Iteration uses loops to repeatedly execute a block of code a specified number of times or until a condition is met. Recursion provides an alternative approach by having a function call itself repeatedly until a base case is reached. Both approaches can solve problems but recursion uses more memory than iteration due to its use of function calls and stack. Whether to use iteration or recursion depends on the specific problem and considerations of processing speed and memory usage.
Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. They do this by providing an alternative reaction pathway through the enzyme-substrate complex. The active site of the enzyme binds specifically to the substrate in a lock-and-key or induced-fit mechanism. This binding forms an enzyme-substrate complex that leads to products. The rate of reaction is increased as more molecules can now surpass the lowered transition state energy. Enzymes display specificity through their active site allowing only certain substrates, reactions, or stereoisomers to bind and undergo catalysis.
This document introduces enzymes and discusses their catalytic activity, protein nature, types (monomeric and oligomeric), specificity, and models of enzyme-substrate complex formation. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biological systems, increasing the rate of reactions without being used up. They have sites that substrates fit into, and can lower the activation energy of reactions. The induced fit model proposes that enzyme active sites are flexible and change shape to better accommodate substrates.
This document summarizes the process of producing human insulin through recombinant DNA technology using E. coli bacteria. It involves growing E. coli in a bioreactor to produce proinsulin inclusion bodies, isolating the inclusion bodies through centrifugation, solubilizing and refolding the proinsulin, and purifying it through affinity chromatography, site-specific cleavage, reverse phase chromatography, and polishing. The purified human insulin can then be stored at 4°C for pharmaceutical use in diabetes treatment.
This document describes biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including the Indole test, Methyl Red test, Voges-Proskauer test, and Citrate test.
The Indole test detects the production of indole from tryptophan. A positive result is indicated by a yellow or cherry red color change with Kovac's reagent.
The Methyl Red test identifies stable acid production from glucose in MR-VP broth, indicated by a red color with methyl red indicator.
The Voges-Proskauer test detects acetyl methyl carbinol production from glucose, shown as a pinkish red color change when alpha-naphthol and potassium hydroxide are added.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) uses antibodies and a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay to detect the presence of a specific antigen in a liquid or wet sample. Antigens from the sample are immobilised on a solid support either non-specifically or specifically. A specific antibody is then applied over the surface so it can bind to the antigen. This antibody is linked to an enzyme or can itself be detected by an enzyme-linked secondary antibody. In the final step, a substance containing the enzyme's substrate is added. The subsequent reaction produces a visible signal, most commonly a colour change in the substrate, which indicates the quantity of antigen in the sample.
When the presence of an antigen is analysed, the name "direct ELISA" refers to an ELISA in which only a labelled primary antibody is used, whereas the term "indirect ELISA" refers to an ELISA in which the antigen is bound by the primary antibody which then is detected by a labelled secondary antibody.
Microbial limit tests I.P by Dr.P.srinivas cnupogu
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The document describes microbial limit testing methods for pharmaceutical and cosmetic materials. There are two main methods: testing for specific pathogenic microorganisms like E. coli, Salmonella species, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa and determining the total aerobic microbial count. The total aerobic microbial count method involves pre-treating samples depending on solubility, filtering through a membrane, incubating, and calculating microorganisms per unit weight or volume. Confirmation tests are described to detect specific microorganisms using selective agar media, biochemical tests, and colony characteristics.
Iteration uses loops to repeatedly execute a block of code a specified number of times or until a condition is met. Recursion provides an alternative approach by having a function call itself repeatedly until a base case is reached. Both approaches can solve problems but recursion uses more memory than iteration due to its use of function calls and stack. Whether to use iteration or recursion depends on the specific problem and considerations of processing speed and memory usage.
Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. They do this by providing an alternative reaction pathway through the enzyme-substrate complex. The active site of the enzyme binds specifically to the substrate in a lock-and-key or induced-fit mechanism. This binding forms an enzyme-substrate complex that leads to products. The rate of reaction is increased as more molecules can now surpass the lowered transition state energy. Enzymes display specificity through their active site allowing only certain substrates, reactions, or stereoisomers to bind and undergo catalysis.
