Here is the presentation that accompanied the lecture on The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism, with a focus on Walter Camp and the distinction he drew on the subject between England and the U.S.
The Carnegie Report, released in 1929, was a lengthy investigation into collegiate sports that found widespread issues with commercialization and a lack of amateurism. Researchers visited 130 schools and interviewed hundreds connected to higher education and athletics. The report concluded that college sports, especially football, had become professional in all but name, as athletes were increasingly subsidized and stadiums were built to generate revenue. It recommended adopting the British model of strict amateurism to refocus colleges on academics over commercialized athletics.
JRN 589 - The Fictional Roots of British AmateurismRich Hanley
The document discusses how the modern concept of athletic amateurism originated from a fictionalized and inaccurate interpretation of ancient Greek athletics promoted by British historians in the 19th century. It describes how Greek athletes actually competed for money and prizes, unlike the idealized British notion of amateurism. This myth was perpetuated through works like Tom Brown's Schooldays and influenced the founding of the modern Olympic Games, despite bearing little resemblance to the real practices of ancient Greece.
This document provides an overview of the growth and development of football in the late 1800s and early 1900s in the United States. It describes how the rapid growth of colleges and coverage in mass media helped spread football across the country. Rule changes aimed at making the game more open and accessible had unintended consequences, leading to larger and more physical players, injuries, and controversial tactics like the "flying wedge" formation developed by Harvard. Concerns over violence almost caused the game to be banned in the 1890s. Coaches and tactics were influenced by the eastern schools, and figures like Pudge Heffelfinger helped popularize the sport nationally.
1) Late 19th century influential figures like Theodore Roosevelt, John L. Sullivan, and Walter Camp used sport to project their views and identities, influenced by Social Darwinism.
2) Roosevelt boxed in college and befriended champions to portray himself as physically fit and capable of survival. Sullivan revolutionized boxing by allowing public fights, self-promoting extensively.
3) Camp helped develop American football from rugby at Yale, introducing rules that made the sport more strategic and dangerous, fueling growth of intercollegiate competition influenced by ideas of survival of the fittest.
The document summarizes the history of running and Oklahoma Christian University. It notes that in 776 BC the first Olympic race was won and in 490 BC Pheidippides announced a Greek victory after running 26 miles. It then discusses the first collegiate foot race in 1873 and the introduction of cross country running to the US in 1878. Further key events mentioned include Jim Thorpe's Olympic victories in 1912 and the founding of Central Christian College. The document outlines several running achievements connected to Oklahoma Christian University throughout its history and individuals associated with the school. It concludes by stating the relationship between running and OCU may be in danger.
This document summarizes a lecture about the history of college football in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. It discusses how college football remained popular despite the rise of professional football and TV. It describes how the regional origins of dominant college football programs shifted over this period, with teams from the Southwest, South, and West gaining prominence over teams from the traditional powerhouse of the Northeast/Midwest. This was driven by factors like de-emphasis of football at Ivy League schools and the spread of innovations like the Split-T formation by coaches who served in World War II.
The document provides rules and format for a sports quiz with 3 written rounds and 2 dry rounds. The written rounds involve answering questions for points about boxing weight classes, Laureus Sportsman of the Year winners, and identifying contexts from pixelated sports images. The dry rounds are a clockwise and anticlockwise round with questions about sports controversies and feats, with points awarded for correct answers on pounce or direct.
This passage is from the book "The Hustler" by Walter Tevis and refers to the television quiz show scandals of the 1950s in the United States. It describes Charlie, a contestant, being encouraged by the show's producer Al to intentionally lose against the champion Stempel so that the show can continue having a champion that draws viewers.
The Carnegie Report, released in 1929, was a lengthy investigation into collegiate sports that found widespread issues with commercialization and a lack of amateurism. Researchers visited 130 schools and interviewed hundreds connected to higher education and athletics. The report concluded that college sports, especially football, had become professional in all but name, as athletes were increasingly subsidized and stadiums were built to generate revenue. It recommended adopting the British model of strict amateurism to refocus colleges on academics over commercialized athletics.
JRN 589 - The Fictional Roots of British AmateurismRich Hanley
The document discusses how the modern concept of athletic amateurism originated from a fictionalized and inaccurate interpretation of ancient Greek athletics promoted by British historians in the 19th century. It describes how Greek athletes actually competed for money and prizes, unlike the idealized British notion of amateurism. This myth was perpetuated through works like Tom Brown's Schooldays and influenced the founding of the modern Olympic Games, despite bearing little resemblance to the real practices of ancient Greece.
This document provides an overview of the growth and development of football in the late 1800s and early 1900s in the United States. It describes how the rapid growth of colleges and coverage in mass media helped spread football across the country. Rule changes aimed at making the game more open and accessible had unintended consequences, leading to larger and more physical players, injuries, and controversial tactics like the "flying wedge" formation developed by Harvard. Concerns over violence almost caused the game to be banned in the 1890s. Coaches and tactics were influenced by the eastern schools, and figures like Pudge Heffelfinger helped popularize the sport nationally.
1) Late 19th century influential figures like Theodore Roosevelt, John L. Sullivan, and Walter Camp used sport to project their views and identities, influenced by Social Darwinism.
2) Roosevelt boxed in college and befriended champions to portray himself as physically fit and capable of survival. Sullivan revolutionized boxing by allowing public fights, self-promoting extensively.
3) Camp helped develop American football from rugby at Yale, introducing rules that made the sport more strategic and dangerous, fueling growth of intercollegiate competition influenced by ideas of survival of the fittest.
