We study the interaction of organizational culture and personal pro-social orientation in team work where teams compete against each other. In a computerized lab experiment with minimal group design, we assign subjects to two alternative subliminally primed organizational cultures emphasizing either self-enhancement or self-trancendence. We find that effort is highest in self-trancendent teams and prosocially oriented subjects perform better than proself-oriented under that culture. In any other value-culture-mechanism constellation, performance is worse and/or prosocials and proselves do not di¤er in provided effort. These findings point out the importance of a "triple-fit" of preferences, organizational culture and incentive mechanism.
Using a group identity manipulation we examine the role of social preferences in an experimental one-shot centipede game. Contrary to what social preference theory would predict, we find that players continue longer when playing with outgroup members. Our explanation rests on two observations: (i) players should only stop if they are sufficiently confident that their partner will stop at the next node, given the exponentially-increasing payoffs in the game, and (ii) players are more likely to have this degree of certainty if they are matched with someone from the same group, whom they view as similar to themselves and thus predictable. We find strong statistical support for this argument. We conclude that group identity not only impacts a player's utility function, as identified in earlier research, but also affects her reasoning about the partner's behavior.
Check the latest research publications and presentations on our website http://www.hhs.se/site
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
We study the interaction of organizational culture and personal pro-social orientation in team work where teams compete against each other. In a computerized lab experiment with minimal group design, we assign subjects to two alternative subliminally primed organizational cultures emphasizing either self-enhancement or self-trancendence. We find that effort is highest in self-trancendent teams and prosocially oriented subjects perform better than proself-oriented under that culture. In any other value-culture-mechanism constellation, performance is worse and/or prosocials and proselves do not di¤er in provided effort. These findings point out the importance of a "triple-fit" of preferences, organizational culture and incentive mechanism.
Using a group identity manipulation we examine the role of social preferences in an experimental one-shot centipede game. Contrary to what social preference theory would predict, we find that players continue longer when playing with outgroup members. Our explanation rests on two observations: (i) players should only stop if they are sufficiently confident that their partner will stop at the next node, given the exponentially-increasing payoffs in the game, and (ii) players are more likely to have this degree of certainty if they are matched with someone from the same group, whom they view as similar to themselves and thus predictable. We find strong statistical support for this argument. We conclude that group identity not only impacts a player's utility function, as identified in earlier research, but also affects her reasoning about the partner's behavior.
Check the latest research publications and presentations on our website http://www.hhs.se/site
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study seeks to validate the phenomenon of organizational culture types that purports to support
an organization’s performance. The study further determines if there is any substantive relevance to the
argument proposed by scholars in organizational culture theory that an organization’s culture predicating on
its performance,
CEO’s Values, Management Style and Firm Performance: Evidence from Social Ent...SEFORÏS
A substantial body of research emphasizes the importance of the person in charge of an organization for a firm’s decisions and performance, yet less is known about which individual traits and experiences can explain variation in management styles that contribute to differences in firm performance. Our paper explores the possibility that a CEO’s personal values help shape his or her management style, which in turn helps drive firm outcomes.
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Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
American Journal of Sociology.
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This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.71 on Wed, 28 Nov 2012 00:55:59 AM
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Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure
as Myth and Ceremonyl
John W. Meyer and Brian Rowan
Stanford University
Many formal organizational structures arise as reflections of ratio-
nalized institutional rules. The elaboration of such rules in modern
states and societies accounts in part for the expansion and increased
complexity of formal organizational structures. Institutional rules
function as myths which organizations incorporate, gaining legitimacy,
resources, stability, and enhanced survival prospects. Organizations
whose structures become isomorphic with the myths of the institu-
tional environment-in contrast with those primarily structured by
the demands of technical production and exchange-decrease internal
coordination and control in order to maintain legitimacy. Structures
are decoupled from each other and from ongoing activities. In place of
coordination, inspection, and evaluation, a logic of confidence and
good faith is employed.
