This document discusses the law of carriage of goods by land, sea, and air. It defines key terms like carrier, consignor, and consignee. For carriage by land, it distinguishes between common carriers and private carriers. Common carriers transport goods for the general public on a regular basis, while private carriers transport goods casually for specific persons. The document outlines the rights and essentials of common carriers when transporting goods by land or inland navigation. It also discusses how railways act as bailees rather than common carriers when transporting goods and passengers. For carriage by sea, it defines contracts of affreightment and different types of charter parties and bills of lading. Finally, it lists the six schedules that

1. LAW OF CARRIAGE
OF GOODS
PRESENTED TO: SIR NAVEED MARI
PRESENTED BY: KHIZRAN KHALID (02-112201-016)

2. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY LAND
• UNDER A CONTRACT OF CARRIAGE, A PERSON AGREES TO CARRY GOODS FROM ONE PLACE TO
ANOTHER AND RECEIVES A PAYMENT IN THE RETURN.
• A CARRIER IS SOMEONE WHO AGREES TO TRANSPORT GOODS.
• A CONSIGNOR IS THE ONE WHO HANDS OVER THE GOODS TO THE CARRIER FOR
TRANSPORTATION.
• THE GOODS ARE DELIVERED TO THE CONSIGNEE.

3. • A CONSGINMENT NOTE IS RECEIVED BY EVERY CONSIGNOR WHICH CONTAINS ALL THE DETAILS ABOUT THE PACKAGE/GOODS HE IS
CARRYING.
• WHEN THE CONSIGNEE RECEIVES THE CONSIGNMENT NOTE FROM THE CONSIGNER , IT BECOMES A RECEIPT AS THE CONSGINEE
SIGNS IT TO ENSURE THAT HE HAS RECEIVED THE DELIVERY.
• THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF CARRIERS:
1. COMMON CARRIER: HE IS THE ONE WHO TRANSPORTS GOODS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER FOR ANYONE. (GENERAL OFFER)
2. PRIVATE CARRIER: HE IS THE ONE WHO CARRIES GOODS FOR A SPECIFIC PERSON AND DOES NOT MAKE A GENERAL OFFER. IT IS A
CASUAL BUSINESS FOR HIM AND NOT A REGULAR ONE FOR HIM.

4. ESSENTIALS OF A COMMON CARRIER:
• THE STATUS AND REMUNERATION MUST BE CLEARLY DEFINED.
• THE COMMON CARRIER CAN ONLY TRANSPORT GOODS.
• IT IS A REGULAR BUSINESS.
• CARRIAGE MUST BE MADE BY LAND OR INLAND NAVIGATION.

5. RIGHTS OF COMMON CARRIER:
• A COMMON CARRIER HAS THE RIGHT O RECEIVE THE PAYMENT PROMISED AND IF HE DOES
NOT, HE HAS THE RIGHT TO KEEP THE HOLD OF GOODS.
• THE CARRIER CAN SUE THE PERSON WHO DAMAGES THE GOODS.
• THE CARRIER HAS THE RIGHT TO RECOVER THE EXPENSES HE INCURRED TO KEEP THE GOODS
SAFE. HE ALSO HAS THE RIGHT TO RECOVER DAMAGES IF ANY LOSS OR INJURIES ARE CAUSED
BY THE GOODS.
• THE CARRIER HAS THE RIGHT TO SELL THE GOODS IF THE CONSGINEE REFUSES TO ACCEPT
THEM.

6. • HE ALSO HAS THE RIGHT TO GIVE SOME CONCESSION TO THE CONSIGNOR
AND CAN ALSO REFUSE TO CARRY GOODS BECAUSE OF SOME
CIRCUMSTANCES.
• A COMMON CARRIER CAN ENTER A CONTRACT WITH THE CONSIGNOR TO
ATTAIN THE LIMITED LIABILITY.

7. RAILWAYS AS CARRIER
• RAILWAY IS NOT A COMMON CARRIER.
• RAILWAYS ACT AS A BAILEE AS THEY DO THE TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS
AND PASSENGERS

8. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA
• A CONTRACT OF AFFREIGHMENT IS A CONTRACT BETWEEN SHIP OWNER AND CONSIGNOR
WHERE THE SHIP OWNER AGREES TO CARRY CARGO WITHIN IN A SPECIFIC TIME.
• IN CHARTER OF PARTY, A WHOLE SHIP IS HIRED AND THE PERSON WHO HIRES THE SHIP IS
CALLED A CHARTERER.
• THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF CHARTER PARTY: VOYAGE CHARTER, TIME CHARTER, CHARTER BY
DEMISE.

9. 1. IN THE VOYAGE CHARTER, A SHIP IS CHARTERED FOR A PARTICULAR VOYAGE.
2. IN TIME CHARTER, THE SHIP IS CHARTERED FOR A PARTICULAR PERIOD.
3. IN CHARTER BY DEMISE, THE OWNER GIVES UP THE POSSESSION OF SHIP TO THE CHARTERER FOR A CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME AND HE IS THE ONE WHO BEARS ALL THE EXPENSES.
• MATE’S RECEIPT IS ISSUED BY THE OFFICER WHEN THE GOODS ARE DELIVERED TO A SHIP.
• A BILL OF LADING IS AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE RECEIPT OF THE GOODS ON BOARD THE SHIP.
• THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF BILL OF LADING:
1. CLEAN BILL OF LADING
2. QUALIFIED BILL OF LADING
3. THROUGH BILL LADING

10. 1. CLEAN BILL OF LADING: WHEN THE BILL STATES THAT ALL THE GOODS
ARE IN GOOD CONDITION.
2. QUALIFIED BILL OF LADING: WHEN THE BILL STATES THAT THE GOODS ARE
IN A BAD CONDITION.
3. THROUGH BILL OF LADING: WHEN THE CARGO IS TO BE CARRIED
PARTIALLY THROUGH BOTH LAND AND SEA.

11. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY AIR
• THE CARRIAGE BY AIR ACT HAS SIX SCHEDULES:
1. FIRST SCHEDULE: WARSAW CONVENTION
2. SECOND SCHEDULE: HAGUE PROTOCOL
3. THIRD SCHEDULE: GUADALAJARA CONVENTION
4. FOURTH SCHEDULE: MONTREAL CONVENTION
5. FIFTH SCHEDULE: RULES RELATING TO LOCAL AIR CARRIAGE
6. SIXTH SCHEDULE: LIABILITY OF CARRIERS IN THE EVENT OF THE DEATH OF A PASSENGER.

12. • IT REFERS TO THE GOVERNMENTS OF ALL COUNTRIES WHICH ARE SIGNED
TO THE WARSAW CONVENTION SUCH AS PAKISTAN