The document summarizes the history of running and Oklahoma Christian University. It notes that in 776 BC the first Olympic race was won and in 490 BC Pheidippides announced a Greek victory after running 26 miles. It then discusses the first collegiate foot race in 1873 and the introduction of cross country running to the US in 1878. Further key events mentioned include Jim Thorpe's Olympic victories in 1912 and the founding of Central Christian College. The document outlines several running achievements connected to Oklahoma Christian University throughout its history and individuals associated with the school. It concludes by stating the relationship between running and OCU may be in danger.
This document summarizes a lecture about the history of college football in the United States from the 1930s to the 1970s. It discusses how college football remained popular despite the rise of professional football and TV. It describes how the regional origins of dominant college football programs shifted over this period, with teams from the Southwest, South, and West gaining prominence over teams from the traditional powerhouse of the Northeast/Midwest. This was driven by factors like de-emphasis of football at Ivy League schools and the spread of innovations like the Split-T formation by coaches who served in World War II.
The document provides rules and format for a sports quiz with 3 written rounds and 2 dry rounds. The written rounds involve answering questions for points about boxing weight classes, Laureus Sportsman of the Year winners, and identifying contexts from pixelated sports images. The dry rounds are a clockwise and anticlockwise round with questions about sports controversies and feats, with points awarded for correct answers on pounce or direct.
This passage is from the book "The Hustler" by Walter Tevis and refers to the television quiz show scandals of the 1950s in the United States. It describes Charlie, a contestant, being encouraged by the show's producer Al to intentionally lose against the champion Stempel so that the show can continue having a champion that draws viewers.
Mohammed Ali was an American professional boxer who was the heavyweight champion from 1964-1967 and 1974-1978. He was one of the most famous and recognizable black athletes in history and used his platform to advocate for civil rights. Ali was an Olympic gold medalist, multi-time Boxer of the Year, and inducted into multiple boxing halls of fame for his athletic achievements and impact.
The document summarizes information about the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. It discusses the origins of the Olympics in 776 BC and provides details about the ancient site of Olympia and some of the main athletic events such as wrestling, boxing, chariot racing, and the pentathlon. It also compares some aspects of the ancient Olympics like participation, awards, and the emphasis on amateur competition to the modern Olympic Games.
This document summarizes a sports quiz held by BOSM featuring 25 questions related to various sports topics. The quiz was conducted in preliminary rounds with the top 6 teams qualifying for the finals. Electronic devices were required to be turned off during the quiz. Questions covered topics like the ancient Olympic games, athletics such as running and cycling, equestrian events, cricket, football, tennis, swimming, and martial arts.
Finals of the sports quiz conducted during the BITS Open Sports Meet. It was conducted by the English Language Activities Society in association with Budh International Circuit.
QMs- Deepak Gopinath & Mayank Kowshik
This document summarizes information about the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. It discusses key details like the sports played such as wrestling, boxing, and pentathlon. It notes that the Olympics were held every four years in Olympia from 776 BC until they were banned in 393 AD. The document also contrasts aspects of the ancient Olympics like athletes competing naked and receiving olive wreaths as prizes to the modern Olympics with women competing and athletes receiving medals. It provides context on the sacred site of Olympia and sports like jumping which involved weighted objects unlike today.
This document contains the rules and questions for a sports quiz being conducted by IIT Kharagpur. It provides instructions on the format of the quiz, including that there is no negative marking, some questions are star-marked as being more difficult, and sudden death will be used in the event of a tie. It then lists 20 multiple choice questions across a variety of sports topics, along with the answers.
Sports have a significant impact on society beyond entertainment. Notable events and athletes throughout history helped advance civil rights and shaped cultural movements. Jackie Robinson breaking the MLB color barrier and Muhammad Ali's opposition to the Vietnam War furthered the fight for racial and social justice. Title IX increased women's sports participation, while events like the 1999 Women's World Cup boosted their popularity and profile. National pride was also stirred by Olympic moments and international sporting events. The social identities and connections people derive from sports fanhood further explain its widespread appeal and influence on communities.
Mixed martial arts (MMA) combines different martial arts techniques from both standing and ground fighting. It traces its origins to Pankration in the Greek Olympics around 648 BC which had few rules. In the 20th century, vale tudo grew popular in Brazil and helped develop MMA. Rorion Gracie founded the Ultimate Fighting Championship in 1993 which helped standardize rules and promote MMA in the US by showcasing different martial arts styles competing against each other. Common martial arts styles used in MMA include boxing, Muay Thai, wrestling, judo, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu which train different aspects of stand-up, clinch and ground fighting.
Dick Fosbury won gold in the high jump at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics using an unconventional jumping style called the "Fosbury Flop." The Flop involved arching his back over the bar and kicking his legs out to clear it while landing back-first on the mat. Fosbury had developed this technique in high school when he found it allowed him to jump higher than other styles. The Flop provided more speed on takeoff and kept his center of gravity lower over the bar, making it more efficient than traditional scissors or straddle jumps.
The document provides contact information for Quizealous, including their phone number, email address, and website. It then presents a series of trivia questions related to Olympics, sports, and athletes. The questions cover topics like the first Olympics to issue solid gold medals, famous swimmers, gymnasts, cricketers, and more. Key details about legendary athletes are provided in the questions.
Muhammad Ali was an American professional boxer who is considered one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. He won the heavyweight title three times, in 1964, 1974, and 1978. Ali was a highly controversial figure for refusing to fight in the Vietnam War due to religious beliefs. He was stripped of his title and banned from boxing for nearly four years but had his conviction overturned by the Supreme Court in 1971. Despite being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, Ali remains an iconic figure who is admired for his boxing skills, principles of religious freedom and racial justice.
This document contains details of a sports quiz competition consisting of multiple choice and open ended questions across 3 rounds testing participants' knowledge of various sports topics. The rounds include a connect round with questions linking people, teams and events from different sports, a mixed bag round with descriptions and identifications, and a visual round with images to identify. An open question is also included after each round. The quiz covers a wide range of sports including cricket, football, tennis, Olympics and more. Participants are tested on their ability to recall facts, figures, events and connect related pieces of information from the domain of sports.
