Vitamin C has roles as both an antioxidant and in collagen production. A study found that vitamin C deficiency in mice compromised collagen deposition in atherosclerotic plaques, reducing collagen content. However, vitamin C levels did not affect plaque size or foam cell formation. While vitamin C may stabilize plaques by increasing collagen, more research is needed to determine if excess vitamin C can reverse atherosclerosis or if local vitamin C treatment could increase plaque stability. The study demonstrates vitamin C's role in collagen production for plaque stability but did not determine its dominant role in atherosclerosis.
- Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were applied daily to wounds on mice to examine effects on healing.
- Levels of TGF-β, C3, RF, and CRP - markers of inflammation - were significantly lower in mice treated with Ag-NPs, indicating Ag-NPs suppressed the innate immune system and reduced inflammation.
- Wounds treated with Ag-NPs showed less scarring after 14 days and healed more quickly than untreated wounds, demonstrating that Ag-NPs accelerate wound healing by decreasing inflammatory responses.
Information about animal experimenting, including ethical reasons and religious quotes. Hope this helps, I did this when I was in year 8 sorry about my grammar, punctuation and spelling.
1) The study examined the effects of connexin 43 (Cx43) antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (asODN) treatment on the expression of provisional matrix proteins tenascin-C (TNC) and fibronectin (FN) in a mouse model of nitrogen mustard (NM) induced skin injury.
2) Results showed that NM exposure increased TNC expression and decreased FN expression compared to unexposed controls. Cx43-asODN treatment after NM exposure decreased TNC expression and increased FN expression.
3) This suggests that Cx43-asODN treatment may promote wound repair in NM injury by modulating the provisional matrix, specifically by
The three documents discuss scientific studies on the effects of various natural substances. The first examines how different water treatments affect the growth of the fish Anabas testudineus. It finds brackish water leads to the highest growth. The second analyzes Moringa oleifera leaf extracts' ability to lower blood glucose in mice. It determines the extracts have hypoglycemic properties. The third investigates using Nasturtium officinalle to alleviate thrombocytopenia in mice. It concludes Nasturtium officinalle increases platelet count more than a commercial drug.
This document provides an overview and summary of a book published by the OECD about improving school leadership. The book is based on an OECD study that examined school leadership practices and policies in 22 education systems. It identifies four policy levers that can help governments strengthen school leadership now and build sustainable leadership for the future. Companion volumes include case studies on innovative approaches to leadership development and a toolkit to support policymakers in reforming school and education systems. Effective school leadership is seen as key to education reform worldwide.
Antisense therapy is a form of genetic treatment that uses artificially synthesized nucleic acid sequences to bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by a disease-causing gene, inactivating it and effectively turning the gene "off". This approach is being researched as a treatment for various diseases including cancers, diabetes, ALS, and muscular dystrophy. Antisense drugs work by forming DNA/RNA hybrids that are degraded by the RNase H enzyme, preventing translation of the mRNA into protein.
The document summarizes information from a lecture on food allergies. It discusses that food allergies affect up to 12 million Americans and are caused by an adverse immune response to food proteins. The most common food allergies are to the "Big 8" foods of dairy, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, seafood, shellfish, soy, and wheat. Diagnosis involves tests like skin prick tests and blood tests to detect allergy-causing IgE antibodies. Treatment is complete avoidance of the offending foods. Future research aims to develop vaccines or cures for food allergies.
Vitamin C has roles as both an antioxidant and in collagen production. A study found that vitamin C deficiency in mice compromised collagen deposition in atherosclerotic plaques, reducing collagen content. However, vitamin C levels did not affect plaque size or foam cell formation. While vitamin C may stabilize plaques by increasing collagen, more research is needed to determine if excess vitamin C can reverse atherosclerosis or if local vitamin C treatment could increase plaque stability. The study demonstrates vitamin C's role in collagen production for plaque stability but did not determine its dominant role in atherosclerosis.
- Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were applied daily to wounds on mice to examine effects on healing.
- Levels of TGF-β, C3, RF, and CRP - markers of inflammation - were significantly lower in mice treated with Ag-NPs, indicating Ag-NPs suppressed the innate immune system and reduced inflammation.
