This document provides an overview of an aerodynamics course. It discusses key topics that will be covered, including fundamentals of fluid mechanics, incompressible aerodynamics, and airfoil theory. The course objectives are listed as understanding governing equations of incompressible and irrotational flows, analyzing inviscid flow using elementary flows, and analyzing aerodynamics of airfoils using potential flow theory. Real-world applications of aerodynamic concepts in fields like automotive, medical, household, and civil engineering are also briefly outlined.

1. Introductions
Lecture: 1

2. AERO-213 : Incompressible Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics as a Subject
• Study of the behavior of air as it interacts with objects in motion.
• Sub-branch of Fluid Mechanics
– Study of all fluids under static and dynamic situations
Incompressible
Aerodynamics
Fluid Mechanics
Airfoil / flow
Theories
Part 1: Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics
• Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics and
Incompressible Flows.
• Analysis of fluid flows, mass
flow rates, forces, and energy
flux.
• Study of elementary flows and
their superposition.
Part 2: Incompressible
Aerodynamics and Airfoil
Theory
• Incompressible Aerodynamics,
Airfoils, and lift and drag.
• Airfoil / lifting line theories.
• Exploration of lift and drag
characteristics for practical
applications.

3. AERO-213 : Incompressible Aerodynamics
Objective of the Course
S No CLO Statement
1
Understand and derive governing equations of fluid flow and identify tools for basic
understanding for incompressible and irrotational Flows
2 Analyze inviscid flow using elementary flows and its superposition.
3 Analyze the aerodynamics of 2-D Aerofoil and wing using potential flow theory.

4. AERO-213 : Incompressible Aerodynamics
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
by John D. Anderson
Description
• Widely regarded as a classic and authoritative textbook in the field of
aerodynamics.
• Used as a cornerstone resource by aerospace engineering students and
professionals worldwide.
• Comprehensive coverage of key aerodynamic concepts and principles.
• Numerous real-world examples and applications to enhance understanding.
• Valuable exercises and problems for hands-on learning and practice.
• A trusted reference for anyone passionate about flight and aerospace
engineering.

5. AERO-213 : Incompressible Aerodynamics
• Grading Based on:
Quizzes 10-15%
Assignments 5-10%
OHTs 30-40%
ESE 40-50%

6. • Applications in Automobile and Locomotives

7. • Applications in Medical Science
Blood flow through arties
Application in design of Blood pump
Airflow through Lungs

8. • Applications in Household
Flue Baffle use in Geysers
Thermosiphon effect in Solar Geyser
Use of CFD for HVAC design
Atomizer Tap design

9. • Applications in Civil Engineering
Transport of sediments in Dams
Movement of Sediments
Prediction of wind loads on buildings

13. Chapter-1
Fundamental Concepts
AERO-213 : Incompressible Aerodynamics

14. What is a Fluid Mechanics?

15. Today’s Lecture
 What is a Fluid?
 Types of Flows
 Continuum versus Free Molecular Flow
 Inviscid versus Viscous Flow
 Incompressible versus Compressible Flow

16. What is a Fluid?
 A substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude
of the applied stress. Whereas a solid can resist an applied force by static deformation.
 Liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids are accepted to be fluids.
 Liquids form a free surface (that is, a surface not created by their container) whereas gases
and plasmas do not, but, instead, they expand and occupy the entire volume of the container

17. Fluid as a Continuum
• Fluid as a Continuum: Views fluids as continuous substances without empty
spaces or gaps between particles.
• No Empty Spaces: According to this hypothesis, there are no gaps or voids
between individual fluid particles.
• Mean Free Path: The average distance between particle collisions in a fluid.
• Knudsen Number: Compares the mean free path to the flow length scale.
If λ is small compared to representative physical length: Continuum
If λ is com[parable to representative physical length: Not Continuum

18. Fluid Flow under shear Stress
 A substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude
of the applied stress.
 Depending upon the medium, shear stress may cause a change in fluid flow between layers

19. Fluid Flow under shear Stress
 A substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude
of the applied stress.
 Depending upon the medium, shear stress may cause a change in fluid flow between layers
 relationship between shear stress and the shear rate is illustrated

20. Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian Fluids:
• Viscous stresses (Shear Stress)
is linearly correlated to the local
strain rate

21. Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian Fluids
Viscosity
• Fluid property only manifested during
flow
• A measure of its resistance to
deformation at a given rate.
• Viscosity quantifies the internal
frictional force between adjacent
layers of fluid that are in relative
motion
• Depends on fluid and flow conditions

22. Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Shear stress and strain rate are
not linear
Apparent viscosity

23. Inviscid versus Viscous Flow
• In fluid dynamics, inviscid flow is the flow of an inviscid (zero-
viscosity) fluid, also known as a superfluid / idealfluid
• In viscous flow, the velocity at the surface of the body will be zero.
• This approximation simplifies analysis

24. NO-SLIP CONDITION
• The speed of the fluid layer in direct contact with the boundary is
identical to the velocity of this boundary
REMEMBER FOR LIFE!!

25. Incompressible versus Compressible Flow
• A compressible fluid can experience a density change during flow
while an incompressible fluid does not experience such a change
• Bulk Modulus (E): ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to
the resulting relative decrease of the volume.

26. Incompressible versus Compressible Flow
• A compressible fluid can experience a density change during flow
while an incompressible fluid does not experience such a change
• Mach Number is the measure of the importance of density
changes for compressible flows

27. QUESTIONS??