclusion:
Unlawful use of violence or threat of violence to instill fear and coerce
governments, societies or people in pursuit of goals that are usually political
and that violence is linked to illicit dug trafficking
Crime & Terrorism
NarcoTerrorism…

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Crime & Terrorism
Organized Crime and Terrorism
Organized Crime (OC) and Terrorism:
 Central motivation is money: OC seeks it; terrorism needed it.
United States: Organized Crime (OC)
 “Racketeering “ any act under provisions of 18 USC related to:
o Trafficking in counterfeit labels for phone records, computer
programs or computer program documentations or packaging and
copies of motion pictures or other audiovisual works”
FBI defines OC as:
 Formalized structure / objective to obtain money through illegal means
o Use of actual or threatened violence, corrupt public officials, graft,
or extortion, in the locals, region or country as a whole
o OC: Rational “business” choices in the activities they engage in,
and how they manage their product lines in response to market
demands

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United Nations: Organized Crime:
 Structured group of three or more persons
o Existing for a period of time
 Act in concert to commit crimes or offenses to obtain financial or
material benefit
Narcotics and contraband products required a move away from hierarchy
toward alliance with other groups across the globe.
Crime becomes transnational:
 Digital age, information technology allows operations to shrink
“minimum sustainable scale of operations.”
 Small groups can make major money-and cause major mayhem.
 Drug trafficking is thought to be the most significant source of income
for both terrorists and International OC.
Crime & Terrorism

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 Terrorist organizations engaged in criminal activity to
advance their agenda-ideological, social, or political agenda
 Criminal organizations engage in violence to advance their criminal agenda
Difference:
 Terrorists seek to destroy status quo while criminals seeks a stable
shadow business environment
 Criminals want to live to steal another day; not candidates for suicide
bombing
Distinguishing features:
 Islamic Terrorists: “Low-Level” operatives to perform criminal acts
 RW groups recruit individuals specifically for their criminal skills
Crime & Terrorism

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Islamic Terrorist
 Crimes alienate the local communities which they depend
 High barriers to international travel
 Inexperienced at concealing incriminating evidence
 Unable to “transform opportunity into terrorism”
Right Wing
 Poor at counterfeiting and maintaining internal security.
Terrorist groups have to fear that if they are too successful at crime, criminal
groups will turn on them
Crime & Terrorism

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 Al-Jihad: Armed robberies against Christian owned
Jewelry stores to finance the assassination of Anwar Sadat.
 Hezbollah: Fatwa justify financing operations and drugs and targets
Americans: “We cannot kill them with guns, so we kill them with drugs.”
Intersection of crime and terrorism raises important issues bearing on
consideration of counterfeiting:
1: Extent terrorist organizations have an in-house criminal capacity?
2: Extent how criminal terrorist allied with each other in parasitical
symbiotic ways?
3: Extent terrorists benefit indirectly from proceeds from criminal
activity, including piracy?
Crime & Terrorism

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Terrorists and Pirates operations similarities:
 Rational, highly adaptable and inclined to use
extortion, intimidation, and violence to control territories
 Organizations seem to be flattening as individual actors operate more
freely from centralized headquarters in order to escape official scrutiny
 Growing evidence that gangs are a prominent component in the
crime-terrorism dynamic (i.e. Dawood Ibrahim)
Terrorist groups may benefit indirectly from OC, if crime groups are
sympathetic to movements that embrace terrorists (tri-border area S.A.)
 End of the Cold War: Removed many of the last barriers to globalization
 Post-Cold War terrorism highlights (2) major changes:
o Decline of State, and philanthropic forms of support
o Globalization of organized crime
Crime & Terrorism

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(D)evolution of network structures has eroded State control on some terrorist
groups. Move toward criminality has given FTO’s independent cash flow
Evolution has inverted previous relation between terrorist and governments:
 State sponsor and major control over their terrorist groups.
o FTO’s can generate income from legitimate and illegitimate sources
o Terrorists often “sponsor” and prop up weaker partner - national
government
• Taliban was crucial in Al Qaeda’s development:
Al Qaeda: Budget of @ $200 vs. Taliban’s budget of $7o million.
 Distinction between terrorist and criminal is a continuum with financial
motives at one extreme and purely ideological or political objectives at
the other
Crime & Terrorism

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2010-2011 ©James L. Feldkamp. All rights reserved
Terrorism & Crime

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 Government which reacts to terrorism by imposing unacceptable criminal
justice measures, plays into the hands of terrorists by creating the kind of
polarized, quasi-militarized society that fundamentally destroys society
 Terrorism and OC have little in common on an intellectual level:
 Terrorism: Based on ideological, religious or political principles,
 OC: Based on profit motives.
o Nonetheless may use similar methodology to achieve their agenda.
 Terrorist and OC may cooperate (e.g. FARC, LTTE, PKK)
End of Cold War: Globalization increased
 Remarkable expansion international trade, travel, and communications
 Volume of illicit international trade, travel, etc., much more difficult
to identify among licit activities
Terrorism & Crime
Transnational Crime and Terrorism

