battery monitoring system

1. School
of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Mini Project Report
On
UPS BASED BATTERY MONITORING SYSTEM
By:
NAME: USN:
GayatriKiresur 01FE17BEC406
PriyankaSutar 01FE17BEC429
AishwaryaDharwadkar 01FE17BEC402
Semester: V, 2018-2019
Under the Guidance of

2. SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project entitled ‘UPS Based Battery Monitoring system’ is a bonafide
work carried out by the student team of
1.Priyanka sutar USN:01FE17BEC429
2.Aishwarya Dharwadkar USN:01FE17BEC402
4.Gayatri Kiresur USN:01FE17BEC406
The project report has been approved as it satisfies the requirements with respect to the
mini project work prescribed by the university curriculum for BE (V semester) in School of
Electronics and Communication Engineering of KLE technological University for the
academic year 2018-2019.
Guide Head of School Registrar
External Viva:
Name of Examiners Signature with date
1.
2.

3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Every project huge or small is successful largely due to the effort of a number of exquisite
people who have usually given their valuable advice or lent an assisting hand. We absolutely
respect the inspiration, support and steering of all the people who have been instrumental in
making this assignment a fulfilment.
We the team 3, KLE Technological University are extremely grateful to the college for self
assurance bestowed in us and entrusting our mission entitled ‘UPS Based battery monitoring
system’.
Without the active guidance, help, cooperation, encouragement we would not have made
head way in course project first and foremost we would like to express our sincere gratitude
to our project guide Prof. Anil .V. Nandi for his guidance and constant supervision as well
as for providing information regarding the project. We would like to thank Prof. Anil .V.
Nandi who guided us and provided technical support.
We would also like to thank our esteemed KLE Technological University for providing us
such an opportunity for gaining knowledge and learning new things.
We would also like to thank Head of school Dr. Nalini C.Iyer and the entire faculty
individual for his or her crucial advice and steerage without which this project wouldn’t have
been successful.

4. ABSTRACT
GSM based UPS monitoring and controlling system helps to increase
production efficiency of industrial ups in a remotely getting the notificationof the
Battery. In addition to monitoring a system using SMS based on wether there is
supply failure it provides additional facilities which include notifying the battery
status for every 5 minutes if the battery reaches to a threshold voltage then through
GSM sending an alert messages to the User. Proposed system is divided in two
Modules such as manager & agent. Manager is networked operating system
application that runs on a server & agent is operating system service which runs on
each UPS.
1. The service life is shorter than it shouldbe.
2. Individual bad cell causes the battery-pack out of service.
3. It’s not easy to find the sudden battery failure timely.
4. It’s a high risk for discharging test.
5. It’s hard to test the UPS by hand and the test date is analysed by high
professional level repairer.
6.The daily check fee is very high
7.The power-supply device can’t really do its job well as a battery
management.

5. Contents
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Literature survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Organization of the report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 System design 11
2.1 Functional block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Morphological chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Design alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Final design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Implementation details 13
3.1 Specifications and final system architecture (White Box) . . . 13
3.2 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4 Optimization 14
4.1 Introduction to optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 Types of Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3 Selection and justification of optimization method . . . . . . . . 14
5 Results and discussions 15
5.1 Result Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 Discussion on optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6 Conclusions and future scope 16
6.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2 Future scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2.1 Application in the societal context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
References 16

6. 1 Needstatement
Detect the KEB supply failure and UPS take over for UPS supported
equipment.
2. Planning
The planning process involves the steps takento guide its future activities.
The documents developed include operating plans and projects plans. Major steps of
planning involve developing objectives andrequirements. Developtasks to meet
those objectives anddetermine resources and requirements needed to implement
tasks, generating alternative solutions , evaluating them by comparison, monitor
strategies implementationand results.
Planning is important for management and progress as it helps in deciding
short term and long term goals. It highlights the purposes for which various
activities are undertaken.infact it makes objectives more clear andspecific.It
organises our thinking and identifies all key issues involvedinthe problem
statement. Gantt chart is tabular columnwhich provides a detaileddescriptionof
activities that were undertaken to carry out the project efficiently.