American men before the Civil War primarily engaged in sports to publicly display their masculinity. The concept of manliness emphasized changed over time from simplicity and plainness mirroring Republican values during the American Revolution, to inclusion of self-control and morality during the religious revival of the early-to-mid 19th century. Sports like horse racing, boxing, and baseball allowed men to demonstrate traits like physical strength, perseverance, and adherence to rules showing control. While leisure was a factor, the commercialization and profitability of sports required drives like masculinity and hard work to develop sports into a major industry.
Mason Bird is pursuing certifications in cybersecurity. Alongside his studies, which include courses in literature and political science, Mason Bird is a longtime sports fan and avid athlete. He especially enjoys playing ultimate frisbee.
1) Leryn Franco is a javelin thrower from Argentina who gained internet fame at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. She was ranked highly on lists of attractive athletes.
2) The 2016 Olympics logo is featured.
3) Inzamam-ul-Haq is missing from the list of cricketers provided.
This document summarizes the format and questions from a sports quiz competition. It provides details on the different rounds, including list it, infinite bounce, and written rounds. The written rounds involve questions about pairs of brothers who both had success in sports. Specifically, it asks for the full names of 8 pairs of brothers. The document shares the questions and expected answers for the written rounds.
Dr. James Naismith invented basketball in 1891 while working at a YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts. Seeking an indoor winter activity, he wrote basic rules and nailed a peach basket to the track as a goal. Over time, rules and equipment evolved, including using metal hoops and backboards instead of peach baskets. Basketball grew significantly in popularity in the Philippines following the 1900s American colonial period, becoming the most popular sport in the country. The Philippines national team found early success in international competitions. Today, basketball remains the number one sport in the Philippines at both the collegiate and professional levels.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of the concept of amateurism in sports. It traces how British historians in the 18th-19th centuries misinterpreted and fictionalized accounts of amateurism in ancient Greek athletics for political and class-related reasons. This myth of Greek amateurism was then propagated through works like Tom Brown's Schooldays and influenced the founding of the modern Olympic Games with their focus on amateurism. Key figures like Walter Camp and Pierre de Coubertin helped spread this myth in America and further shape the ideology of amateurism in sport, despite it having little basis in the actual practices of ancient Greek athletes.
Basketball originated in 1891 as a way to promote discipline and morale through athletic competition at the YMCA. It grew in popularity through amateur leagues like the NCAA and AAU in the early 20th century. After World War II, there was demand for basketball as a professional sport, leading to the creation of the NBA in 1949. The NBA aimed to market basketball as a product and recruited top college players with higher salaries, intensifying the level of competition and growing the fanbase. While amateur organizations initially promoted the ideals of amateurism and character development through basketball, commercialization and professionalization became dominant forces by the mid-20th century.
This document discusses the growth and development of American football in the late 1800s. It describes how Walter Camp helped establish rules and positions that opened up the game. Camp promoted football through books and all-America teams. As newspapers covered games, interest grew across the country. The establishment of new colleges led many to form football teams, adopting Yale's approach. By linking football to character building, Camp helped address concerns about violence and establish the sport's popularity and legitimacy.
Mohammed Ali was an American professional boxer who was the heavyweight champion from 1964-1967 and 1974-1978. He was one of the most famous and recognizable black athletes in history and used his platform to advocate for civil rights. Ali was an Olympic gold medalist, multi-time Boxer of the Year, and inducted into multiple boxing halls of fame for his athletic achievements and impact.
The document summarizes information about the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. It discusses the origins of the Olympics in 776 BC and provides details about the ancient site of Olympia and some of the main athletic events such as wrestling, boxing, chariot racing, and the pentathlon. It also compares some aspects of the ancient Olympics like participation, awards, and the emphasis on amateur competition to the modern Olympic Games.
This document summarizes a sports quiz held by BOSM featuring 25 questions related to various sports topics. The quiz was conducted in preliminary rounds with the top 6 teams qualifying for the finals. Electronic devices were required to be turned off during the quiz. Questions covered topics like the ancient Olympic games, athletics such as running and cycling, equestrian events, cricket, football, tennis, swimming, and martial arts.
Finals of the sports quiz conducted during the BITS Open Sports Meet. It was conducted by the English Language Activities Society in association with Budh International Circuit.
QMs- Deepak Gopinath & Mayank Kowshik
This document summarizes information about the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. It discusses key details like the sports played such as wrestling, boxing, and pentathlon. It notes that the Olympics were held every four years in Olympia from 776 BC until they were banned in 393 AD. The document also contrasts aspects of the ancient Olympics like athletes competing naked and receiving olive wreaths as prizes to the modern Olympics with women competing and athletes receiving medals. It provides context on the sacred site of Olympia and sports like jumping which involved weighted objects unlike today.
This document contains the rules and questions for a sports quiz being conducted by IIT Kharagpur. It provides instructions on the format of the quiz, including that there is no negative marking, some questions are star-marked as being more difficult, and sudden death will be used in the event of a tie. It then lists 20 multiple choice questions across a variety of sports topics, along with the answers.
Sports have a significant impact on society beyond entertainment. Notable events and athletes throughout history helped advance civil rights and shaped cultural movements. Jackie Robinson breaking the MLB color barrier and Muhammad Ali's opposition to the Vietnam War furthered the fight for racial and social justice. Title IX increased women's sports participation, while events like the 1999 Women's World Cup boosted their popularity and profile. National pride was also stirred by Olympic moments and international sporting events. The social identities and connections people derive from sports fanhood further explain its widespread appeal and influence on communities.