Formal organizations are generally understood to be systems of coordinated
and controlled activities that arise when work is embedded in complex
networks of technical relations and boundary-spanning exchanges. But in
modern societies formal organizational structures arise in highly institu-
tionalized contexts. Professions, policies, and programs are created along
with the products and services that they are understood to produce rational-
ly. This permits many new organizations to spring up and forces existing
ones to incorporate new practices and procedures. That is, organizations are
driven to incorporate the prac ...
This study seeks to validate the phenomenon of organizational culture types that purports to support
an organization’s performance. The study further determines if there is any substantive relevance to the
argument proposed by scholars in organizational culture theory that an organization’s culture predicating on
its performance,
CEO’s Values, Management Style and Firm Performance: Evidence from Social Ent...SEFORÏS
A substantial body of research emphasizes the importance of the person in charge of an organization for a firm’s decisions and performance, yet less is known about which individual traits and experiences can explain variation in management styles that contribute to differences in firm performance. Our paper explores the possibility that a CEO’s personal values help shape his or her management style, which in turn helps drive firm outcomes.
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3XEOLVKHG�E\��The University of Chicago Press
6WDEOH�85/��http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778293 .
$FFHVVHG������������������
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
American Journal of Sociology.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.71 on Wed, 28 Nov 2012 00:55:59 AM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778293?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure
as Myth and Ceremonyl
John W. Meyer and Brian Rowan
Stanford University
Many formal organizational structures arise as reflections of ratio-
nalized institutional rules. The elaboration of such rules in modern
states and societies accounts in part for the expansion and increased
complexity of formal organizational structures. Institutional rules
function as myths which organizations incorporate, gaining legitimacy,
resources, stability, and enhanced survival prospects. Organizations
whose structures become isomorphic with the myths of the institu-
tional environment-in contrast with those primarily structured by
the demands of technical production and exchange-decrease internal
coordination and control in order to maintain legitimacy. Structures
are decoupled from each other and from ongoing activities. In place of
coordination, inspection, and evaluation, a logic of confidence and
good faith is employed.
Formal organizations are generally understood to be systems of coordinated
and controlled activities that arise when work is embedded in complex
networks of technical relations and boundary-spanning exchanges. But in
modern societies formal organizational structures arise in highly institu-
tionalized contexts. Professions, policies, and programs are created along
with the products and services that they are understood to produce rational-
ly. This permits many new organizations to spring up and forces existing
ones to incorporate new practices and procedures. That is, organizations are
driven to incorporate the prac ...
Corporate social responsibility institutional drivers a comparative study fro...Adam Shafi Shaik PhD.
ABSTRACT
This study develops an internal–external institutional framework that explains why firms act in socially responsible ways in the emerging country context of India and Saudi Arabia. Utilizing a mixed method of in-depth study selected companies & individuals, the author found that internal institutional factors, including ethical corporate culture and top management commitment, and external institutional factors, including globalization pressure, Government embeddedness, and normative social pressure, will affect the likelihood of firms to act in socially responsible ways. In particular, implicit ethical corporate culture plays a key role in predicting different aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR), while external institutional mechanisms mainly predict market-oriented CSR initiatives. This study contributes to the research on CSR antecedents by showing that in the emerging economy of India and Saudi Arabia, CSR toward non market stakeholders is more close
CHAPTER 7 Theories of Organizational Culture and Change Organi.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7
Theories of Organizational Culture and Change
Organizational culture is the culture that exists in an organization, something akin to a societal culture. It is composed of many intangible phenomena, such as values, beliefs, assumptions, perceptions, behavioral norms, artifacts, and patterns of behavior. It is the unseen and unobservable force that is always behind the organizational activities that can be seen and observed. According to Kilmann and his colleagues (1985), “Culture is to the organization what personality is to the individual—a hidden, yet unifying theme that provides meaning, direction, and mobilization.”