This document introduces enzymes and discusses their catalytic activity, protein nature, types (monomeric and oligomeric), specificity, and models of enzyme-substrate complex formation. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biological systems, increasing the rate of reactions without being used up. They have sites that substrates fit into, and can lower the activation energy of reactions. The induced fit model proposes that enzyme active sites are flexible and change shape to better accommodate substrates.
This document summarizes the process of producing human insulin through recombinant DNA technology using E. coli bacteria. It involves growing E. coli in a bioreactor to produce proinsulin inclusion bodies, isolating the inclusion bodies through centrifugation, solubilizing and refolding the proinsulin, and purifying it through affinity chromatography, site-specific cleavage, reverse phase chromatography, and polishing. The purified human insulin can then be stored at 4°C for pharmaceutical use in diabetes treatment.
This document describes biochemical tests used to identify bacteria, including the Indole test, Methyl Red test, Voges-Proskauer test, and Citrate test.
The Indole test detects the production of indole from tryptophan. A positive result is indicated by a yellow or cherry red color change with Kovac's reagent.
The Methyl Red test identifies stable acid production from glucose in MR-VP broth, indicated by a red color with methyl red indicator.
The Voges-Proskauer test detects acetyl methyl carbinol production from glucose, shown as a pinkish red color change when alpha-naphthol and potassium hydroxide are added.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) uses antibodies and a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay to detect the presence of a specific antigen in a liquid or wet sample. Antigens from the sample are immobilised on a solid support either non-specifically or specifically. A specific antibody is then applied over the surface so it can bind to the antigen. This antibody is linked to an enzyme or can itself be detected by an enzyme-linked secondary antibody. In the final step, a substance containing the enzyme's substrate is added. The subsequent reaction produces a visible signal, most commonly a colour change in the substrate, which indicates the quantity of antigen in the sample.
When the presence of an antigen is analysed, the name "direct ELISA" refers to an ELISA in which only a labelled primary antibody is used, whereas the term "indirect ELISA" refers to an ELISA in which the antigen is bound by the primary antibody which then is detected by a labelled secondary antibody.
Microbial limit tests I.P by Dr.P.srinivas cnupogu
Â
The document describes microbial limit testing methods for pharmaceutical and cosmetic materials. There are two main methods: testing for specific pathogenic microorganisms like E. coli, Salmonella species, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa and determining the total aerobic microbial count. The total aerobic microbial count method involves pre-treating samples depending on solubility, filtering through a membrane, incubating, and calculating microorganisms per unit weight or volume. Confirmation tests are described to detect specific microorganisms using selective agar media, biochemical tests, and colony characteristics.
Immunoelectronmicroscopy is a variation of electron microscopy that uses antibodies tagged with electron-opaque markers like gold particles to localize molecules at the ultrastructural level, allowing viruses and other antigens to be detected and identified more quickly and sensitively than other techniques. It was originally developed to diagnose viral gastroenteritis in pigs by detecting viruses in feces. The antigen-antibody reaction produces an electron-dense label that can be viewed using transmission electron microscopy for internal antigens or scanning electron microscopy for surface antigens.
1. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate. Purines and pyrimidines are synthesized via de novo or salvage pathways to form nucleotides.
2. Purine synthesis occurs in multiple steps starting from PRPP, with the purine ring built step-by-step. Pyrimidine synthesis involves first forming the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose-5-phosphate.
3. Errors in purine synthesis can cause diseases like gout, which results from excess uric acid in the blood due to defects in purine metabolism or uric acid excretion. Several drugs target purine synthesis
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm that uses a heap data structure. It works in two phases: first it builds a max heap from the input data and then extracts elements from the heap one by one, each time putting the largest remaining element in its sorted position. This results in the elements being sorted in non-decreasing order with a time complexity of O(n log n). Heap sort is an efficient in-place sorting algorithm that uses constant extra space.