Mixed martial arts (MMA) combines different martial arts techniques from both standing and ground fighting. It traces its origins to Pankration in the Greek Olympics around 648 BC which had few rules. In the 20th century, vale tudo grew popular in Brazil and helped develop MMA. Rorion Gracie founded the Ultimate Fighting Championship in 1993 which helped standardize rules and promote MMA in the US by showcasing different martial arts styles competing against each other. Common martial arts styles used in MMA include boxing, Muay Thai, wrestling, judo, and Brazilian jiu-jitsu which train different aspects of stand-up, clinch and ground fighting.
Dick Fosbury won gold in the high jump at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics using an unconventional jumping style called the "Fosbury Flop." The Flop involved arching his back over the bar and kicking his legs out to clear it while landing back-first on the mat. Fosbury had developed this technique in high school when he found it allowed him to jump higher than other styles. The Flop provided more speed on takeoff and kept his center of gravity lower over the bar, making it more efficient than traditional scissors or straddle jumps.
The document provides contact information for Quizealous, including their phone number, email address, and website. It then presents a series of trivia questions related to Olympics, sports, and athletes. The questions cover topics like the first Olympics to issue solid gold medals, famous swimmers, gymnasts, cricketers, and more. Key details about legendary athletes are provided in the questions.
Muhammad Ali was an American professional boxer who is considered one of the greatest heavyweights of all time. He won the heavyweight title three times, in 1964, 1974, and 1978. Ali was a highly controversial figure for refusing to fight in the Vietnam War due to religious beliefs. He was stripped of his title and banned from boxing for nearly four years but had his conviction overturned by the Supreme Court in 1971. Despite being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, Ali remains an iconic figure who is admired for his boxing skills, principles of religious freedom and racial justice.
This document contains details of a sports quiz competition consisting of multiple choice and open ended questions across 3 rounds testing participants' knowledge of various sports topics. The rounds include a connect round with questions linking people, teams and events from different sports, a mixed bag round with descriptions and identifications, and a visual round with images to identify. An open question is also included after each round. The quiz covers a wide range of sports including cricket, football, tennis, Olympics and more. Participants are tested on their ability to recall facts, figures, events and connect related pieces of information from the domain of sports.
American men before the Civil War primarily engaged in sports to publicly display their masculinity. The concept of manliness emphasized changed over time from simplicity and plainness mirroring Republican values during the American Revolution, to inclusion of self-control and morality during the religious revival of the early-to-mid 19th century. Sports like horse racing, boxing, and baseball allowed men to demonstrate traits like physical strength, perseverance, and adherence to rules showing control. While leisure was a factor, the commercialization and profitability of sports required drives like masculinity and hard work to develop sports into a major industry.
Mason Bird is pursuing certifications in cybersecurity. Alongside his studies, which include courses in literature and political science, Mason Bird is a longtime sports fan and avid athlete. He especially enjoys playing ultimate frisbee.
1) Leryn Franco is a javelin thrower from Argentina who gained internet fame at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. She was ranked highly on lists of attractive athletes.
2) The 2016 Olympics logo is featured.
3) Inzamam-ul-Haq is missing from the list of cricketers provided.
This document summarizes the format and questions from a sports quiz competition. It provides details on the different rounds, including list it, infinite bounce, and written rounds. The written rounds involve questions about pairs of brothers who both had success in sports. Specifically, it asks for the full names of 8 pairs of brothers. The document shares the questions and expected answers for the written rounds.
Dr. James Naismith invented basketball in 1891 while working at a YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts. Seeking an indoor winter activity, he wrote basic rules and nailed a peach basket to the track as a goal. Over time, rules and equipment evolved, including using metal hoops and backboards instead of peach baskets. Basketball grew significantly in popularity in the Philippines following the 1900s American colonial period, becoming the most popular sport in the country. The Philippines national team found early success in international competitions. Today, basketball remains the number one sport in the Philippines at both the collegiate and professional levels.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of the concept of amateurism in sports. It traces how British historians in the 18th-19th centuries misinterpreted and fictionalized accounts of amateurism in ancient Greek athletics for political and class-related reasons. This myth of Greek amateurism was then propagated through works like Tom Brown's Schooldays and influenced the founding of the modern Olympic Games with their focus on amateurism. Key figures like Walter Camp and Pierre de Coubertin helped spread this myth in America and further shape the ideology of amateurism in sport, despite it having little basis in the actual practices of ancient Greek athletes.
Basketball originated in 1891 as a way to promote discipline and morale through athletic competition at the YMCA. It grew in popularity through amateur leagues like the NCAA and AAU in the early 20th century. After World War II, there was demand for basketball as a professional sport, leading to the creation of the NBA in 1949. The NBA aimed to market basketball as a product and recruited top college players with higher salaries, intensifying the level of competition and growing the fanbase. While amateur organizations initially promoted the ideals of amateurism and character development through basketball, commercialization and professionalization became dominant forces by the mid-20th century.
This document discusses the growth and development of American football in the late 1800s. It describes how Walter Camp helped establish rules and positions that opened up the game. Camp promoted football through books and all-America teams. As newspapers covered games, interest grew across the country. The establishment of new colleges led many to form football teams, adopting Yale's approach. By linking football to character building, Camp helped address concerns about violence and establish the sport's popularity and legitimacy.
JRN 589 - From Amateurism to ShamateurismRich Hanley
The document discusses the point shaving scandal in college basketball in the 1950s. It reveals how players were taking bribes from gamblers to influence the score and earn money. An investigation uncovered a scheme involving City College of New York. In total, 32 players from seven colleges took bribes to fix 86 games. Several players were sentenced to prison. The scandal prompted reforms to address commercialization in college sports and curb corruption, though debates continued over policies like athletic scholarships.