Since the 1980s, the literature on organizational change has had a dominant theme— lasting organizational reform requires changes in organizational culture. Organizational cul- tures that reflect unwanted values, such as hierarchy, rigidity, homogeneity, power based on authority and associations in closed networks, and reliance on rules restrict flexibility and can be formidable barriers to effecting lasting change (Cameron & Quinn, 2011). Organizational members often hang onto familiar “tried and true” beliefs, values, poli- cies, and practices of the organizational culture even when these “old ways” have ceased to serve the organization well. The task is to replace these with cultures where horizon- tal relations, open and accessible networks, flexibility, responsiveness, individual and group empowerment, diversity, and customer service are valued. Advocates and advisers of organizational reform have shared a commitment to increase organizational effective- ness, competitiveness, flexibility, and responsiveness by changing organizational cultures. “Command-and-control” cultures must be replaced with cultures that encourage and sup- port an increasingly diverse workforce and employee participation and empowerment approaches for individuals in work teams.
Therefore, understanding and appreciating the theory of organizational culture—the organizational culture perspective—as well as the existing culture of a particular organization, is necessary for effecting lasting organizational change.
THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE PERSPECTIVE
The organizational culture perspective is a set of theories with their own assumptions about organizational realities and relationships. It is yet another way of viewing, thinking about, studying, and trying to understand organizations. Like power and politics orga- nization theory (Chapter 6), the assumptions, units of analysis, research methods, and approaches of the organizational culture perspective differ markedly from those of the ratio- nal, “modern” structural, organizational economics, and systems/environment theories.
292
Theories of Organizational Culture and Change 293
The organizational culture perspective challenges the basic views of these more rational perspectives about, for example, how organizations make decisions and how and why orga- nizations—and people in organiz.
Critical management studies
and “mainstream” organization
science
A proposal for a rapprochement
Max Visser
Nijmegen School of Management, Institute of Management Research,
Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a rapprochement between the field of critical
management studies (CMS) and what is constructed here as the “mainstream” of organization theory
and research.
Design/methodology/approach – The paper contains a comparative analysis of relevant literature
from the fields of organization theory, political science and political psychology.
Findings – It is found, first, that at least four instances of “mainstream” theory and research more or
less share CMS assumptions; second, that CMS and “mainstream” may benefit from mutual contact
(using the example of the “power elite” discussion in the 1950s and 1960s); third, that CMS and
“mainstream” may benefit from “mainstream” operationalization of CMS-concepts (using the example
of the development of the F-scale in the 1930s and 1940s).
Originality/value – The paper ranks among the first to search for convergences between two fields
that seem firmly divided in both theoretical and institutional terms.
Keywords Critical management, Organizational theory, Management power
Paper type Conceptual paper
Introduction
Since the 1970s a field of organization studies has emerged that explicitly takes a
critical stance towards modern practices of management and organization and to
(what is constructed in this paper as) the “mainstream”[1] of scientific theory and
research on these practices (Grey and Willmott, 2005a). Given this dual purpose of
critiquing management and the studies thereof, this field has appropriately labeled
itself as critical management studies (CMS).
Although the field of CMS is not easily defined and demarcated, some common lines
of thought can be discerned. Put briefly, CMS scholars argue for a critical conception of
management “in which research is self-consciously motivated by an effort to discredit,
and ideally eliminate, forms of management and organization that have institutionalized
the opposition between the purposefulness of individuals and the seeming givenness
and narrow instrumentality of work-process relationships” (Alvesson and Willmott,
1992, p. 4). This givenness (or naturalness) of relationships needs to be critically
examined (or de-naturalized), because what is treated as natural or given often masks
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1934-8835.htm
The author thanks Jos Benders, Yvonne Benschop, Rene ten Bos, Hans Doorewaard,
Erik Poutsma, and the Editor and two anonymous reviewers for their critical (both with and
without capital C) and stimulating comments on earlier drafts of this paper.