This document discusses bisubstrate reactions, where an enzyme catalyzes a reaction involving two substrates that yields two products. Approximately 60% of biochemical reactions are bisubstrate reactions. There are two main types - sequential reactions, where substrates bind and products release in a defined order, and ping pong reactions, where one or more products are released before all substrates are added. Examples of ordered sequential and ping pong bisubstrate reactions are provided.
This document describes the steps in a multi-enzyme complex involved in fatty acid synthesis. It outlines 8 steps: 1) an acyl transfer step, 2) a malonyl transfer step, 3) a condensation step, 4) a keto reduction step, 5) another condensation step, 6) a saturation step, 7) a transfer step, and 8) a cleavage step. Each step involves the action of a different enzyme to transfer, condense, reduce, or cleave chemical groups and ultimately produce a fatty acid.
The following presentation contains helpful information regarding Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), including their history, introduction, advantages, procedures and applications.
Immunoelectronmicroscopy is a variation of electron microscopy that uses antibodies tagged with electron-opaque markers like gold particles to localize molecules at the ultrastructural level, allowing viruses and other antigens to be detected and identified more quickly and sensitively than other techniques. It was originally developed to diagnose viral gastroenteritis in pigs by detecting viruses in feces. The antigen-antibody reaction produces an electron-dense label that can be viewed using transmission electron microscopy for internal antigens or scanning electron microscopy for surface antigens.
1. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and phosphate. Purines and pyrimidines are synthesized via de novo or salvage pathways to form nucleotides.
2. Purine synthesis occurs in multiple steps starting from PRPP, with the purine ring built step-by-step. Pyrimidine synthesis involves first forming the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose-5-phosphate.
3. Errors in purine synthesis can cause diseases like gout, which results from excess uric acid in the blood due to defects in purine metabolism or uric acid excretion. Several drugs target purine synthesis
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting algorithm that uses a heap data structure. It works in two phases: first it builds a max heap from the input data and then extracts elements from the heap one by one, each time putting the largest remaining element in its sorted position. This results in the elements being sorted in non-decreasing order with a time complexity of O(n log n). Heap sort is an efficient in-place sorting algorithm that uses constant extra space.
This document discusses bisubstrate reactions, where an enzyme catalyzes a reaction involving two substrates that yields two products. Approximately 60% of biochemical reactions are bisubstrate reactions. There are two main types - sequential reactions, where substrates bind and products release in a defined order, and ping pong reactions, where one or more products are released before all substrates are added. Examples of ordered sequential and ping pong bisubstrate reactions are provided.
This document describes the steps in a multi-enzyme complex involved in fatty acid synthesis. It outlines 8 steps: 1) an acyl transfer step, 2) a malonyl transfer step, 3) a condensation step, 4) a keto reduction step, 5) another condensation step, 6) a saturation step, 7) a transfer step, and 8) a cleavage step. Each step involves the action of a different enzyme to transfer, condense, reduce, or cleave chemical groups and ultimately produce a fatty acid.
The following presentation contains helpful information regarding Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), including their history, introduction, advantages, procedures and applications.
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MENTORS KERALA
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MENTORS KERALA
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APPENDIX IVAPPENDIX IVAPPENDIX IVAPPENDIX IV
KERALA SCHOOL KALOLSAVAMKERALA SCHOOL KALOLSAVAMKERALA SCHOOL KALOLSAVAMKERALA SCHOOL KALOLSAVAM
(For Judges and Appeal Committee Member)(For Judges and Appeal Committee Member)(For Judges and Appeal Committee Member)(For Judges and Appeal Committee Member)
DeclarationDeclarationDeclarationDeclaration
I hereby declare that none of my Wards/Relatives/Students are participating in
any of the competitions for which I am a judge/appeal committee member. Further I do
declare that I have not performed as a judge in Sub-District/District level competitions
during this academic year. I am fully aware of the fact that being a member of Jury
Committee/Appeal Committee my decisions should be judicious and impartial and it
should not be influenced by any external factors.
Signature:
Place: Name:
Date: Address:
Phone No:
E-mail Address
MENTORS KERALA