7. Chapter 1
Introduction
In India, the power crisis has been a major problem in remote areas. Due to
power failure, the process efficiency decreases, this drops the productivity of an
organization.In order to avoid
This, in industries and big plants, we have many devices which provide backup
power depending on their backuptime.
These are called UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply). However, it is difficult
to continuously monitor the remote area UPS (industrial ups) manually. Also, the
troubleshooting process is highly time consuming and costly. If any one of the UPS
installed fails, then it would hamper the productivity. The chief engineer and
maintenance person may not be present every time in the control room when this
occurs.
To tackle this, we are using M2M communication, also called Machine to
Machine Communication. Whenever the chief engineer or technician is out of
station, then he can be alerted in case any UPS fails or any of its parameters change
through SMS (Short Messaging Service). There are many UPS connected together
withinthe organization.All of them are connectedto a commongateway.
Today every scale of the business have increased more and the UPS usage has also
increased more than the before days. The distributionof the UPS is the main
problem and will be solvedas early as possible. At the time of distributiononly the
monitoring of the UPS is increasing heavily and it has been done by using internet.
The UPS is mainly used inthe key fields like bank, hospitals and other industries. In
case of power off accidently,current business will be damaged or even the data may
be lost which causes economic losses.
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) are generally used in IT
environments. A UPS contribute certainpower to heavy devices.Many devices,such
as high end routers, containsome sensors for temperature, current and fans.
External heavy devices may have multiple sensors of any given type,for example,
multiple temperature monitors or multiple fans. There are also some devices that
are committedto environmental monitoring.Some devices consist of a built inUPS
and some others devices have extraneous UPS with built in SNMP operator and a
system will be allowing monitoring remotely.
UPS are the fallback power source which comes to activate state when the
original supply is off. The UPS has some power inputs, outputs and backup battery.
The UPS will take only 25ms to get back to active whenthe power supply is gone.
The continuous monitoring of UPS fails for some network managers.

8. The data of the UPS can be monitoredeasily from everywhere.There are
many types of UPS based on usage area. Some of the UPS are of type , Off-Line,Line-
Interactive,On-Line,Double Conversion,Digital On-Line, are prominently involved
in meeting the marketing requirements instead of technology employed.
The main power supply to battery change over time or from battery to main is
nothing but the off line UPS.
The changeover time may be 500 milliseconds but inthe offline UPS it may be
3-8 milliseconds.Offline UPS are mainly usedfor the domestic purposes. If the main
power supply is present then the device will be working with the power supply and
when the power supply is switchedoff then the device will be working with the ups
until it get discharge totally.The main usage of the UPS is for protects against
multiple types of power disturbances. Offers protectionagainst devices which are
not working accordingly,Computer anddevice damage, Data loss, Time and expense
to recover back to where you were, if even possible.
Inthis project,we are using a transformer. Used as mains supply to corporate
and Battery as secondary (UPS) supply. In the beginning we are giving the main
supply by transformer one, but if due to some reason mains supply is not working.
Then by power detector circuit this goes to microcontroller andbuzzer will
produce an alarming sound. Microcontroller will sendthe message to authorized
person by GSM modem.
GSM sends continues messages for every 5 minutes if person wants to
continue the power supply by the battery when battery voltage level reaches to the
minimum. Whenever the GSM modem receives SMS message to change the power
supply connection it gives instruction to microcontroller .The microcontroller
simply connects the second power supply and disconnects the existing supply using
relay based control circuit.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the technology that underpins
most of the world's mobile phone networks. The GSM platform is a hugely successful
wireless technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement and
cooperation.
GSM has become the world's fastest growing communications technology of
all time and the leading global mobile standard, spanning 218 countries. GSM is an
open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data
services. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands GSM supports data transfer
speeds of up to 9.6 kbps, allowing the transmission of basic data services such as
SMS canestimate the value of the force that the specimen cansustain.