IJOA
18,4
466
International Journal of
Organizational Analysis
Vol. 18 No. 4, 2010
pp. 466-478
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1934-88.
BUS 4046 explain specialization and the division/tutorialoutletdotcomwilliamtrumpz5c
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
www.tutorialoutlet.com
The
desire to improve performance is the underlying reason for the inclusion of this course in the
Capella undergraduate business curriculum.
The Failure of Theory to Predict the Way Public SectorOrgani.docxtodd771
The Failure of Theory to Predict the Way Public Sector
Organisation Responds to its Organisational
Environment and the Need for a Mosaic-View
of Organisational Theory
Bryane Michael & Maja Popov
Published online: 25 November 2014
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Abstract What does theory predict about the way government size and structure
adapts to changes in government’s organisational environment (particularly to
uncertainty and complexity)? In this paper, we review the theory and evidence
from the literature about the way government size adjusts to such changes –
particularly to changes in macroeconomic fundamentals like gross national prod-
uct (GDP). We find that the traditional theories from the organisational theory
literature—like the contingency-based view, resource-based view and the rational
choice view – fail to provide global explanations for much of the variation we
see in the world around us. Instead, theorists need to adopt a “mosaic view” of
organisational theory – accepting that different theories may explain the way
public sector size and structure responds to the uncertainty and variability in its
(macroeconomic) organisational environment. We also provide several empirical
hypotheses to test such a mosaic-view.
Keywords Contingency theory. Public sector organisational theory. Resource-based
view. Size of government . Government structure . “Mosaic view”
JELCodes . F4 . D7 . E6 . H1 . H4
Public Organiz Rev (2016) 16:55–75
DOI 10.1007/s11115-014-0296-5
The views expressed in this paper remain the views of the authors alone and do not reflect the views of the
organisations for which the authors work or are affiliated with.
The affiliations shown as of time of writing.
B. Michael (*)
Columbia University (SIPA), 420 W 118th St #1, New York, NY 10027, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Popov
General Secretariat of the Government of Serbia, 11 Nemanjina St., Belgrade, Serbia
Introduction
Despite over 40 years of theorizing about public sector organisation, we still know very
little about how government responds to changes in its organisational environment. A
variety of theories predict how government size and structure should respond to the
national macroeconomic environment it regulates (as well as buys and sells labour, capital
and goods in). Contingency theorists argue – though are now in relative disrepute – that
government departments and agencies grow, shrink, divide and/or merge in response to
changes in the macroeconomic environment (Gupta et al. 1994). Resource-based theorists
– and their newer off-spring who write about “competencies” – argue that these govern-
ment departments morph, depending on the resources (budgetary, staffing, know-how and
so forth) they already have available – or can obtain through bureaucratic and/or political
means (Bryson et al. 2007). Rational-choice theorists, and select scholars in public
administration, argue that government organisational structure does (or sho.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Knowledge Transfer Within Multinational Enterprises
1. Knowledge transfer within multinational enterprises (MNEs) has been widely
studied by institutional theorists (e.g. Guler et al., 2002; Kostova and Roth,
2002). However, the aim of such studies has been typically to highlight the
isomorphic pressures to adopting practices to gain legitimacy where
organizational learning is projected as the flow of abstract knowledge. By
contrast, studies that pay systematic attention to the influence of social
institutions on learning where knowledge is grounded in practical
consciousness are rare (exceptions include Hong et al., 2005). If institutions
are considered at all, the interest remains on their impact on knowledge
transfer, rather than learning, leading to similar (e.g. Kostova and Roth,
2002) or diverse (e.g. Ferner et al., 2005) patterns of work organization
across foreign subsidiaries. By the same token, if there is an interest in
organizational learning, this is, more often than not, conceptualized as
knowledge transfer that is divorced from the role of human agency (e.g.