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.
Nexus: Lowest level between transnational OC and terrorism
consists in one using the methodology of the other
– activity appropriations
 OC operates better in environment of uncertainty, where institutions are
destabilized
Makarenko Scale:
1. Alliances: One group buys in knowledge from the other;
2. Operational Motivations: OC uses terrorist tactics to influence
operational conditions, while terrorist engage in OC to acquire funding
3. Convergence: Criminals apply terrorist means and engage in political
activity to influence institutional environment, whereas terrorist groups
apply criminal means to replace funding from state sponsors lost after
the Cold War
Terrorism & Crime

OrganizedCrime
Terrorism
Alliance with
terrorist Groups
Use of terror tactics
for operational
purposes
Political Crime
Black Hole
Syndrome
Alliance with criminal
organization
Commercial Terrorism
Criminal Activities for
operational purposes
1 2 23 4 3 1
Crime Terror Continuum
Terrorism & Crime

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Terror-crime interrelationship (interaction spectrum)
1. Nexus: Possible business relationship, whereby one group
“outsources” an activity rather than internalize the necessary expertise
2. Activity appropriations: OC uses methods of terrorism or vice versa
3. Hybrid group: OC / terrorism more or less equally important to group
4. Transformation: If a hybrid group become so fixated on one activity
that it drops the other
5. Identity
Narco terrorism: “activities initiated by drug traffickers using violence against
individuals, property, estate or its agents, to intimidate and coerce people into
modifying their actions in ways advantageous to the drug traffickers.”
~ Mylonaki
Terrorism & Crime

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 OC: Interest in working with terrorists, inter alia since
renders extradition more complicated because of the “political offense.”
 Terrorists: Profit from the instability created by organized crime, since
this diminishes the authority of the government and the State.
Los Zetas: characteristics:
1. High-level professionalism
2. Direct hire of the lead federal police and military personnel
3. Occasional outsourcing of tacit street gang such as MS 13
4. Intense use of corruption
5. Sophisticated telephone intercept material
Hezbollah: Conducting criminal operations including intellectual property
crime, cigarette smuggling, drug trafficking, and African diamond trade
 Estimated profit of $1.5 million in the United States, 1996 - 2000 by
purchasing cigarettes in low tax state selling them in a high tax state
Terrorism & Crime

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 Drug trafficking: 14 of the 36 organizations on DOS list of
Terrorists have been linked with drug trafficking.
 OC: Might attract unwanted attention if they attacked governmental
apparatus in a visible way; while terrorist may slowly lose sight of their
ideological goals under the influence of the luxuries of a comfortable life
Intellectual property crime (counterfeiting):
 Estimated $500 billion per year. Ration 1:10
Pre- 9/11 finances: T.O. concentrated their activities in one country
Concentric circles:
1. People who are willing and capable of killing
2. People whose role within the organization is logistic (aware)
3. Donors, give to a good cause and feign ignorance
Terrorism & Crime

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Middle East terrorist differ:
1. Pre-9/11 traveled to commit acts, did not rely on sympathizers
2. Pre-9/11 majority of at least terrorist groups were influenced by
Marxism or malice, not religious ideology
 1968: 8 of 11 (73%) identified terrorist organizations characterized as
“left-wing, revolutionary Marxist-Leninist ideological organizations,”
remaining three being ethno-nationalist Palestinian groups.
 1995: 26 of the 56 known active international terrorist groups were
predominately religious in nature.
 October 2005: 50% of organizations classified as international terrorist
organizations by the DOS were religious in nature.
Terrorism & Crime

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United Nations: Failed to arrive at a definition of terrorism
which would be acceptable to the membership.
Failure:
1. Countries want to retain capability of deciding, on a case-by-case basis,
who is or is not a terrorist or a terrorist financier (e.g. IRA: U.S. vs. UK)
2. Many countries insist on having a definition of terrorism to include
what they refer to as “causes.” Typically poverty, despair, and the
Palestinian question
 Intent and Motivation: Intent for specific acts might overlap but their
motivations do not:
 Terrorist: Purely political
 OC: Purely financial
Terrorism & Crime

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April 20, 2010: Gambino Crime Family charged w/ sex trafficking of a minor.
 First in US targeting OC with human trafficking
 Terrorist groups have turned to OC activities as a source of funding
 Trafficking in drugs & people most profitable activities of organized
crime
o Taliban took Shabnam (age 9) as loot for their commanding officer
o Shah Suleman cousin abducted in September 1996 (age 13)
 Human trafficking: Incorporated into activities of terrorist & criminal
organizations
 Sophisticated industry that generates billions $/year
 Terrorists and OC groups utilize HT to provide funding for operations
 Currently, there are approximately 27 million people enslaved throughout
the world with 2.5 million located in the United States
Terrorism & Crime
Nexus Between Human Trafficking & Terrorism
Organized Crime