Udghosh is the Annual Sports festival of IIT Kanpur. As a part of this event, a Sports Quiz was organised. We tried to make the Quiz as diverse as possible with by including questions of Football, Cricket, F1, Olympics, ancient games and Sports, video games, Indian Sports, American sports, etc.
The document provides a history of the development of basketball from its origins to modern day. It discusses how Dr. James Naismith invented the game in 1891 at a YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts. The first official basketball game was played in 1892 with 13 simple rules. The game grew in popularity and various leagues were formed throughout the early 20th century, including the NBA which was established in 1949 through a merger between the BAA and NBL leagues. The NBA made changes to the rules like the 24-second shot clock to increase the pace of professional basketball.
Baseball originated during the Civil War and was played by both Union and Confederate soldiers as a pastime and morale booster. The growing popularity of the sport during the war helped establish baseball as America's national pastime. Returning soldiers helped spread baseball across the country after the war ended. Organized baseball leagues formed and the game continued to develop standardized rules and terminology.
The history of football in England dates back to the 12th century when William FitzStephen described young men playing a ball game divided into teams by occupation. Over the following centuries, monarchs and religious authorities attempted to ban football due to concerns that it distracted from archery practice and caused unrest. By the 19th century, rules were established and the first clubs and leagues were formed, growing football into the most popular sport in Britain.
The document summarizes the end of amateurism in collegiate sports. It details how the NCAA maintained a "sham notion of amateurism" for over a century despite big-time college football and basketball being commercial enterprises. Recent court rulings and NIL legislation have removed the last vestiges of amateurism. This has led to tensions as some athletes in non-revenue sports feel unfairly disadvantaged compared to football and basketball players receiving large NIL deals. The future of collegiate and even high school sports is now uncertain.
This document discusses the history of segregation in college football from the late 19th century through the mid 20th century. It describes how black colleges started their own football programs and conferences separately from white colleges due to segregation. Though a few black players attended some northern colleges, southern colleges enforced strict segregation policies and refused to play teams with black players on their rosters. College football became a way for the white South to promote regional pride and masculine ideals of whiteness following events like Alabama's Rose Bowl victory in 1926. Segregation hardened as southern schools used football success to justify racial apartheid. The document outlines several examples of the discriminatory treatment and barriers faced by early black football pioneers.
The document discusses the origins and early development of American football from the mid-19th century. It describes how violent, disorganized mob-style games between students evolved into organized matches between universities. Walter Camp, a Yale student and player in the 1870s, was instrumental in developing standard rules, promoting the sport, and shaping it into the game played today, driven by his commitment to "Muscular Christianity." The rules changes he championed in 1882 helped open up the game and make it more exciting for spectators.
49 MLA Format The Yellow Wallpaper WallpaSarah Pollard
This document discusses the history of changes in law enforcement. It outlines three main functions of police - crime control, order maintenance, and social work. Crime control has traditionally been a major responsibility of police, though their role has expanded beyond just crime fighting. Major changes discussed include the professionalization of police in the 1960s-70s through training and education. More recently, technology and social media have presented new challenges for law enforcement to address criminal coordination and evidence gathering online.
The Ural Mountains are about the same age as the Appalachian mount.docxchristalgrieg
The Ural Mountains are about the same age as the Appalachian mountains of eastern North America. How does the theory of plate tectonics explain the existence of this mountain belt in the interior of an expansive continental landmass? Compare and contrast the formation of the Ural and Appalachian mountains, given their similar age.
Response needs be at least 200 in length with all work cited.
"Black Fists and Fool's Gold:
The 1960s Black Athletic Revolt Reconsidered"
The LeBron James Decision and
Self-Determination in Post-Racial America
by Jamal L. Ratchford
TIMES sure have changed. Forty years aftercritics blasted two athletes' silent protest
at the 1968 Olympics — when they flung
their tightened black-gloved fists into the
Mexico City evening sky in the Black Power
salute to call attention to human rights con-
cerns and received a chorus of boos'—white
journalists, spectators, athletes and adminis-
trators honored Tommie Smith and John
Carlos at the Excellence in Sports Perfor-
mance Yearly (ESPY) Awards. In 2008, the
Entertainment Sports Programming Net-
work (ESPN) held their annual gala at the
Nokia Theater in Los Angeles. Numerous
sports and entertainment dignitaries attend-
ed and celebrated the apex of athletic
accomplishments. Singer and actor Justin
Timberlake entertained the audience and
hosted the sports premier award show. The
evening is normally a jovial and lighthearted
attempt to recapture the best athletic
achievements from the calendar year. Tim-
berlake's comedie opening remarks featured
song and dance, and also brought laughter
to the audience at the expense of National
Football League (NFL) stars Brett Favre and
Eli Manning, and member of the reigning
National Basketball Association (NBA),
champion Paul Pierce.
The awarding of Arthur Ashe Award for
Courage, an honor presented to persons
who made the most significant humanitarian
contribution to sports and society, shifted
the playful tone to a serious and reflective
remembrance of a historical moment. Actor
Samuel L. Jackson and NBA All-Star and two-
time Most Valuable Player Steve Nash gave
the preliminary remarks and introduced the
awardees. Jackson said the silent protest
remained fresh in his mind. 1968, he
recalled, "may have been forty years ago but
for many of us, like me, a nineteen-year-old
student at Morehouse College at the time,
the events were so vivid, so personal that they
could have occurred yesterday."^
THE CEREMONIES continued with actor TomCruise narrating a nine-minute clip that
documented events leading up to the silent
protest. When the film concluded, Tommie
Smith and John Carlos were introduced and
received the Arthur Ashe award. The audi-
ence erupted and gave a standing ovation. A
racially and politically diverse crowd that
included auto racer Dánica Patrick, NFL all-
time great Jerry Rice, and internationally
renowned English soccer star David Beck-
ham unanimously rose and cheered the two
men. The two men gave another raised fist
...