Macharzina et al., 2001; Uhlenbruck et al., 2003). The social perspective on
organizational learning has been widely canvassed outside the MNE literature
(e.g. Blackler, 1993; Lane, 1993; Brown and Duguid, 1991). However, the
view of organizational learning in multinational settings is commonly a
structuralist one, where learning refers to a process of transferring discrete
best practices commonly divorced from the broader institutional contexts
(e.g. Barkema and Vermeulen, 1998; Zahra et al., 2000). This calls for a
need to introduce contextual and practice-based understanding of
organizational learning to the research on the multinational firm. We
welcome papers that highlight the role of agency in MNE learning that is
embedded in wider institutional contexts. Our aim is to integrate, at the very
least, two strands of literature – institutional theory and organizational
learning – to examine the broader institutional arrangements and micro-
organizational processes that lead to similar or diverse practices or that
highlight how new practices are created from activity innovations (see
Lounsbury and Crumley, 2007).
Contributions to this sub-theme should adopt a contextual and practice-
based understanding of learning (e.g. Cook and Brown, 1999; Nicolini et al.,
2003; Gherardi, 2000), and seek to highlight the ways in which institutional
influences interact with orientations of actors to enacting acquired knowledge
in multinationals. We encourage contributions that draw on different
theoretical streams beyond organizational learning and institutional theory,
adopt diverse research methodologies and examine multiple levels of
analysis.
Institutional Perspective
The term ‘institutional theory’ is itself imbued with a variety of meanings,
from the theories of institution formation (Selznick, 1957), to the neo-
institutional perspectives (Powell & DiMaggio, 1991). Our focus here is
primarily drawn from the recent studies on ‘divergent capitalisms’ (Whitley,
1
2. 1999), which conceives the MNC as a potential site of negotiation and conflict
between different business systems (Whitley 1999; Morgan, Kristensen &
Whitley, 2001). Such a perspective provides a means to examine the social
embeddedness of management practices, and the ways in which the work
practices inside the firm have been shaped and influenced by the wider
institutional context. The MNC therefore presents an interesting lens through
which we can look at the ways in which management systems and work
practices that have evolved from one institutional context may be sustainable
in another. It provides a context to examine if and how parent company
systems are transferred, adapted and sustained in a foreign subsidiary.
Through the lens of this institutional perspective, processes of consent and
resistance to new management practices are studied through a comparative
analysis of how social relations and industrial relations across contexts
influence worker responses to new management systems (Botti 1995; Hibino
1997; Sharpe 2001; Kristensen & Zeitlin 2001). This approach provides
analytical tools to examine how, despite pressures of ‘isomorphic pulls’
towards ‘best practices’ driven by organizational and globalization effects
(Mueller 1994), the cultural and institutional specificity of management
practices still persists (Streeck 1996; Whitley 1997). In studying how MNCs
seek to transfer management practices across their operations, we can
examine the linkages and relations between institutional structures such as
national and supranational cultural, political and economic structures, and
the internal relations and processes within and between organizations.
Research from this standpoint looks at the linkages across a number of levels
of analysis that cut across the organization/environment boundary and
include micro and macro- levels of analysis (Burawoy 2000). Focusing on the
transfer of management practices across institutional contexts, the divergent
capitalisms literature has revealed (Whitley 1999; Lane 1999; Morgan 1999)
how national institutional contexts shape the strategies and structures of
firms and how organizing across institutional contexts can set challenges to
existing routines. From this perspective, the MNC can be seen as an arena
where multiple actors pursue their own local logics of action.
Institutional Analysis
Drawing on institutional analysis, we can see how the use of the teamleader to convey a new
value system and orientation to work has proved difficult given the tradition and convention that
existed in the press shop. Compromises have emerged as the influence of local custom, tradition
and practice has limited the extent to which authority relations on the shop floor have actually
changed in practice. Multi-tasking exists in theory but in practice, the demarcation lines still
persist in spirit between such groups as the servicemen, press operators and setters. The
development of a consensual team spirit and shared commitment to the formal work objectives,
an important element of the parent organizations social means of control on the shop floor,
proved elusive in this particular context.
