low back pain- causes, treatment and management/ mechanical causes, sitting postures, ergonomics

1. LOW BACK PAIN
Dr. SUMAN PAUL
Department of
Orthopaedics & Traumatology,
Rajshahi Medical College Hospital

2. CONTENT
¶Brief anatomy of the back
¶Intro to Lower Back Pain
¶Epidemiology
¶Causes of LBP
¶Presentation
¶Ways of preventing LBP
¶Treatment

3. THE BACK
¶ The back can be viewed as that region of the body
from the occiput to the gluteal folds (Olaogun, 1999)
¶ The back is composed of very sturdy bones and
powerful muscles.
¶ The spine or the back bone is made up of 33 bones
called vertebrae.
¶ 7 cervical, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar vertebrae
separated by 23 intervertebral discs.

4. LOW BACK PAIN
Also known as lumbago (at times referred to as waist pain) is pain
(as name implies) in the lower back (lumbar) region.
Typically, the commonest area of back pain is the low back
(lumbar region) and sometimes it spreads to the buttocks or
thighs.
WHY THE LOWER BACK?
¶Lumbar region because:
¶It bears most of the body’s weight
¶Most movements of the spine occur there.

5. LOW BACK PAIN
¶Most bouts of back pain ease quickly, usually
within a week (acute back pain).
¶When symptoms persist for several months
(over 3 months) chronic back pain results.
¶Back pain could be mechanical, pathologic or
physiologic

6. FACTS:- Low Back Pain
¶Second most common cause of missed
work days
¶Leading cause of disability between ages of
19-45
¶Number one impairment in occupational
injuries

7. Referred LBP Is Remote From
Source of Pain
¶LBP may radiate into
• groin
• buttocks
• upper thigh (posteriorly)
areas that share an interconnecting nerve supply
¶Source of somatic referred pain is a skeletal or myofascial
structure of the lumbar spine
¶Source of visceral referred pain is within a body organ
• ovarian cysts may refer pain to low back
• cancer of head of pancreas can present as low back pain becoming
excruciating at night

8. Muscular Pain
¶Most back pains are caused by strain or
sprain of the back muscles & ligaments
¶Pain will be in discrete area & tender to
touch
¶It is of aching quality & may involve
muscle spasm

9. EPIDEMIOLOGY
¶Back pain, especially low back pain (LBP), most often affects people
between the ages of 25 and 60 years and those aged between 50 and
60 years are likely to become disabled (Corbin et al, 2002).
¶Up to 70%-85% of the population in the United Kingdom (UK)
experience back pain at some point in their lives.
¶In Ghana, over 60% of the adult population complains of back pain at
one time or the other (Osei, 2000).
¶Out of the 424 patients who presented with various conditions at the
Physiotherapy Department of KBTH, 54% were LBP cases (From June
to August 2004).

10. Sources of LBP
¶Damage to several structures in
the low back can result in severe
pain
• vertebrae
• thoracolumbar fascia
• ligaments
• joints
• specifically sacroiliac joint
• discs
• muscle
Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:363-370.

11. Non-Spinal Related Causes
Bladder Infection
Ovarian Cancer
Testicular Torsion
Pelvic Infections
Pancreatitis
Kidney Disease
Ovarian Cyst
Fibromyalgia
Appendicitis
Prostate Disease
Gall Bladder Disease
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

12. Spine Related Causes
Arthritis
Fibromyalgia
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Arachnoiditis
Bone Cancer
Chiari Malformation
Compression Fractures
Discitis
Epidural Abscess
Facet Joint Syndrome
Fixed Sagittal Imbalance
Osteomyelitis
Osteophytes
Pinched Nerve
Ruptured Disc
Spina Bifida
Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal Tumor
Spondylolisthesis
Spinal Stenosis
Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal Tumor
Sprain or Strain
Synovial Cysts
Wedge Fractures