9. 1.1 Motivation:
 Generally people are facing problem with the supply failure in a city.
In this study we design a KEB supply failure identification system
with auto connected UPS monitoringsystem by alerting the user.
 It mainly focuses on reducing the waiting time for supply occurrence
from KEB.
 The system provides detailed UPS running and battery voltage
information from longdistance and widearea.
 This system works automatically and continuously monitored data
on a 24 hoursbasis. The system is easily maintained and low cost.
1.2 Objectives
To design and implement a mechanism involving GSM technology to monitor
UPS batteries through sending SMS to mobile phone in caseof failure or when
battery charged falls to unexpected level.
We aim to implement a system that:
• Automatic capture and recording of data with time and date.
• Planned battery purchasing-through avoiding emergency replacements.
• Flexible to suit battery model and application.
• 24 hours SMS through GSM notification for the user in case of battery
failure or mains failure.

10. 1.3 Literature survey
The UPS monitoring is very important for some calculations i.e., charging of
battery, temperature, discharge of the battery. To monitor the UPS we use RTU (Real
Time Unit) with built in UPS. The development of embedded technology using the
internet will help us in the implementing and the managing of UPS. Monitoring and
controlling of UPS is done using the Magatec communication protocol by
implementing the web server, hardware and software of the system. Some
simplification has been changed in the TCP/IP protocol stack to complete ups
accesses. The Ethernet will be playing the crucial role while connecting the
embedded web server.
By using the protocol the information about the parameters of UPS are
extracted. Device server wishes to convert the user instructions into the instructions
that UPS can understand by using the Magatec protocol .Online UPS Endeavour AC
voltage regulation that works with the controllable battery charger has been
proposed. The battery can be of type LA (Liquid Acid type). The battery can be
continuously charged and the battery pinned discharge is well known with the help
of relay through which the PIC microcontroller is connected.
When the UPS gets damaged or the voltage has been decreased less than the
predefined threshold values, the AC voltage will be equipped straight to the load by
turning off the main switch. The UPS battery monitoring system can be done using
the cloud computing. The battery data and the strategies of the UPS can be accessed
by implementing the application of cloud computing. This also can be done by using
the Hadoop technology to establish a battery monitoring prototype system [8]. Ming
TsungTsai and Chia Hung Liu (2003) conferred an enhanced single-phase passive-
standby UPS for economical applications. The proposed system consists of an input
charger and a switching inverter.
It is basically a off-line UPS structure. It has the performance characteristics
which is close to line iterative UPS. It can continuously regulate the constant voltage,
by connecting the voltage in series with the source voltage in normal mode. The
regulationrange is much greater than the off and line iterative UPS [9].
Ghennam et al (2008) have conferred hybrid parallel active offline UPS for
computer systems. Here the inverter is acting as an active filter using the single
phase PQ theory for achieving the harmonic mitigation, power consumption and
batter charging.
The term IOT,is nothing but it connects every device to the internet to check
the data from anywhere inthe world.It is the only the future and everything
becomes connect with IOT only.With this the number of connecteddevices to the
IOT may get increased. The data must be sufficient and flexible which is offered by

11. the UPS.It must reach the expecteddemands. The UPS will be supporting the
availability andscalabilityof the equipment. UPS will meet all the challenges .
Current sensor is the equipment that exposes the electric current and
generates the signal. The signal can be both analog and digital. It canbe further used
as control purpose and data utilization.The GSM modem is a type of modem which
has the SIM cardand just used as a mobile phone. Whenever we connect the mobile
phone to the device,it will allow the device to communicate with mobile.It is usedto
send and receive both SMS and MMS messages.
Liquidcrystal display (LCD)used for visualizationpurpose.These displays
are electedfor seven segments and multi segment displays. These devices are easily
programmable and also will be having no limits indisplaying.These canbe of
various types as 16x2, 32x2. The ESP8266 is the Wifi module with TCP/IP protocol
inbuilt init. It has 1MB memory and it works at 3.3V. It will helpthe device to
connect to the internet.
It has the powerful on board processing that helps to interface and integrate
the sensors through GPIO’s.The buzzer is the device which gives out audio signals.
These buzzers are mainly used in security devices to produce an alert as alarms.
These buzzers may be of type mechanical,electromechanical or UPS will meet all the
challenges .The UPS based on the microcontroller with 10 bit ADC converter inbuilt
in it.Here the amplitude and frequency and the UPS signal distortionis measured.
The battery level andthe signal level is also measured.
1.4 Problem statement
Using a suitable arrangement alert the user about the KEB supply failure and UPS
takeover therefore a UPS supposed equipment. When UPS takes over alert the user
by mobile messaging and sends information about when UPS took over with
details of time and date. Keep updating this information every five minutes. When
KEB supply becomes available, alert the user about equipment being run on
‘KEB’ supply.
1.5 Organisationofthe report
Name of the chapter 2 and brief descriptionabout it.
Name of the chapter 3 and brief descriptionabout it.