Also, from an institutional perspective, the conflict between the press operators, setters and
servicemen can be understood by looking at the established demarcation lines that have existed in
the UK manufacturing sector and particularly in engineering. Traditionally the industry was
heavily unionized with strong unions protecting the interests of their craft members through
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3. operating ‘closed shop' agreements. In Britain, the unions have been traditionally prominent in
the training and accreditation process for skilled workers (Lane 1989). The granting of skilled
status to craft apprentices meant that at the same time a job territory was being claimed and
defended for those possessing the skills, through exclusion practices. Similarly semiskilled
workers, like their craft counterparts, have been committed to the practice of demarcation in
British industry, defending their job territory by refusing to move to another machine.
The reduction in job grades had meant that the press operators were no longer formally graded on
a higher level than the servicemen, who traditionally had the role of cleaning on the shop floor
and moving materials to where they were needed. Both groups now received the same pay. This
change in hierarchical 'status' on the shop floor complimented the push towards increased
flexibility of workers through multi tasking, where servicemen and press operators became
interchangeable general operators. In this way there was a separation of formal status and pay
from the actual job done.
However an institutional analysis highlights how the press shop culture was grounded in a
historical legacy of confrontation, individualism and contractual relations between the hourly
paid workers and the organization. Changes met resistance from the workers but without the
backing of a union and with the lack of alternative employment in the area, workers accepted
significant changes in their status and working relations on the shop floor. The traditional
confrontational relationship between workers and 'management' remained however, and notions
of ‘team spirit' and Kaizen philosophy remained far removed from the reality of shop floor
culture in the press shop.
While the organization was trying to implement changes in practices, the infrastructure which
supported these practices in the parent organization was not transferred. From an institutional
perspective, this case study provides an interesting base from which debates on the transfer of
management practices across contexts can be examined. For example, we can examine how local
institutional and value frameworks may mediate the degree to which management practices and
control systems may be sustained in different contexts.
Large Japanese organizations are frequently characterized in the literature as having more
ambiguous and fluid job definitions than exist in many British organizations. Workers perform
multiple tasks via intra-group job rotation. The demarcation battle between work groups in the
press shop provides an example of how the traditional group norms and values in the British
engineering industry made it quite difficult to transfer such a system of reduced job grades and
increased flexibility across jobs. The push towards increased flexibility across tasks was
challenging work-group identity.
The ability of the newly appointed teamleaders to carry out their role effectively in the press shop
was greatly influenced by conventions existing in the wider social context of the UK industry,
where authority relations have not been traditionally based on an ideology of worker involvement
and commitment (Cole 1979). The long tradition of a 'minimum involvement ' philosophy and of
a purely contractual approach by both sides of industry (Lane 1992) proved difficult to change in
the press shop. A central aspect of the workers' orientation was the unwillingness to become
involved in what they considered to be ‘management’s responsibilities'. The example of changing
attitudes towards responsibility for quality given above is one example of this. An institutional
analysis highlights how the incentive payment system linked to long term employment (Okuno
1984) found traditionally in many large organizations in Japan contrasts sharply with the history
of a 'minimum involvement' philosophy in UK manufacturing (Whitley 1992) and status-wage
differentiation based on job classification.
This 'minimum involvement' philosophy now stands in contradiction to the level of commitment
and long term thinking that the new management practices at the brownfield site are requiring of
the workforce.
The extent to which, and the way in which, formal management practices were implemented in
the press shop was crucially dependent on the teamleader who had the task of managing the shop
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4. floor culture. From an institutional perspective, the work orientation of the press shop operators,
embedded in the local working class culture and the tradition in the region, proved very difficult
to change and the interaction of parent organization management initiatives with local
conventions led to compromises on the shop floor in which a ‘hybrid’ culture emerged.
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