13. LBP Psychological Factors
¶ Psychological factors that may contribute
to or be caused by chronic LBP include
• depression
• anxiety
• post-traumatic stress disorder
• pre-existing disorders
Physiotherapy department, TQMH

14. Social Issues May Contribute to Chronic LBP
¶Job dissatisfaction/loss of ability to work
¶Pursuit of disability compensation
¶Substance abuse
¶Family dynamics
¶Financial issues
¶Loss of social identity or context
¶Loss of ability to participate in recreational activities

15. Diagnosis of LBP
History
Location
Specific Point vs. Across Back
Superficial vs. Deep
Involve Any other region (lower extremity)

16. History
Quality
Dull Ache (tooth ache)
Sharp/Stabbing
Burning
Tearing/Pop

17. History
Quality/Severity
Intermittent
Constant
Pain Scale 1-10

18. History
Setting
Time of day when worst/better
After strenuous activity

19. History
Aggravating/Relieving Factors
What Makes Better What Makes Worse
BEWARE OF THE PATIENT THAT SAYS NOTHING MAKES PAIN BETTER!

20. History
Associated Manifestations
Numbness
Tingling(pins/needles)
Burning
Weakness
Incontinence
Falls

21. OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
Musculoskeletal Examination
¶ Look
• pain behaviors–groaning, position changes, grimacing, etc
• atrophy, swelling, asymmetry, color changes
¶ Feel
• palpate area of pain for temperature, spasm, and pain provocation
• point palpation for trigger points/tender points
¶ Move
• active and passive
• flexion, extension, rotational, lateral bending
• leg raising

22. Examination
¶Posture – change in lumbar lordosis, scoliosis
¶Range of motion – flexion,extension, lateral flexion
¶SLR – seated & supine, sciatic nerve stretch test
¶Presence of paraspinal muscle spasm, trigger points
¶Tender areas –facets, sacro-iliac joints
¶Neurological deficit –
• Dermatomal hypo/hyperaesthesia
• Ability to rise from squatting position (L4),walk on heels(L5), walk on tip-
toes (S1)
• Tendon reflexes – knee jerk(L4 root), ankle jerk(S1 root)

23. Neurologic Exam Determines
Presence/Absence and Level of Radiculopathy and Myelopathy
The exam should include
¶ Motor elements
• muscle bulk/tone
• atrophy/flaccidity
• muscle strength
• coordination
• gait
¶ Sensory elements
• sensory deficits, eg, touch, position sense,
temperature, vibration
• allodynia: light touch
• hyperalgesia: single or multiple pinpricks

24. Diagnostic Studies
¶Plain X-Ray
¶MRI
¶CAT Scan
¶Myelogram
¶Discogram
¶Bone Scan
• Facet Block
• SI Joint Block
• EMG
• SSEP
• DEXAscan
• Bone Scan

25. Diagnostic Studies
X-Ray
¶ taken to assess the structure of the spine and to determine the
alignment of the vertebra

26. Diagnostic Studies
MRI
¶Extremely Sensitive for assessment of Soft
tissue structures (nerves, disc)
¶One of the most commonly ordered test to
assess low back pain

27. Diagnostic Studies
CAT Scan
¶ Most often used to assess bone
structures of spine.
¶ Faster and cheaper than MRI
¶ Can be very effective tool when using
reconstruction images or combined
with other modalities

28. Diagnostic Studies
Myelogram & Post CT
¶myelogram consists of a series of
plain xrays with a contrast agent
injected into the thecal sac.
¶The C.A.T. scan that usually
follows the myelogram depicts
this same anatomy from a C.A.T.
scan perspective

29. Diagnostic Studies
Myelogram & Post CT
The injection of iodine based contrast into the thecal sac
containing the nerves and/or spinal cord, promotes better
definition of those structures than the images obtained on the
regular C.A.T. scan. Cross-sections and reconstructions of the
images in different planes (including 3-D) allows different
perspectives on the anatomy. This test is often used to visualize the
spinal cord and nerves in relation to the surrounding spine
structures (bone, joint, disc, etc)