12. Chapter 2
System design
2.1 Functional block diagram
Figure 1.Block Diagram of UPS Monitoring and Controlling.

13. 2.2 Morphological chart

14. 2.3 Designalternatives

15. 1)
2)
3)
4)

16. 2.4 Final design
2.5 Bill Of Material:

18. Chapter 3
Implementation
3.1 Specifications and final architecture
3.1.2 Black box model
3.1.3 White box model

19. 3.1.3 Specifications
3.1.4 Bill of material

20. 3.2 Algorithm:
1) Initially the system will be running on KEB supply.
2) Once the KEB supply becomes unavailable or fails then the UPS should turn on.
3) After turning on of the UPS the comparison should happen between KEB supply and UPS.
4) If both are at logic level high then the user should get message as "error".
5) If KEB supply is not available then the user should get message as "system is running on
UPS".
6) Alert the user for every five minutes by sending messages. Once KEB supply becomes
available turn off the UPS and system should run on KEB supply.

21. 3.3 flowchart:

22. 3.4 Planning
The planning process involves the steps takento guide its future activities.
The documents developed includes operating plans and projects plans. Major steps
of planning involve developing objectives andrequirements.Develop tasks to meet
those objectives anddetermine resources and requirements needed to implement
tasks, generating alternative solutions , evaluating them by comparison, monitor
strategies implementationand results.
Planning is important for management and progress as it helps in deciding
short term and long term goals. It highlights the purposes for which various
activities are undertaken.infact it makes objectives more clear andspecific.It
organises our thinking and identifies all key issues involvedinthe problem
statement. Gantt chart is tabular columnwhich provides a detaileddescriptionof
activities that were undertaken to carry out the project efficiently.

24. Chapter 4
Optimization
4.1 Introduction to optimization
Optimization is an important tool in making decisions and in analyzing physical
systems. In mathematical terms, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the
best solution from among the set of all feasible solutions.
Program optimization or software optimization is the process of modifying a software
system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. ✔
Optimization is a process of improving efficiency of a program in time (speed) or Space
(size).In computer science, program optimization or software optimization is the process of
modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer
resources.[1] In general, a computer program may be optimized so that it executes more
rapidly, or to make it capable of operating with less memory storage or other resources, or
draw less power.
Although the word "optimization" shares the same root as "optimal", it is rare for the process
of optimization to produce a truly optimal system. The optimized system will typically only
be optimal in one application or for one audience. One might reduce the amount of time that a
program takes to perform some task at the price of making it consume more memory. In an
application where memory space is at a premium, one might deliberately choose a slower
algorithm in order to use less memory. Often there is no "one size fits all" design which
works well in all cases, so engineers make trade-offs to optimize the attributes of greatest
interest. Additionally, the effort required to make a piece of software completely optimal —
incapable of any further improvement — is almost always more than is reasonable for the
benefits that would be accrued; so the process of optimization may be halted before a
completely optimal solution has been reached. Fortunately, it is often the case that the
greatest improvements come early in the process.

