Introduction to Machine Learning By Mostafa A. Elhosseini youtube.com/c/mostafaelhosseini

1. Machine Learning
Dr. Mostafa A. Elhosseini

2. Big Picture
≡ Dataset
≡ Find pattern that best match
≡ Problem in pattern
≡ predict

3. ≡ Can a computer observe a photograph and say “Ah ha, I see a lovely
couple walking over a bridge under an umbrella in the rain”?
≡ Can software make medical decisions as accurately as that of
trained professionals?
≡ Can software predictions about the stock market perform better
that human reasoning?

4. Spam filter - traditional programming
≡You might notice that some words or phrases (such as “4U,” “credit
card,” “free,” and “amazing”) tend to come up a lot in the subject.
≡Perhaps you would also notice a few other patterns in the sender’s
name, the email’s body, and so on.
≡ You would write a detection algorithm for each of the patterns that
you noticed, and your program would flag emails as spam if a number
of these patterns are detected
▪ Long list of complex rules

5. Spam filter - traditional programming
≡ If spammers notice that all their emails containing “4U” are blocked,
they might start writing “For U” instead.
≡ A spam filter using traditional programming techniques would need
to be updated to flag “For U” emails.
≡ If spammers keep working around your spam filter, you will need to
keep writing new rules forever.

6. Spam filter
by ML
≡ In contrast, a spam filter based on Machine Learning techniques…
▪ automatically learns which words and phrases are good predictors
of spam by detecting unusually frequent patterns of words in the
spam examples compared to the ham examples
≡ Spam filter based on Machine Learning techniques automatically notices
that “For U” has become unusually frequent in spam flagged by users,
and it starts flagging them without your intervention

7. Applications
≡ Facebook: friends you might know
≡ Google Email::: attachment – CC – autocomplete – search
≡ Amazon:: filling your shopping cart
≡ Netflix // YouTube
▪ Media sites rely on Machine learning to sift through millions of options to give
you song or movie recommendation
▪ Retailers use it to gain insight into their customer’s purchasing behavior
≡ Self driving cars
≡ Tumor:: cancerous // benign

8. Data…
≡ We live in a world that is drowning in data
≡ Websites track every user’s every click
≡ Your smartphone is building up a record of your location and speed every
second of every day
≡ Smart cars – collect driving habits
≡ Smart homes – collect living habits
≡ Smart marketers collect purchasing habits
≡ Buried in these data are answers to countless questions that no one’s
ever thought to ask
≡ If Machine learning is the steam engine of this revolution, then data is its
coal

9. Applications // Heart attack
≡ Predict whether someone will have a heart attack within a year
≡ They have data on previous patients, including
▪ Age
▪ Weight
▪ Height
▪ And blood pressure
≡ Athletics // injury – stroke - champions

10. Inspiration…
≡ The algorithm learns from data, similar to how humans learn from
experiences.
≡ Human learn by reading books, observing situations, studying in
schools, exchanging conversations, browsing websites, among other
means

11. ML Jargons
≡ Training set: the examples that the system uses to learn
≡ Training instance: Training sample -> each training example
≡ Label: spam or not
≡ feature = attribute + value
≡ Predictors: features
≡ Ex. Price of a car
▪ Set of features (mileage, age, brand) called predictors
▪ Feature : Mileage = 15,000
≡ Performance measure P:
≡ Ratio of correctly classified emails

12. Machine learning definition
≡ Machine Learning is the science (and art) of programming
computers so they can learn from data
≡ The field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without
being explicitly programmed – Arthur Samuel, 1959
≡ A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect
to some task T and some performance measure P, if its performance
on T, as measured by P, improves with experience E. Tom Mitchell,
1997