30. Diagnostic Studies
Discogram
¶Involves the injection of
contrast material into the disc
space
¶Concordant vs. Discordant
Pain…..??
¶Helpful in assessing discogenic
pain
¶VERY “uncomfortable” test

31. PREVENTION
LIFTING
¶Squat directly (by bending your knees) in front of any object to be
lifted; rise, letting your legs and thighs do the work.
¶Keep the object you’re lifting close to your body, and don’t twist.
¶Never try to lift anything you can’t easily manage – get help!
¶ Never bend over without bending your knees.
¶Avoid twisting the trunk whilst lifting
¶Lift and move the trunk in a vertical plane first
¶Turn to the desired direction with the legs afterwards

32. CORRECT WAY OF LIFTING

34. PREVENTION
STANDING
¶Standing for long periods of time can put a lot of stress on
your back.
¶If you must stand, occasionally shift your weight from
one side to the other.
¶Or, try propping one of your feet on a footstool six-to-
eight inches high.
¶Occasionally, tighten your abdominal muscles. This can
enable you to keep your back straight

35. STANDING

36. WRONG RIGHT
WRONG

37. CARRYING BACK-PACKS

38. PREVENTION
SITTING
¶Sit in firm seats with straight backs, keeping your back
flat/straight with the knees bent to about 90º.
¶Rest your feet flat on the floor or on a footstool.
¶ If you cannot get the chair you prefer, learn to sit properly on whatever chair
you get.
¶ Throw head well back, then bend it forward to pull in the chin. This will
straighten the back.
¶ Now tighten abdominal muscles to raise the chest. Check position frequently.

39. SITTING POSTURE

43. SITTING POSTURE

44. PREVENTION
SLEEPING
¶Sleep on a firm, flat mattress.
¶It’s best to sleep on your side with your knees and hips
bent and a pillow under your head, or on your back with
pillows beneath your head and knees.

46. POOR SLEEPING POSITION

47. GOOD SLEEPING POSITION

48. EVEN BETTER

49. POOR SLEEPING POSITION

50. GOOD SLEEPING POSITION

51. EVEN BETTER

52. SOME GOOD AND BAD POSTURES

53. TREATMENT
¶Medications/ Pharmacotherapy
¶Physiotherapy
¶Surgery

54. Pharmacotherapy Options*
¶Antidepressants
¶Anticonvulsants
¶Muscle relaxants
¶Opioid analgesics
¶Corticosteroids
¶NSAIDs
¶Topical analgesics
* Except for certain opioids, none of these agents are indicated for chronic LBP.

55. PHYSIOTHERAPY
¶Exercise (stretching and strengthening of back extensors mainly)
¶Thermotherapy; Heat application in chronic lower back pain using
Infra-red, shortwave diathermy, hotpacks, etc
¶Electrotherapy; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, Trabert,
etc

56. Back Exercises
¶Ankle pump
¶Heel slides
¶Abdominal contraction
¶Wall squats
¶Heel raises
¶Straight leg raises
¶Knee to chest stretch
¶Hamstring stretch
¶Exercises with swiss ball

57. Surgery
1. DECOMPRESSION of spinal nerves (BURST FRACTURE, Spinal stenosis, PID)
2. Fusion & Stabilization (Instrumentation)
3. Correction of deformity

58. DECOMPRESSION Surgery

59. FUSION Surgery

60. References
¶ MOB Olaogun (1999):Pathomenchanics and force analysis at the low back during physical tasks (JNMRT), vol 4 (7). Pp 7-11
¶ Clark MA, Russell AM. Low back pain: a functional perspective. Thousand Oaks,
CA: National Academy of Sports Medicine; 2002.
¶ Hodges PW. Core stability exercise in chronic low back pain. Orthopedic Clinics of
North America. 2003;34:245-254.
¶ Kendall FB, McCreary EK. Muscle Testing and Function. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD:
Williams & Watkins; 1993: 215-226, 284-293.

61. ¶Thank you……