25. Levels of optimization
Optimization can occur at a number of levels. Typically the higher levels have greater impact,
and are harder to change later on in a project, requiring significant changes or a complete
rewrite if they need to be changed. Thus optimization can typically proceed via refinement
from higher to lower, with initial gains being larger and achieved with less work, and later
gains being smaller and requiring more work. However, in some cases overall performance
depends on performance of very low-level portions of a program, and small changes at a late
stage or early consideration of low-level details can have outsized impact. Typically some
consideration is given to efficiency throughout a project – though this varies significantly –
but major optimization is often considered a refinement to be done late, if ever. On longer-
running projects there are typically cycles of optimization, where improving one area reveals
limitations in another, and these are typically curtailed when performance is acceptable or
gains become too small or costly.
• Design level
At the highest level, the design may be optimized to make best use of the available resources,
given goals, constraints, and expected use/load. The architectural design of a system
overwhelmingly affects its performance. For example, a system that is network latency-
bound (where network latency is the main constraint on overall performance) would be
optimized to minimize network trips, ideally making a single request (or no requests, as in a
push protocol) rather than multiple roundtrips. Choice of design depends on the goals: when
designing a compiler, if fast compilation is the key priority, a one-pass compiler is faster than
a multi-pass compiler (assuming same work), but if speed of output code is the goal, a slower
multi-pass compiler fulfills the goal better, even though it takes longer itself. Choice of
platform and programming language occur at this level, and changing them frequently
requires a complete rewrite, though a modular system may allow rewrite of only some
component – for example, a Python program may rewrite performance-critical sections in C.
In a distributed system, choice of architecture (client-server, peer-to-peer, etc.) occurs at the
design level, and may be difficult to change, particularly if all components cannot be replaced
in sync (e.g., old clients).
• Algorithms and data structures
Given an overall design, a good choice of efficient algorithms and data structures, and
efficient implementation of these algorithms and data structures comes next. After design, the
choice of algorithms and data structures affects efficiency more than any other aspect of the
program. Generally data structures are more difficult to change than algorithms, as a data
structure assumption and its performance assumptions are used throughout the program,
though this can be minimized by the use of abstract data types in function definitions, and
keeping the concrete data structure definitions restricted to a few places.
For algorithms, this primarily consists of ensuring that algorithms are constant O(1),
logarithmic O(log n), linear O(n), or in some cases log-linear O(n log n) in the input (both in
space and time). Algorithms with quadratic complexity O(n2) fail to scale, and even linear
algorithms cause problems if repeatedly called, and are typically replaced with constant or
logarithmic if possible.

26. Beyond asymptotic order of growth, the constant factors matter: an asymptotically slower
algorithm may be faster or smaller (because simpler) than an asymptotically faster algorithm
when they are both faced with small input, which may be the case that occurs in reality. Often
a hybrid algorithm will provide the best performance, due to this tradeoff changing with size.
A general technique to improve performance is to avoid work. A good example is the use of a
fast path for common cases, improving performance by avoiding unnecessary work. For
example, using a simple text layout algorithm for Latin text, only switching to a complex
layout algorithm for complex scripts, such as Devanagari. Another important technique is
caching, particularly memorization, which avoids redundant computations. Because of the
importance of caching, there are often many levels of caching in a system, which can cause
problems from memory use, and correctness issues from stale caches.
• Source code level
Beyond general algorithms and their implementation on an abstract machine, concrete source
code level choices can make a significant difference. For example, on early C compilers,
while(1) was slower than for(;;) for an unconditional loop, because while(1) evaluated 1 and
then had a conditional jump which tested if it was true, while for (;;) had an unconditional
jump . Some optimizations (such as this one) can nowadays be performed by optimizing
compilers. This depends on the source language, the target machine language, and the
compiler, and can be both difficult to understand or predict and changes over time; this is a
key place where understanding of compilers and machine code can improve performance.
Loop-invariant code motion and return value optimization are examples of optimizations that
reduce the need for auxiliary variables and can even result in faster performance by avoiding
round-about optimizations.
• Build level
Between the source and compile level, directives and build flags can be used to tune
performance options in the source code and compiler respectively, such as using
preprocessordefines to disable unneeded software features, optimizing for specific processor
models or hardware capabilities, or predicting branching, for instance. Source-based software
distribution systems such as BSD's Ports and Gentoo's Portage can take advantage of this
form of optimization.
• Compile level
Use of an optimizing compiler tends to ensure that the executable program is optimized at
least as much as the compiler can predict.
• Assembly level
At the lowest level, writing code using an assembly language, designed for a particular
hardware platform can produce the most efficient and compact code if the programmer takes
advantage of the full repertoire of machine instructions. Many operating systems used on
embedded systems have been traditionally written in assembler code for this reason.
Programs (other than very small programs) are seldom written from start to finish in

