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Lec. 32. Bird pests and their management.ppsx
- 1. AEN 301 PESTSOF FIELD CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT (2+1) Lec. No. Title 32 BIRD PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT Dr. N. MUTHUKRISHNAN, Ph.D. Professor (Entomology) Department of Agricultural Entomology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore 641 003 94862 57548
- 2. BIRD PESTS • Vertebratewarm-blooded animals • Total number of bird species -about 8600 • Cause considerable damage to growing field crops, fruit trees, orchards, threshing yards and in houses
- 3. BIRD SPECIES ASPESTS OF CROPS • House sparrow: Passer domesticus • Parrot: Psittacula eupatria; P. krameri; P. cyanocephale • Crow: Corvus splendens • Pigeon: Columba livia • Peacock: Pava cristatus • Bulbul: Pycnonotus cafer • Baya: Ploceus philippinus • Myna: Aeridothares tristis • Green bee eater: Merops orientalis • Wild duck: Pterocyanea discors
- 4. House sparrow: Passerdomesticus • Omnivorous- eats grain, insects, fruit buds, flower nectar and kitchen scraps • Causes severe damage to sorghum, smaller millet, wheat, rice and small succulent fruits both in field and storage conditions • Lives and build nest in a hole in ceiling niche in wall, inverted lamp shade and every conceivable site within or without an occupied building
- 5. • A thinblack patch from beak to eye and a broader one from chin to upper breast • Bill of both male and female - short and stout • Sparrows go in groups to country side when corn and fruits are plentiful • 5 brood/year • Nest untidy
- 7. Parakeet Psittacula krameri •Most familiar -Indian birds • Rose-ringed parakeet-Often band into large flocks • Highly destructive at all times to crops and orchard fruits • Gnawing and wasting far more that actually eats and cause heavy damage to agricultural and horticultural crops • Sunflower, maize, sorghum, smaller millets, wheat, gram, pea, guava, jamun, mango, papaya and other fruits • Sexually dimorphic- adult male sports a red neck-ring and hen and immature birds of both sexes either show no neck rings, or display shadow-like pale to dark grey neck rings
- 8. Parakeet Psittacula krameri •Rose ringed Parakeet • Long and slim tail, grass- green plumage • A short, hooked, red bill • Male -has a collar round neck which is red on top and black at chin • Female- has only green coloured ring round neck
- 9. • Eat Fruitsand grain • In thousands – destroy whole fields within a few hours • Breeding season - February – March • Use debris for nesting materials in holes in trees • Lay 3 to 6 eggs white, oval eggs • Bird wastes more than eats
- 10. House Crow, Corvussplendens • Most familiar bird of Indian towns and villages • Live in close association of man and obtain livelihood from his works • Cause heavy damage to maturing or ripe crops of agricultural and horticultural importance specially to sorghum, groundnut, wheat, chillies, smaller millets, papaya, mango, guava • Also menace to poultry farming as they take away young chicken and eggs and to livestock breeder as they peck eyes out of newly born lambs • Also useful scavenger
- 11. • Not foundin Kodaikanal like hilly areas • Male and female- alike • Smaller in size than jungle crow • Seventeen inches in length • Round wide patch of grey colour in neck -Rest of body -black • Eggs -laid from April to August • Nests seen on trees, telephone poles Twigs of shorts trees, bit of wire • Lay 4 to 7 light blue to greenish eggs with dark spots • Damaging groundnut, sorghum, chillies, and eggs and chicks of birds, eyes of new born lamps, locusts
- 12. Jungle Crow, Corvusmacrorhynchos • Bigger in size • Jet black complexion with heavy bill • Effective scavengers • Grey coloured bird with neck and upper breast of a greenish and purple • Two dark bars on wings and a band across tail - prominent • Commonly seen on old buildings, churches, temples, railway stations, warehouses, etc. • Well adapted to noisy places. • Fly to threshing floors, grain fields, and pickup grains. • Fly in large numbers- heavy losses
- 13. Pigeon Columba livia •Slaty-grey in colour- neck and upper breast metallic green and purple • Two dark bars on wings and a broad black bar across tail-end • A white patch at root of outer feathers • Bill -black, with a swollen base • Legs – reddish
- 14. Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer •Bulbul -found throughout India. • Common in gardens and light scrub jungles, both near and away from human habitations. • Large numbers collect to feed on grain crops, newly sprouting vegetables and fruits and termite swarms
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- 16. Baya: Ploceus philippinus •Both males and females are polygamous. Males build many partial nests and begin courting females • Male finishes nest only after finding a mate • Female lays about 2 to 4 white eggs and incubates for about 14 to 17 days.[ • Males may assist in feeding chicks- Chicks leave nest after about 17 days • After mating with a female -male typically court other females at other partially constructed nests • Intraspecific brood parasitism is known- females may lay their eggs in nests of others
- 17. Green bee eater:Merops orientalis • Entire plumage -bright green and tinged with blue especially on chin and throat • Crown and upper back -tinged with golden rufous • Flight feathers -rufous washed with green and tipped with blackish • A fine black line runs in front of and behind eye • Iris -crimson and bill -black while legs- dark grey • Feet - weak with three toes joined at base • Bee-eaters predominantly eat insects, especially bees, wasps and ants -caught in air by sorties from an open perch
- 18. Myna Acridothere tristis •Eleven inches in length • Dark brown with bright yellow bill and legs • Colour around eyes- yellow • Has a larger white patch on inside of flight feathers - clearly seen when flies found up to a height of 2,700 m • Breeding season April –September • Lay 4-6 deep blue eggs • Nest made in holes in wall or tree - trunks out of feathers, twigs, leaves etc. • Eats house scraps, fruits, berries, grain, earthworms, grasshoppers, crickets and caterpillars, and meat of dead animals