 Trafficking: Fastest growing criminal activities in the world
 3rd most profitable international criminal activity after drugs and arms
 Traffickers prefer HT over arms / drugs because people can be resold
o Traffickers can earn about $250,000 for each woman
o UN: Human trafficking a$5 billion to $7 billion a year industry
o CRS: Estimate 50, 000 persons are trafficked into U.S. annually
o Trafficked range from 700,000 - 4 million new victims a year
 Definition(s)
 Slave: A “person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the
right of ownership are exercised.”
 Slave trade: “All acts involved in the capture, acquisition, or disposal
of a person with intent to reduce him to slavery.”
Terrorism & Crime
Organized Crime

 19th century, first international slavery-related conventions
attempted to abolish the slave trade.
 Approximately 80 international instruments address slavery, slavery related
practices and forced labor.
o Slave Trade Act was passed by the British Parliament on March 25, 1807
o 1st international instrument: 1815 Declaration Relative to the Universal
Abolition of the Slave Trades
 American South slavery was a social and powerful economic institution.
 U.S. ratified the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 -Made all slavery illegal
o 1921: International Convention for Suppression of the Traffic in Women
and Children
o 1926: International Slavery Convention was signed at Geneva
o 1956: UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the
Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery
o 2000: UN adopted Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking
in Persons, Especially Women and Children (“Trafficking Protocol”)
Terrorism & Crime
Organized Crime

 Human Trafficking Defined:
1. “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons;”
2. “Threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of
fraud, of deception, or the abuse of power or of a position of
vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to
achieve consent of a person having control over another person;”
3. For the purpose of exploitation.
 Goal of human trafficking is exploitation.
 Human smuggling occurs with the consent of person(s) being
smuggled
 OC & HT
 Trafficked persons are moved along the same routes as arms and drugs
Terrorism & Crime
Organized Crime

 AQ - Since 9/11, the United States has frozen $36.3 million in terrorist
assets (others have frozen an estimated $97 million -total $133 million).
 Al-Qaeda has largely been decentralized since 2001
 Semi-autonomous cells operating in Yemen, Somalia, North Africa,
Europe
 UBL killed in May 2, 2011
 Lack of funds may be affecting its ability to make large operations
“Human trafficking is not only one of the first financial steps into the transnational and
trans-criminal mobsters’ financial network but that it is the bedrock of these criminal
syndicates. It is far more profitable than trafficking drugs or weapons.”
~ Christine Dolan
Terrorism & Crime
Organized Crime

 Women and children are traded as commodities.
 Allows terrorist and criminal organizations to finance own operations
 “products”- child soldier, exotic dancer, manual laborers, human
organs, et al.
 The complete collapse in the price of slaves.
o History: Slaves expensive, average around $40,000 in today’s
o Average slave costs around $90 today
• Stopped being capital purchase items and are disposable
Prior to TVPA, sex trafficking were much lighter than those for drug dealing.
 HT has high profit-to-cost ratio compared to drug trafficking
 Sex trafficking has emerged as the crime of choice for OC groups
o Technology has made it easier to track money online
o Technology: Faster, easier, and cheaper to conduct illicit economic
transactions while evading government detection
Terrorism & Crime
Organized Crime

 Human trafficking is one of the most profitable organized crime activities
 Russia; HT of women and children is estimated to earn $6 billion/year
 Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) gang has been reported for some time to
have engaged in talks with Al-Qaeda
 Al-Shabaab and Hisbul Islam use force and deception to target children for
membership in their militias
 Threatened to punish teachers and parents who refuse
 al-Shabaab obligated all boys 15 years and older to fight or face death
 Forcibly recruit young girls who were “married" to its militia leaders
and used for sexual servitude, logistical support, and intel gathering
Terrorism & Crime
Organized Crime

 HT has become a significant component of the criminal economy
 Nexus between trafficking groups and terrorist networks has increased.
 Approach to combating human trafficking, terrorism, and organized crime
 FBI addresses human trafficking under the Civil Rights Division.
o CT and OC are each also dealt with in separate divisions
 UNDOC separate divisions for human trafficking, terrorism, and OC
 Prosecutors generally have separate task forces to combating trafficking
One impediments: Lack of understanding/awareness of crime by 1st responders
 68% of state/local prosecutors don’t consider HT a problem
 5% considered it to be a “serious” problem
Terrorism & Crime
Organized Crime

 Barriers: Lack of a unified investigation, collaboration, and training
 U.S. only 10 % of police stations have protocol to deal with trafficking
 Yuri Fedotov, UNDOC: Progressive and proactive law enforcement"
with actions that combat market forces driving human trafficking
 Treated as a social issue rather than a matter of national security.
 Links between terrorists and criminals are becoming the norm
 Multifaceted approach must be utilized to stop this criminal industry
 Increasing information sharing /collaboration between LE
 More efficient use of LE resources towards pursuing trafficking rather
than wasting resources on pursuing the victims
 Training for law enforcement and prosecutors
Terrorism & Crime
Organized Crime

Lecture 3 terrorism & crime

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