27. assembly due to the time and cost involved. Most are compiled down from a high level
language to assembly and hand optimized from there. When efficiency and size are less
important large parts may be written in a high-level language.
With more modern optimizing compilers and the greater complexity of recent CPUs, it is
harder to write more efficient code than what the compiler generates, and few projects need
this "ultimate" optimization step.
Much code written today is intended to run on as many machines as possible. As a
consequence, programmers and compilers don't always take advantage of the more efficient
instructions provided by newer CPUs or quirks of older models. Additionally, assembly code
tuned for a particular processor without using such instructions might still be suboptimal on a
different processor, expecting a different tuning of the code.
Typically today rather than writing in assembly language, programmers will use a
disassembler to analyze the output of a compiler and change the high-level source code so
that it can be compiled more efficiently, or understand why it is inefficient.
• Run time
Just-in-time compilers can produce customized machine code based on run-time data, at the
cost of compilation overhead. This technique dates to the earliest regular expression engines,
and has become widespread with Java Hotspot and V8 for JavaScript. In some cases adaptive
optimization may be able to perform run time optimization exceeding the capability of static
compilers by dynamically adjusting parameters according to the actual input or other factors.
Profile-guided optimization is an ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation optimization technique
based on runtime profiles, and is similar to a static "average case" analog of the dynamic
technique of adaptive optimization.
Self-modifying code can alter itself in response to run time conditions in order to optimize
code; this was more common in assembly language programs.
Some CPU designs can perform some optimizations at runtime. Some examples include Out-
of-order execution, Speculative execution, Instruction pipelines, and Branch predictors.
Compilers can help the program take advantage of these CPU features, for example through
instruction scheduling.

28. 4.2 Types of optimization
1:High level,low level and intermideate level optimizations
High level optimization is a language dependent type of optimization that operates at a level
in the close vicinity of the source code. High-level optimizations include inlining where a
function call is replaced by the function body and partial evaluation which employs
reordering of a loop, alignment of arrays, padding, layout, and elimination of tail recursion.
Most of the code optimizations performed fall under intermediate code optimization which
is language independent. This includes:
1. The elimination of common subexpressions – This type of compiler optimization
probes for the instances of identical expressions by evaluating to the same value and
researches whether it is valuable to replace them with a single variable which holds
the computed value.
2. Constant propagations – Here, expressions which can be evaluated at compile time
are identified and replaced with their values.
3. Jump threading – This involves an optimization of jump directly into a second one.
The second condition is eliminated if it is an inverse or a subset of the first which can
be done effortlessly in a single pass through the program. Acyclic chained jumps are
followed till the compiler arrives at a fixed point.
4. Loop invariant code motion – This is also known as hoisting or scalar promotion. A
loop invariant contains expressions that can be taken outside the body of a loop
without any impact on the semantics of the program. The above-mentioned movement
is performed automatically by loop invariant code motion.
5. Dead code elimination – Here, as the name indicates, the codes that do not affect the
program results are eliminated. It has a lot of benefits including reduction of program
size and running time. It also simplifies the program structure. Dead code elimination
is also known as DCE, dead code removal, dead code stripping, or dead code strip.
6. Strength reduction – This compiler optimization replaces expensive operations with
equivalent and more efficient ones, but less expensive. For example, replace a
multiplication within a loop with an addition.