- 19. • 5 -6 broods/ year; peak in January to May • Nest on natural rock cliffs • Lays 2 elongate white oval egg • It feeds on grains • Transmits - Ornithosis, Salmonella food poising
- 20. • Bird ofspring • Male and female are not similar • Male - glistening black bill –yellowish green; eyes - crimson • Female- brown with white spots overhead; back, wings and tail barred with white • Lays eggs in crow's nest • Feeds on berries, insects, caterpillars • Not found in hills Quail Coturnix coturnix
- 21. Black Drongo orKing CrowDicrurus macrocercus • Slim, agile bird • Glossy black - Long, forked tail white patch at the end • Male and female alike • Food - mainly of insects • Efficient Predator
- 22. • In thesize of a pigeon with a longer tail and slender body • Back and head -grey • Belly -lighter colour, with brown- coloured hair all over • Middle portion of tail - a number of white and black stripes • Eyes and feet –yellowish • Bill -greenish yellow • Feeds on fruits, berries and insects • Swallows poisonous hairy insects which other birds avoid Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius
- 23. Jungle Babblers SevenSisters Turdoides striatus • About ten inches in length • Long tail • Ventral - yellowish ashy • Eye lids-white with a touch of yellow • Bill and feet -colour of an onion • Eat spiders, insects, berries, figs, grain and flower nectar
- 24. Kite Milvus migrans •Ash-brown body and forked tail • Wings darker than rest of body • Head and neck -have a pale yellow colour complexion • Bill and claws -black • Feeds on silkworm pupa, rat etc. • Sharp eye; pounce and attack prey
- 25. Hoopoe Upupa epops •Brownish bird with zebra- shaped feathers • Fan shaped crest and a long bill • Fees on caterpillars and other insects that live under grass and fallen leaves
- 26. Blue Jay /Roller Garrulus lanceolatus • Head- blue, a black bill, Abdomen and under parts -pale blue • Wings of varying shades of blue • Feeds on lizards, frogs, large insects and small insects
- 27. Owl Tyto alba •Eyes -not at the sides but in front • Can move neck • Flies noiselessly • Ears -shorter and covered with small feathers • Kill mice and squirrels
- 28. • Cultural methods –Deep sowing of seeds and covering seeds with soil – Growing trap crops near main crop – Use of plant varieties physically and gustatory unattractive • Use of nylon nets – Spreading nylon net or reflector tapes over crops and orchards-protect birds attack • Habitat manipulation – Alter preferred bird-habitat by removing food, water and shelter Management of Bird Pests
- 29. • Use ofdeterrents – Use scare-crow or human figure errected in fields-scare birds like crows – Acetylene gun-device to produce loud sound by the action of water on calcium carbide-sound scare away birds – Making drumming sound on metal tins (tatooning) and vessels – Use of bioacoustics –birds alarm signals –recorded and played in fields at intervals – Insect repellents – (lindane and malathion 50 EC) or avian feeding deterrent (tetra methy thiuram disulphide-TMTD)- repel bird Management of Bird Pests
- 30. Management of BirdPests • Destruction of nests and roosting places – Eg. against parrot, Myna (Acridotherestristis) and other birds – Fumigation with aluminium phosphide –for birds that make nests on trees or in wall holes (Mynasa, parrots) – Limited use due to scattered distribution and in accessible height • Trapping – Trapped by using a sticky material-used for meat purpose – Flood light trap, decoy trap, nets, cages – to trap birds – Use sticky glue –LASSO- on tip of a pole-Bird catchers
- 31. Management of BirdPests • Baiting: – Chappati or grains soaked in insecticide solution -used for killing some birds- Proper disposal of such birds-necessity – Immobilizing agents-alpha chloralos (1-2%)-to immobilize sprrow and pigeons • Use of resistant variety: – Varieties of sorghum and bajra have been identified which are not attacked by birds • Use of bird scarer: – Erecting a dummy model or beating of empty kerosene tins or acetylene guns to create loud noise at regular intervals.
- 32. Scare crow • Oneof the oldest designs of bird scarer- scarecrow in shape of a human figure • Scarecrow idea -built upon numerous times, and not all visual scare devices are shaped like humans • "Flashman Birdscarer," Iridescent tape, "TerrorEyes" balloons, and other visual deterrents -built on idea of visually scaring birds • Method doesn't work so well with all species, considering that some species frequently perch on scarecrows
- 37. Hawk eyes birdscarer
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- 42. Bird control spikeson a building frontage sign Bird control spikes on a roof Bird deterrent attached to a light pole on Houghton highway viaduct, Australia
- 43. Auditory scarers Propane cannons(propane gas guns) • Popular types of bird scarer used by farmers in Europe and America • Powered gas gun -produces a periodic loud explosion • Audible bang can reach volumes in excess of 150 decibels near the gun • Problem with gas gun scarers – Loud bangs also irritate people living on nearby properties, or other people using countryside – Birds adapt quickly to any sound that does not randomize its magnitude, pitch, or time interval • Propane cannons become ineffective after a short while.
- 45. Electronic repellers (digitallyrecorded distress sounds) • Effective sonic repellers in market • Consisting of a central unit and several speakers • System emits distress calls-if it is a quality product, calls of predators of target species as well • Effective emitters randomize pitch, magnitude, time interval, sound sequence and other factors to prevent birds from getting used to them
- 46. Ultrasonic scarers • Ultrasonicdevices -static sound-emitting bird deterrents • Annoy birds to keep them away from enclosed or semi- enclosed areas • Not harmful to birds- however there is debate around birds' ability to hear these frequencies at loud enough decibels. • Bird -believed to have similar hearing to humans with studies showing birds do not hear on an ultrasonic level • Thus ultrasonic scarers-have little or no effect in deterring birds