- Wounds treated with Ag-NPs showed less scarring after 14 days and healed more quickly than untreated wounds, demonstrating that Ag-NPs accelerate wound healing by decreasing inflammatory responses.
Information about animal experimenting, including ethical reasons and religious quotes. Hope this helps, I did this when I was in year 8 sorry about my grammar, punctuation and spelling.
1) The study examined the effects of connexin 43 (Cx43) antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (asODN) treatment on the expression of provisional matrix proteins tenascin-C (TNC) and fibronectin (FN) in a mouse model of nitrogen mustard (NM) induced skin injury.
2) Results showed that NM exposure increased TNC expression and decreased FN expression compared to unexposed controls. Cx43-asODN treatment after NM exposure decreased TNC expression and increased FN expression.
3) This suggests that Cx43-asODN treatment may promote wound repair in NM injury by modulating the provisional matrix, specifically by
The three documents discuss scientific studies on the effects of various natural substances. The first examines how different water treatments affect the growth of the fish Anabas testudineus. It finds brackish water leads to the highest growth. The second analyzes Moringa oleifera leaf extracts' ability to lower blood glucose in mice. It determines the extracts have hypoglycemic properties. The third investigates using Nasturtium officinalle to alleviate thrombocytopenia in mice. It concludes Nasturtium officinalle increases platelet count more than a commercial drug.
This document provides an overview and summary of a book published by the OECD about improving school leadership. The book is based on an OECD study that examined school leadership practices and policies in 22 education systems. It identifies four policy levers that can help governments strengthen school leadership now and build sustainable leadership for the future. Companion volumes include case studies on innovative approaches to leadership development and a toolkit to support policymakers in reforming school and education systems. Effective school leadership is seen as key to education reform worldwide.
Antisense therapy is a form of genetic treatment that uses artificially synthesized nucleic acid sequences to bind to messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by a disease-causing gene, inactivating it and effectively turning the gene "off". This approach is being researched as a treatment for various diseases including cancers, diabetes, ALS, and muscular dystrophy. Antisense drugs work by forming DNA/RNA hybrids that are degraded by the RNase H enzyme, preventing translation of the mRNA into protein.
The document summarizes information from a lecture on food allergies. It discusses that food allergies affect up to 12 million Americans and are caused by an adverse immune response to food proteins. The most common food allergies are to the "Big 8" foods of dairy, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, seafood, shellfish, soy, and wheat. Diagnosis involves tests like skin prick tests and blood tests to detect allergy-causing IgE antibodies. Treatment is complete avoidance of the offending foods. Future research aims to develop vaccines or cures for food allergies.
The lecture discusses issues regarding food safety in Vietnam's agriculture industry. As Vietnam transitioned to a market economy in the 1980s, livestock populations and incomes increased, creating demand for safer food. However, establishing traceability is difficult due to small farm scales and many supply chain actors. Additionally, multiple government ministries complicate regulation and consumers lack information to identify safe products. Factors like low awareness of hygiene among farmers and lack of education for consumers and officials pose challenges. Potential solutions discussed include forming cooperatives to share costs of traceability systems, streamlining bureaucracy, promoting private sector branding, and conducting educational seminars through collaborations between Vietnam and Japanese universities. Strong collaboration between government and the private sector is needed to address food
The document summarizes an experiment using an ELISA test with recombinant NcSAG1 to detect antibodies for Neospora caninum in canine serum samples. Key points:
- The indirect ELISA method was used to test 12 canine serum samples for N. caninum antibodies. This method has advantages like increased sensitivity but requires an extra incubation step.
- OD values indicated samples 1, 4, and 3 had the highest antibody levels while samples 9, 6, and 2 had the lowest.
- Based on the OD values, samples 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12 tested positive for N. caninum antibodies while 2,
1) The document discusses the use of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) to detect and amplify DNA from several agricultural viruses, including avian influenza virus, West Nile virus, fish iridovirus, white spot syndrome virus, Japanese yam mosaic virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus.
2) LAMP methods were found to be more rapid and sensitive than PCR for detecting avian influenza virus and West Nile virus. LAMP could also detect fish iridovirus, white spot syndrome virus, Japanese yam mosaic virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus from infected samples.