29. Low-level optimization is highly specific to the type of architecture. This includes the
following:
1. Registerallocation – Here, a big number of target program variables are assigned to
a small number of CPU registers. This can happen over a local register allocation or a
global register allocation or an inter-procedural register allocation.
2. Instruction Scheduling – This is used to improve an instruction level parallelism that
in turn improves the performance of machines with instruction pipelines. It will not
change the meaning of the code but rearranges the order of instructions to avoid
pipeline stalls. Semantically ambiguous operations are also avoided.
3. Floating-point units utilization – Floating point units are designed specifically to
carry out operations of floating point numbers like addition, subtraction, etc. The
features of these units are utilized in low-level optimizations which are highly specific
to the type of architecture.
4. Branch prediction – Branch prediction techniques help to guess in which way a
branch functions even though it is not known definitively which will be of great help
for the betterment of results.
5. Peephole and profile-based optimization –Peephole optimization technique is
carried out over small code sections at a time to transform them by replacing with
shorter or faster sets of instructions. This set is called as a peephole.Profile based
optimization is performed on a compiler which has difficulty in the prediction of
likely outcome of branches, sizes of arrays, or most frequently executed loops. They
provide the missing information, enabling the compilers to decide when needed.
4.3 Selectionandjustificationofoptimizationmethod
• Execution times are the only effective method of comparing different
implementations. Sometimes code structures or algorithms that are expected to be
faster turn out to take longer than a simple implementation. This is particularly true
for code running on advanced microprocessors. Therefore, you need to measure on
the same platform you intend to deploy.
• Devising smarter high-level algorithms and implementations usually brings bigger
gains than low-level code optimisation. Once a better algorithm has been found, then
if necessary, there will still be scope for low-level improvements.
• Optimisations that work well on one microprocessor may result in very long
execution times on another. To do an effective job of code optimisation it is necessary
to have a good understanding of what basic operations the target processor can
perform efficiently and what strategies the compiler uses for producing efficient code.
• Using appropriate compiler optimisation switches can make a significant difference to
execution times without requiring code modifications. It is therefore recommended
that compiler optimisations be fully explored prior to any code changes being made.

30. Chapter 5
Results and discussions
5.1 Result Analysis
Our device provides us data of the supply which the load is running on wirelessly, which
helps us to monitor our different types of devices simultaneously. Our device also helps us to
monitor the Battery voltage of the UPS wirelessly which notifies the owner for either to
recharge or replace it if required.
5.2 Discussion on optimization
Optimization is an important tool in making decisions and in analyzing physical systems. In
mathematical terms, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from
among the set of all feasible solutions
The first step in the optimization process is constructing an appropriate model; modelling is
the process of identifying and expressing in mathematical terms the objective, the variables,
and the constraints of the problem.
• An objective is a quantitative measure of the performance of the system that we want to
minimize or maximize. In manufacturing, we may want to maximize the profits or
minimize the cost of production, whereas in fitting experimental data to a model, we may
want to minimize the total deviation of the observed data from the predicted data.
• The variables or the unknowns are the components of the system for which we want to
find values. In manufacturing, the variables may be the amount of each resource
consumed or the time spent on each activity, whereas in data fitting, the variables would
be the parameters of the model.
• The constraints are the functions that describe the relationships among the variables and
that define the allowable values for the variables. In manufacturing, the amount of a
resource consumed cannot exceed the available amount.

31. Chapter 6
Conclusionand future scope
6.1 Conclusion
GSM based UPS battery monitoring system is beneficial for the human
generation, because nowadays mobile technology is used effectively and
enormously. Thesystem cansuppress the running status of UPS device.
6.2 Future scope
To access most of the devices like cars, i.e. to call it to our current spots, to call
ambulance to our current spots, to assist causalities to access health status of the
patient wirelessly where major doctors have issues to visit draught areas.
6.3Application in societal context
1. Colo and Cloud Data Centres
2. Financial Data Centres
3. Corporate Data Centres
4. Government/Military Data Centres
5. Remote Backup Facilities

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