Koos- When sports stars speak up, people listenTorin Koos
This document discusses how athletes are increasingly speaking out on social and political issues. It provides several recent examples of athletes making statements about racial issues in the US through gestures or clothing during games. LeBron James and others wore "I Can't Breathe" shirts to honor Eric Garner. The document contrasts this to Michael Jordan's approach of avoiding endorsements or statements that could upset customers. It argues that athletes exercising free speech makes the country stronger, and compares current athletes to past protesters like Tommie Smith and John Carlos at the 1968 Olympics who were punished for their demonstration supporting human rights.
Similar to JRN 589 - The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism (15)
This document provides a historical overview of how football has evolved over the decades from the 1840s to the present. It discusses changes in the sport for players of different ages, such as the introduction of the forward pass and increased professionalization. The summary also notes how football has become more inclusive of Black players, women, and LGBTQ people. However, it comments that further progress is still needed in coaching diversity. The document concludes by discussing how football continues to be a source of community and tradition in American culture.
This document summarizes a lecture about the history and evolution of American football. It discusses how football originated in the late 19th century at elite universities and grew tremendously in popularity over the following decades. Key figures like Knute Rockne helped spread the game. The sport faced criticism over violence and injuries but adapted rules while maintaining widespread fan interest. In modern times, the game continues to grapple with the physical toll it takes on players' health and concerns over associated risks like binge drinking.
This document discusses the evolution of football in the late 20th century. It describes how the NFL continued to grow in popularity in the 1990s and experiments with new offensive schemes. It also covers how college football saw changes like freshman eligibility and scholarship rules. Specifically, it outlines how Howard Schnellenberger transformed Miami's program in the 1980s to focus on local recruiting and a pro-style offense. This helped launch Miami as a dynasty under Schnellenberger and later Jimmy Johnson. It also describes how the run and shoot offense was pioneered at schools like Houston behind coaches like Mouse Davis and Andre Ware.
This document summarizes how the game of football has evolved over time from the 1840s to the present day. It discusses changes in rules, player demographics, coaching demographics, the rise of analytics, and the growing participation of women and girls in flag football. While issues around diversity in coaching still remain, the document highlights progress that has been made and how the 10-year old today would see a much more inclusive version of the sport compared to generations past.
This lecture discusses how college and NFL football offenses have evolved over the past few decades to focus more on passing and scoring points. Spread offenses like the run-and-shoot and air raid have been adopted and refined. Rule changes and advances in turf and facilities have also enabled higher scoring. Fantasy football became hugely popular online, driving more viewership. NFL teams have also increasingly relocated and conferences realigned for financial reasons.
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JRN 589 - Concussions II / Female AthletesRich Hanley
Female athletes have been underrepresented in concussion studies, with some studies including no female participants. As a result, concussion protocols and treatment have largely focused on male athletes and may not adequately address the needs of female athletes. Several recent studies found that females have higher concussion rates than males in some sports, experience more severe symptoms, and have worse outcomes. However, females remain an understudied population. Including more female athletes in concussion research is needed to develop gender-specific guidelines and improve treatment for all athletes.
Concussions have been documented in football since the 19th century, but it was not until 1994 that the NFL began taking them seriously by forming a committee to study their causes and effects. Studies from the late 19th century onwards found high concussion rates in football players and warnings of long term neurological consequences. However, the game continued without warnings until lawsuits in the 2010s forced acknowledgement of the link to chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Modern players are larger and faster, but rule changes aim to reduce head impacts despite 99% of examined NFL player brains showing signs of CTE.
JRN 589 - Brian Flores and Eric BIeniemyRich Hanley
- Brian Flores sued the NFL in 2022 for racial discrimination in its hiring practices of Black head coaches. A judge ruled Flores' case against the Broncos, Giants, and Texans can proceed to trial, as he alleges they conducted "sham interviews" under the Rooney Rule.
- The Rooney Rule requires teams to interview minority candidates for head coaching and front office positions, but Flores argues it has not worked as intended and teams still discriminate.
- Eric Bieniemy, the Chiefs' offensive coordinator, continues to be passed over for head coaching jobs despite his success, like previous white coordinators under Andy Reid receiving roles. A study found Black coordinators face disadvantages in the attributes historically
Here is the presentation that accompanied the lecture on the history of segregation in the NFL and college football to serve as background to the sequence on Black coaches in the NFL and college football.
JRN 589 - The Triumph of NIL / The NCAA Strikes BackRich Hanley
The document summarizes the legal case of Ed O'Bannon vs the NCAA regarding the use of college athletes' names, images, and likenesses in video games and other media without compensation. O'Bannon, a former UCLA basketball player, filed a lawsuit in 2009 arguing this violated antitrust laws. The case established that NCAA compensation rules were an illegal restraint of trade. It paved the way for athletes to be paid for NIL rights, though the full implications were not realized until Justice Kavanaugh's concurring opinion in 2021 further questioned the NCAA's definition of amateurism. The case eliminated the fiction of amateurism in college sports.
This document summarizes how the game of football has evolved over time from the 1840s to the present day. It discusses changes in rules, player demographics, the growth of analytics, and the increasing involvement of women and minorities. While the basic elements of carrying an air-filled bladder across a line remain the same, football continues to reflect the broader social and cultural changes happening in America.
This document summarizes the history and evolution of football in the United States. It discusses how football originated at Harvard in the late 1800s and grew tremendously in popularity through the early 1900s. It became firmly established as a national tradition and pastime. The document also notes how the sport has changed over time through rule modifications to improve safety as well as the diminished but still important roles of kicking in modern football.