3) In
This document discusses the role of antibiotics in animal feed and the development of antibiotic resistance. It notes that antibiotic resistance first emerged as an intrinsic property in some bacteria and later developed through selective pressure from antibiotic exposure. The routine use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals is identified as a serious public health issue as it can create a reservoir of resistant bacteria that spread to humans. The document argues that antibiotics should not be used as growth promoters and only be used prudently for therapy and prophylaxis to minimize resistance. Adopting principles like restricting antibiotics critical for human medicine and minimizing prophylactic use could substantially reduce unnecessary antibiotic resistance.
The document summarizes the trade conflict between Japan and the United States regarding Japan's ban on US beef imports in 2003 due to concerns about mad cow disease (BSE). Key points:
- Japan banned US beef imports in 2003 after the first US case of BSE was discovered. This was a major trade conflict as Japan was the largest market for US beef exports.
- The ban stemmed from concerns that BSE prions could enter the human food chain and cause vCJD/nvCJD, a fatal brain disease in humans.
- The US and Japan had a reciprocal ban after BSE was detected in Japan in 2001. However, in 2005 Japan lifted its ban on younger US cattle deemed less
1) Traceability systems allow the tracking of goods throughout the supply chain and are important for food safety. They help facilitate recalls and identify production issues.
2) Countries have implemented various traceability systems for food, including the EU, Australia, India, and Uruguay.
3) The Philippines is working to establish traceability systems for its pork industry to meet standards of importing countries and enhance trade. A new meat laboratory in Mindanao supports these efforts.
The document discusses the susceptibility of NC/Nga mice to Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection compared to other mouse strains. Figure 2 shows that NC/Nga mice have decreasing levels of the protective cytokine IFN-γ and increasing levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 after LM infection. This suggests high IL-10 levels may explain the mice's susceptibility. However, Figures 3 and 4 appear to contradict this, so more research is needed to understand IL-10's role in listeriosis.
Cancer immunology is the study of interactions between the immune system and cancer cells. It aims to discover immunotherapies to treat cancer. The immune system can recognize cancer antigens and sometimes mounts an effective anti-tumor response. Transplantation immunology involves the immune response to transplanted tissues, known as rejection, as well as graft-versus-host disease. The major targets of transplant rejection are allogeneic MHC molecules recognized by T cells via direct and indirect pathways. Immunosuppression aims to prevent rejection by suppressing the host immune response or reducing graft immunogenicity.
Viruses have developed numerous mechanisms to evade the host immune system. They inhibit antigen processing and presentation to avoid detection by CD8+ T cells. Some viruses produce molecules that bind to and inhibit cytokines, while others produce homologs of cytokines or MHC proteins to suppress immune activation. Viruses may also infect and eliminate immune cells like CD4+ T cells. Studying these diverse immune evasion strategies employed by pathogens like viruses is important for developing effective vaccines.
The document discusses genetically modified foods (GMFs) and their potential benefits and controversies. It argues that GMFs are acceptable if they are proven to be safe for human health and not harmful to the environment based on scientific evidence and international risk assessments. The document notes potential benefits of GMFs for crops, animals, the environment, and increasing global food security. However, it also acknowledges controversies around GMFs regarding their safety, corporate control of the food system, and ethics. It provides an overview of the regulatory system for GMFs in the Philippines and an example of a farmer who increased his yields and income through growing insect-resistant Bt corn. In conclusion, the document expresses support for GMF
1) Genetic engineering techniques like recombinant DNA technology can be used to directly manipulate the genes of influenza viruses. This allows scientists to study the genes responsible for virulence and develop recombinant virus vector vaccines.
2) Specifically, reverse genetics methods allow researchers to generate influenza viruses entirely from cloned cDNA. This technology has been used to reconstruct the 1918 Spanish flu virus to better understand its exceptional deadliness.
3) Recombinant vaccines produced through genetic engineering take viral or bacterial proteins produced in yeast or bacteria, avoiding the risks of live attenuated vaccines while stimulating protective immunity.
This document summarizes swine and pork industry data in the Philippines from 2006-2008. Some key points:
- Total swine inventory in the Philippines was 13.7 million heads in 2008, up 1.8% from 2007. The majority (71%) were in backyard farms.
- Total pork production in 2007 was 1,886 thousand metric tons, up 2.72% from 2006. The top producing regions were Region III and CALABARZON.
