This document outlines course content for Communications II, which covers optical fiber communications, cellular mobile communication systems, and satellite communication systems. For optical fiber communications, it lists chapters that will cover optical fiber structure and propagation, signal degradation mechanisms, optical sources like LEDs and laser diodes, photo detectors, and digital transmission systems. For cellular networks, topics will include principles of cellular organization, mobile radio propagation effects, traffic engineering, and generations of cellular standards. For satellite communications, chapters will discuss geosynchronous, medium Earth orbit and low Earth orbit satellites, as well as space link analysis and calculations.

1. Communications (II)

2. Prof.Dr / Talaat El - Garf
Code : EET 240
Content:
Part (I): Optical Fiber Communications
Reference:
“Optical Fiber Communications”, Gerd Keiser,Third
edition,2000

3. Ch 1: Overview of optical fiber communications.
Ch 2: Optical Fibers(Structure,Waveguiding (propagation)
and fabrication.
Ch 3: Signal degradation in optical fibers (attenuation and
dispersion mechanisms)
Ch 4: Optical Sources:
– Light Emitting Diode (LED)
– Laser Diode (LD)
Ch 6: Photo Detectors:
– PIN Photo detector
– APD (Avalanche Photo Diode)
Ch 8: Digital Transmission Systems:
Point to point links, System Considerations,
Link power budget, Rise time budget.

4. Part (II): Cellular Mobile Communication Systems
Reference:
1- “Wireless Communications and Networks”, William Stallings,
Second edition,2005
2- “Data Communications and Networking”, Behrouz A.
Forouzan , 2007
 Principles of Cellular Networks:
– Cellular Network Organization
– Operation of Cellular systems
 Mobile radio propagation effects (Hata Model).
 Traffic Engineering / Grade of service
 First Generation (Analog)
 Second Generation TDMA (GSM)
 Third Generation Systems (UMTS)

5. Part (III): Satellite Communication Systems
Reference:
1- “Satellite Communications “ Dennis Roddy, Fourth
edition, 2006.
2- “Data Communications and Networking”, Behrouz
A. Forouzan , 2007.
 GEO (Geostationary) Satellites.
 MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) Satellites.
 LEO (Low Earth Orbit) Satellites.
 The Space link analysis:
– Transmission Losses
– The Link power Budget Equations
– The Uplink / Downlink

6. Chapter (1)

7. 1.1 Overview of Optical Fiber
Communications:
The basic motivations behind each new form of
communication systems are:
1- To improve the transmission facility to
increase the data rate more information
could be sent.
2- To increase the transmission distance
between
relay stations.

8. 1.2 History of Communications:
 Telegraph:
Is invented in 1837 by Samuel F.B Morse
 Telephone:
Invented by Alexander
Graham bell in 1876

9.  Radio:
Invented by many (Marconi, Tesla, Hertz, …) but
Marconi introduced to the public a device in
London in 1895
 Television:
Invented in 1923 by (Vladimir Kosma)
1927 1st Television broad casts in England
1930 1st Television broad casts in USA

10.  Transistor:
Invented in 1948
 Computer:
1st Sold commercially
in 1951

11.  Satellite:
1st Satellite equipped with on – board radio Tx
was Soviet (Sputnik 1) launched in 1957
1st American satellite to relay communications in
1958
 Integrated Circuit:
Invented in 1958

12.  Fax machine:
Invented in 1966
 ARPANET:
1st Internet started in USA in 1969
 Microprocessor:
(= computer on a chip)
invented in 1971

13.  1st cellular Mobile Phone Communication
Network:
Started in Japan in 1979

14.  GSM:
Global System for Mobile Comns. Started in mid
1991

15.  UMTS:
Started in 2001

16. 1.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum:
Telephone
Telegraph
Aeronautical
Submarine cable
Navigation
Transoceanic
radio
AM broad casting
Business Amateur
radio
International Citizen
Bands
Mobile radio
VHF TV and FM
Mobile, Aeronautical
UHF TV
Navigation
Satellite –to-satellite
Microwave relay,
radar
Earth-to-Satellite
Audio
Very Low
Frequency (VLF)
Low Frequency
(LF)
Medium
Frequency (MF)
High Frequency
(HF)
Very High
Frequency (VHF)
Ultra High
Frequency (UHF)
Millimeter waves
Super High
Frequency (SHF) Waveguide
Coaxial
cable
Wire
pairs
Microwaves
radio
Shortwave
radio
Long wave
radio
1 cm
10 cm
1 m
10 m
100 m
1 Km
10 Km
100 Km
1 KHz
10 KHz
100 KHz
10 MHz
100 MHz
1 GHz
1 MHz
10 GHz
100 GHz
10 4 GHz
10 15 GHz
Laser
beams
Telephone
Data
Video
Applications
Transmission
media
Designation
Infrared
Ultraviolet
Visible
10 - 6 m 2.55µm
800 nm
Optical
fibers

17. 1.4 Optical Spectrum:
 we specify the band of interest in terms of wave
length instead in terms of frequency.
 Different optical frequencies ƒ are related to the
wavelengths λ through the equn:
C = λ ƒ
C ……. Light speed = 3 * 10 8 m / s
 Optical spectrum ranges from 50 nm (ultraviolet)
to
100 µm (far infra red) ,the visible region: 400 –
700 nm
band
 optical fiber comns operate 800-1600 nm
Blu
e
Red

18. 1.5 Digital Multiplexing:
64 Kbps
2.048 Mbps
8.448
Mbps
34.368 Mbps
139.264
Mbps
155.520
Mbps
622.080
Mbps
2.448 Gbps
9.958 Gbps
1.544 Mbps
6.312
Mbps
44.736 Mbps
272.176
Mbps
51.240 Mbps
155.52 Mbps
622.080
Mbps
2.448 Gbps
9.953 Gbps
SONET
SDH
PDH
E1
E2
E3
E4
T1
T2
T3
T4
STM -
1
STM -
64
STM -
16
STM -
4
OC -1
OC -192
OC -
48
OC -
12
OC -3
* 30
* 4
* 4
* 4
* 4
* 4
* 4
* 24
* 4
* 7
* 6
* 3
* 4
* 4
* 4

19. Digital transmission hierarchy used in the North American
telephone network
PDH :Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
SDH : Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SONET: Synchronous Optical Network
STM : Synchronous Transport Module
OC : Optical Carrier
T1
multiplexer
.
.
64-Kb/s
inputs
1.544
Mb/s
T2
multiplexer
.
.
Four
1.544
Mb/s
inputs 6.312
Mb/s
T3
multiplexer
.
.
44.736 Mb/s
T4
multiplexer
.
.
274.176 Mb/
1
24
1
4
1
7
Seven
6.312
Mb/s
inputs
Six
44.736 Mb/s
inputs
1
6