Kaggle is a global community of data scientists founded in 2010 in Australia that hosts data science competitions to help solve data problems. It has grown significantly, with over 140,000 data scientists participating by 2014. Kaggle competitions offer the opportunity to gain knowledge and skills through open practice competitions, while other competitions offer cash prizes and potential job opportunities by partnering with companies like Facebook, Yelp, and Walmart on predictive modeling challenges using their real-world data.