- Total pork imports in 2007 were 43,936 thousand kilograms. Bellies and pork cuts made up the majority of imports.
- Pork supply and demand were forecasted for 2008 using regression models. Supply was projected to
The document summarizes the Philippine goat industry. As of January 2010, total goat inventory was estimated at 4.2 million head, which was 0.44% lower than the previous year. Around 37% were female breeders, 9% were male breeders, 33% were kids, and 21% were castrated males or goats for fattening. In 2009, total goat production was estimated at 77.38 thousand metric tons liveweight, which was 0.81% lower than 2008. The document also discusses input supply, production, processing, marketing, consumption, and conclusions/recommendations for the industry.
The lecture discusses issues regarding food safety in Vietnam's agriculture industry. As Vietnam transitioned to a market economy in the 1980s, livestock populations and incomes increased, creating demand for safer food. However, establishing traceability is difficult due to small farm scales and many supply chain actors. Additionally, multiple government ministries complicate regulation and consumers lack information to identify safe products. Factors like low awareness of hygiene among farmers and lack of education for consumers and officials pose challenges. Potential solutions discussed include forming cooperatives to share costs of traceability systems, streamlining bureaucracy, promoting private sector branding, and conducting educational seminars through collaborations between Vietnam and Japanese universities. Strong collaboration between government and the private sector is needed to address food
The document summarizes an experiment using an ELISA test with recombinant NcSAG1 to detect antibodies for Neospora caninum in canine serum samples. Key points:
- The indirect ELISA method was used to test 12 canine serum samples for N. caninum antibodies. This method has advantages like increased sensitivity but requires an extra incubation step.
- OD values indicated samples 1, 4, and 3 had the highest antibody levels while samples 9, 6, and 2 had the lowest.
- Based on the OD values, samples 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12 tested positive for N. caninum antibodies while 2,
1) The document discusses the use of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) to detect and amplify DNA from several agricultural viruses, including avian influenza virus, West Nile virus, fish iridovirus, white spot syndrome virus, Japanese yam mosaic virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus.
2) LAMP methods were found to be more rapid and sensitive than PCR for detecting avian influenza virus and West Nile virus. LAMP could also detect fish iridovirus, white spot syndrome virus, Japanese yam mosaic virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus from infected samples.
3) In
This document discusses the role of antibiotics in animal feed and the development of antibiotic resistance. It notes that antibiotic resistance first emerged as an intrinsic property in some bacteria and later developed through selective pressure from antibiotic exposure. The routine use of antibiotics as growth promoters in food animals is identified as a serious public health issue as it can create a reservoir of resistant bacteria that spread to humans. The document argues that antibiotics should not be used as growth promoters and only be used prudently for therapy and prophylaxis to minimize resistance. Adopting principles like restricting antibiotics critical for human medicine and minimizing prophylactic use could substantially reduce unnecessary antibiotic resistance.
The document summarizes the trade conflict between Japan and the United States regarding Japan's ban on US beef imports in 2003 due to concerns about mad cow disease (BSE). Key points:
- Japan banned US beef imports in 2003 after the first US case of BSE was discovered. This was a major trade conflict as Japan was the largest market for US beef exports.
- The ban stemmed from concerns that BSE prions could enter the human food chain and cause vCJD/nvCJD, a fatal brain disease in humans.
- The US and Japan had a reciprocal ban after BSE was detected in Japan in 2001. However, in 2005 Japan lifted its ban on younger US cattle deemed less
1) Traceability systems allow the tracking of goods throughout the supply chain and are important for food safety. They help facilitate recalls and identify production issues.
2) Countries have implemented various traceability systems for food, including the EU, Australia, India, and Uruguay.
3) The Philippines is working to establish traceability systems for its pork industry to meet standards of importing countries and enhance trade. A new meat laboratory in Mindanao supports these efforts.
The document discusses the susceptibility of NC/Nga mice to Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection compared to other mouse strains. Figure 2 shows that NC/Nga mice have decreasing levels of the protective cytokine IFN-γ and increasing levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 after LM infection. This suggests high IL-10 levels may explain the mice's susceptibility. However, Figures 3 and 4 appear to contradict this, so more research is needed to understand IL-10's role in listeriosis.
Cancer immunology is the study of interactions between the immune system and cancer cells. It aims to discover immunotherapies to treat cancer. The immune system can recognize cancer antigens and sometimes mounts an effective anti-tumor response. Transplantation immunology involves the immune response to transplanted tissues, known as rejection, as well as graft-versus-host disease. The major targets of transplant rejection are allogeneic MHC molecules recognized by T cells via direct and indirect pathways. Immunosuppression aims to prevent rejection by suppressing the host immune response or reducing graft immunogenicity.
Viruses have developed numerous mechanisms to evade the host immune system. They inhibit antigen processing and presentation to avoid detection by CD8+ T cells. Some viruses produce molecules that bind to and inhibit cytokines, while others produce homologs of cytokines or MHC proteins to suppress immune activation. Viruses may also infect and eliminate immune cells like CD4+ T cells. Studying these diverse immune evasion strategies employed by pathogens like viruses is important for developing effective vaccines.
The document discusses genetically modified foods (GMFs) and their potential benefits and controversies. It argues that GMFs are acceptable if they are proven to be safe for human health and not harmful to the environment based on scientific evidence and international risk assessments. The document notes potential benefits of GMFs for crops, animals, the environment, and increasing global food security. However, it also acknowledges controversies around GMFs regarding their safety, corporate control of the food system, and ethics. It provides an overview of the regulatory system for GMFs in the Philippines and an example of a farmer who increased his yields and income through growing insect-resistant Bt corn. In conclusion, the document expresses support for GMF
1) Genetic engineering techniques like recombinant DNA technology can be used to directly manipulate the genes of influenza viruses. This allows scientists to study the genes responsible for virulence and develop recombinant virus vector vaccines.
2) Specifically, reverse genetics methods allow researchers to generate influenza viruses entirely from cloned cDNA. This technology has been used to reconstruct the 1918 Spanish flu virus to better understand its exceptional deadliness.
3) Recombinant vaccines produced through genetic engineering take viral or bacterial proteins produced in yeast or bacteria, avoiding the risks of live attenuated vaccines while stimulating protective immunity.
This document summarizes swine and pork industry data in the Philippines from 2006-2008. Some key points:
- Total swine inventory in the Philippines was 13.7 million heads in 2008, up 1.8% from 2007. The majority (71%) were in backyard farms.
- Total pork production in 2007 was 1,886 thousand metric tons, up 2.72% from 2006. The top producing regions were Region III and CALABARZON.
- Total pork imports in 2007 were 43,936 thousand kilograms. Bellies and pork cuts made up the majority of imports.
- Pork supply and demand were forecasted for 2008 using regression models. Supply was projected to
The document summarizes the Philippine goat industry. As of January 2010, total goat inventory was estimated at 4.2 million head, which was 0.44% lower than the previous year. Around 37% were female breeders, 9% were male breeders, 33% were kids, and 21% were castrated males or goats for fattening. In 2009, total goat production was estimated at 77.38 thousand metric tons liveweight, which was 0.81% lower than 2008. The document also discusses input supply, production, processing, marketing, consumption, and conclusions/recommendations for the industry.
1. アバオラリーネルビルバオ July 26, 2010
Animal Welfare すずき先生
Animal Welfare on the Mice-Malaria Experiment
Animal welfare is a touchy issue and has been generating enough controversies
since 1822 (when the British Richard Martin shepherded a bill through Parliament
offering protection from cruelty to cattle, horses, and sheep). Martin was among the
founders of the world's first animal welfare organization, the Society for the
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (or SPCA), in 1824. In 1840, Queen Victoria gave
the society her blessing, and it became the RSPCA.
Meanwhile, Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary defined animal welfare
as "the avoidance of abuse and exploitation of animals by humans by maintaining
appropriate standards of accommodation, feeding and general care, the prevention
and treatment of disease and the assurance of freedom from harassment, and
unnecessary discomfort and pain."
The use of animals as experimental subjects in the 20th century has contributed to
many important advances in scientific and medical knowledge (Leader and Stark
1987). Although scientists have also developed non―animal models for research
(e.g. cell culture), these models often cannot completely mimic the complex human
or animal body. Continued progress in human and animal health and well-being
requires the use of living animals. Nevertheless, efforts to develop and use
scientifically valid alternatives, adjuncts, and refinements to animal research should
continue.
The Five Freedoms. The concept of Five Freedoms originated with the Report of
the Technical Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals kept under Intensive
Livestock Husbandry Systems, the Brambell Report, December 1965 (HMSO
London, ISBN 0 10 850286 4). This stated that farm animals should have freedom
“to stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs,” a list
that is still sometimes referred to as Brambell’s Five Freedoms.
As a direct result of the Brambell Report, the Farm Animal Welfare Advisory
Committee (FAWAC) was set up. This was disbanded at the same time that the
Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) was established by the British Government in
July 1979, with some common membership. One of these bodies started to list the
provisions that should be made for farm animals in five categories, which also
became known as the Five Freedoms (despite the fact that not all the categories
were actually freedoms). Records from FAWC are not readily available so the exact
origin is not clear. The concept was subsequently refined by FAWC so that it actually
took the form of five freedoms. It has since been further updated and is now the most
visited page on the Council's Website.” The five (5) freedoms are the following:
(1) Freedom from Hunger and Thirst; (2) Freedom from Discomfort; (3) Freedom
from Pain, Injury or Disease - by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment; (4)
Freedom to Express Normal Behavior; and (5) Freedom from Fear and Distress.
Freedom from Hunger and Thirst. This means that the mice should have ready
access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor. On this one, I
guess there was no violation in the conduct of the experiment (Vitamin C Deficiency
Fails to Protect Mice from Malaria) as the mice were given fresh water and food.
1
2. Freedom from Discomfort. This means the provision of an appropriate
environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area. In my opinion, there
was also no violation on this one with regards to the experiment that was done.
Included in this freedom are such things as replacement of cages once a week and
replacement of water once or twice a week.
Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease. This is described as the prevention or rapid
diagnosis and treatment. In the experiment, the mice themselves were injected with
a lethal dose of Plasmodium berghei NK65-infected red blood cells, which are known
to cause malaria. This is a clear violation of this specific freedom in this experiment.
From this point, it is clear that the experiment cannot be done without violating this
specific animal freedom.
To improve the experiment, the key idea is just to minimize the casualties. Key
questions to ask would be: (1) Is there are an alternative method to do this one (e.g.
in vitro experiments such as cell culture); (2) Is there a way to minimize the number
of mice involved?; and (3) Was anesthesia (e.g. diethyl ether) used to minimize pain
in the collection of samples from mice?
If the answer to the first question is no, then by no means continue with the mice
experiment. With regard to the second question, it was clear in the experiments that
4 to 6 mice were used at various points of the experiments. In the measuring of
ascorbate concentration, 4 mice with GuloKO gene and also the same number of
C57BL/6J mice were used (for a total of 8 mice). For the testing of RBC, PCV, and
Hb, a total of 18 mice (6 mice each for GuloKOSW, GuloKONW, and C57BL/6J NW)
were used. For the testing of reticulocyte ratio, parasitemia kinetics, and days after
infection, around 12 mice (6 C57BL/6J mice and 6 GuloKO mice) was tested for each
experiment.
Regarding the third question, it was presumed that no anesthesia was used in the
collection of the samples. To minimize pain, anesthesia (e.g. diethyl ether) should be
used. Also, the person who will collect the samples should be an expert to further
minimize the pain to the mice. First timers will definitely inflict more pain.
Freedom to Express Normal Behavior. This relates to the provision of sufficient
space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind. In the experiment, the
mice were isolated to observe the effects of the Plasmodium berghei NK65. Again,
this is a clear violation of this freedom. But since this is for research purpose, then
this procedure cannot be done away with.
Freedom from Fear and Distress. This means ensuring conditions and treatment
which avoid mental suffering for mice. By injecting Plasmodium berghei NK65 to the
mice, they were subjected to fear and distress as the result of hormonal imbalances
that occurred within their bodies.
In conclusion, it is clear that is impossible to conduct research on mice without
violating the provisions of the five freedoms. So, maybe animals for research
purposes should exempted from these principles. The key is just to minimize the
pain inflicted to mice, determine the appropriate number for the experiments to obtain
optimal data, and consider alternative methods in conducting research that do not
require mice usage.
2