This lecture discusses how football has evolved on and off the field over the last few decades. Off the field, both college and pro football have adapted to technological changes to make the game more popular on TV. On the field, spread offenses like the run-and-shoot and air raid have led to explosive increases in scoring. Conference realignments and the creation of a playoff system have also changed the structure of college football. Fantasy football has hugely grown the audience for the NFL by incentivizing fans to watch more games.
This document discusses various proposed solutions to disinformation and their flaws. It outlines four main solutions: media literacy, content moderation, prebunking, and truth sandwiches. For each solution, it notes limitations such as the difficulty of teaching critical thinking, biases in content moderation, and how disinformation operators exploit journalistic standards of balance. The conclusion states that while no solution is perfect, the goal should be finding approaches that are good enough to contain disinformation without needing to be perfect.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
JRN 589 - The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
1. Amateurs No More
JRN 589 / 450
The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The Impact of Walter Camp and Muscular Christianity
Prof. Hanley
2. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Walter Camp was born in 1859,
two years after the publication of
Tom Brown’s Schooldays in
England.
Charles Darwin published Origin
of Species in 1859, too.
Both works would be deployed by
Camp to formulate football.
3. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp’s father, Leverett, was a
proponent of Muscular
Christianity, a phrase originated by
clergyman and novelist Charles
Kingsley to promote physical
development of males within the
Church of England.
English boys had become
effeminate, Kingsley believed.
4. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Thomas Hughes published Tom
Brown’s Schooldays in 1857, and
within a year, Americans would
buy 225,000 copies. Hundreds of
thousands more would be sold in
the 19th century in the U.S.
Theodore Roosevelt was one of
the American boys who read it, as
did Walter Camp.
5. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
In 1873, Camp witnessed the
impact of the book when students
of Eton visited New Haven to
introduce Yale students to English
rugby.
“To an impressionable boy, these
Englishmen were the walking
embodiments of gentlemanly
sport,” Camp recalled.
6. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
At the time, the gap between Yale
students in New Haven and the
locals was immense. Local
firefighters and Yale
undergraduates fought.
Camp recalled that even though
he was in prep school, he thought
organized competition would
reduce tensions in the city.
7. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp first saw a primitive game of
football in 1875 when Harvard
played Yale in New Haven in a
game that mixed association
football – kicking and dribbling
but no tackling – and the Boston
game – tackling permitted.
He was among 1,200 who
watched.
8. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
During that period, intercollegiate
competition grew, starting with
the Yale-Harvard regatta in 1852.
Baseball, too, emerged as a
collegiate sport.
College men in the East, inspired
by Muscular Christianity,
transformed sport into team
competition, a test of strength
inspired by the ideology.
9. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp competed in baseball, track,
crew, rugby and, eventually,
football at Yale.
He saw moral lessons in
competition.
“Be each, pray God, a gentleman,”
Camp would write about athletes.
10. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
That meant Camp was adhering to
the concept of athletic
amateurism as expressed at
Oxford and Cambridge in England
and popularized in Tom Brown’s
Schooldays.
The English, after all, reflected the
ideals of ancient Greece.
11. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
“Camp embraced this myth as
timeless truth. Sanctimoniously,
he held that gentlemen played for
glory, not compensation,” wrote
the scholar Julie Des Jardins in her
biography of Camp. “He
articulated his gentleman’s code
in everything he went on to write,
including the Book of College
Sports in 1893.”
12. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
But there was an important
distinction between the English
amateur and the American
variant.
In England, how mattered more
than the result.
In the U.S., the outcome meant
everything.
13. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp became captain of the Yale
football team and, as such,
attended meetings of the
Intercollegiate Football
Association, where Princeton,
Harvard (which had played McGill
in Canada in 1874-1875),
Columbia and Yale reps gathered
to refine Rugby Union rules.
14. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp, however, “envisioned a
game played by a more physically
tuned variation of the gentleman
athlete, one equally decorous to
his British counterpart but more
virile because he had more
poundage and physical force,”
wrote Des Jardins.
15. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp “justified his deviations
from British rugby, emphasizing
the importance of developing
competitive intensity ‘more suited
to American needs’,” wrote Des
Jardins.
That meant “prioritizing physical
force,” she wrote, ,”manipulating
weighty bodies over the goal line,
rather than the demure flicking of
the foot.”
16. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp also wanted to privilege
speed and room to move to create
more sophisticated plays, and he
proposed reducing the number of
players from 15 per side to 11.
After years of debate, the IFA
finally agreed to at proposal in
1880.
17. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
What’s more, Camp wanted to
eliminate the rugby scrum.
In October 1880, Camp proposed
a line of scrimmage to turn
chaotic scrum play into a skilled
possession, giving the game a
sense of control.
18. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The line of scrimmage permitted a
more tactical approach to the
team game.
Camp determined that the line
meant the need for a field general
he called a quarterback to put
plays in motion. The formation?
Seven men on the line, four in the
backfield.
19. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp also invented the system of
downs for possession to eliminate
a team from simply holding on to
the ball for each half.
The football rules, Camp
concluded, should not “become a
refuge for weaklings.” And it
should be attractive to spectators.
20. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Teams had to advance the ball five
yards after three plays or lose
possession.
Camp marked the field with cross
lines five yards apart from each
other.
21. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
In 1883, the committee
authorized Camp to copyright and
publish football rules in an annual
guide to circulate among colleges.
That meant Camp would be
viewed as the preeminent expert
on football, and for 47 years, he
filled that role.
22. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
And Camp would use that role to
promote the moral code of
football based on the ideology of
Muscular Christianity and
amateurism, with values
seemingly extracted from the
ancient Greeks.
23. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
When Camp finally stopped
playing football at Yale (he
enrolled at the medical school and
played for two years for a total of
six years), he left his position as
captain. He appointed himself as a
team advisor, because there “is no
place in amateur sports for
salaried players or consultants,” as
Des Jardins pointed out.
24. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp remained attached to
intercollegiate athletics, helping to
organize the first intercollegiate
tennis tournament, forming Yale’s
golf team, and establishing a
committee to oversee the
purchase of training gear.
He began writing books and
magazine articles for boys.
25. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp’s articles mimicked the
narrative material he had written
in his annual rules guide to
football.
Embedding moral codes based on
amateurism, he “sold football as
more than a game, but also as an
antidote to male degeneration in
modern life,” wrote Des Jardins.
26. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The New York Athletic Club
represented the permanent sense
of Muscular Christianity when it
built a five-story clubhouse for its
1,500 members and hosted
amateur athletic events.
27. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp’s Yale connections (he was a
member of the exclusive Skulls
and Bones Society and position as
an executive with the New Haven
Clock Company presented
opportunities to join elite clubs in
New York, including the National
Association of Amateur Athletes
of America, that were stuffed with
wealthy alpha males of the Gilded
Age.
28. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
By 1889, the New York Athletic
Club had formed the Amateur
Athletic Union (AAU), which
oversaw the amateur movement.
In short, the New York clubs
presented as reflecting the English
attitude of athletic purism
through amateurism that
nominally barred the lower
classes from competing.
29. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
As it turned out, this structure
was as fictional as the ancient
Greek amateurism embodied in
19th century England.
Camp recognized that. He had
served as an official at various
amateur games after joining the
New York clubs and knew who
was who.
30. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp knew that working-class
men would masquerade as elites
when needed to produce victories
for the gentlemanly clubs that
competed.
“A gentleman never competes for
money, directly or indirectly,”
Camp wrote, knowing full well he
was participating in a charade.
31. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Football play likewise undermined
the gentlemanly fiction.
“In every (game), there were fist
fights and men had to be
separated by other players, or by
the judges and referee, or by the
by-standers and the police,” the
faculty-led Harvard Athletic
Committee reported.
32. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
John Heisman, who played at
Brown and Princeton, confirmed
the nasty and brutish play.
Football in the 1880s, Heisman
said, was like the outlaw west.
Men fought “hammer and tongs,
tooth and nail,” he wrote.
33. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp’s solution to the growing
problem of violence and
lawlessness on the field? Pay
officials.
This violated the traditional
amateur code as formulated in
England, but Camp finessed the
issue: football was more technical
than rugby and required
specialization and expertise.
34. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Still, the influence of England’s
Muscular Christianity deepened in
the U.S.
The Young Men’s Christian
Association, founded in England,
became lodged in 1851 in the U.S.
Basketball (1891) and volleyball
(1895) were invented at YMCA’s in
Massachusetts.
35. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp was influential, too, in the
YMCA’s expansion to colleges,
particularly at Yale and with a
student, Amos Alonzo Stagg.
Stagg played football and baseball
but declined to pay pro baseball
to preserve his amateur standing.
36. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Whenever Stagg spoke at prep
schools to promote Yale, he would
display stereopticon images of
classical athletes.
But when he started to coach
football at the University of
Chicago in the 1890s, pretenses of
amateurism faded, securing
under-the-table fellowships for
athletes he wanted.
37. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp and sports journalist Caspar
Whitney clashed in the late 19th
and early 20th century over the
definition of amateurism even
though they often worked
together, with Whitney as editor
for several magazines.
38. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Whitney was an old-school
Anglophone who believed
profoundly in the version
promoted in England: a member
of the white aristocratic elite who
competed for honor and joy, not
money.
Camp, while agreeing to a point,
promoted a steely democratic
version where effort mattered.
39. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp, for example, named Black
center William Henry Lewis of
Harvard and Native American
players who competed for the
Carlisle Industrial School to his All-
America team.
40. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The two also differed on the credit
for the reformulation of rugby into
football.
Whitney saw football as English in
origin, and above the type of
American football played in mill
towns by migrant workers.
Camp interpreted football as
based on a moral value linked to
work.
41. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
By the 1890s, civic and
neighborhood associations
likewise saw the value in the game
and formed teams, paying players
for the first time.
Yale’s great Pudge Heffelfinger
became the first pro player in
1892 when the Allegheny Athletic
Association paid him $500 to play.
42. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Heffelfinger’s decision to play for
pay revealed the contradiction in
Camp’s Muscular Christianity-
based faith on amateurism.
Camp named Heffelfinger to his
All-American team three times
and considered him to be the
greatest player of all-time.
43. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp put Heffelfinger at the
center of his print layout of his
first all-time All-America team
even though he knew Pudge had
played for pay for decades.
44. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Still, Camp, as he had written in
1889, held other paid athletes in
disdain.
“Make no mistake about this. No
matter how winding the road may
be that eventually brings the
sovereign into the pocket, it is the
price of what should be dearer to
you than anything else, - your
honor …
45. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
“… If a man comes to you and
endeavors to affect your choice of
college by offers of a pecuniary
nature, he does not take you for a
gentleman or a gentleman’s son,
you may be sure. Gentlemen
neither offer nor take bribes.”
46. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp developed a moral code
that he reinforced in narratives
published in his annual football
guides and works of fiction and
non-fiction.
The code references unfair play
and unsportsmanlike tactics, each
borrowed from the code of
amateur athletes established by
wealthy elites.
47. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The code reflected Camp’s
concept of Muscular Christianity
in that it accepted violence within
a framework of rules designed to
promote a gentlemanly manliness.
And that code, based on
amateurism, would rescue
football from calls to ban it earlier
in the 20th century.
48. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
By the turn of the 20th century,
football’s violence and its
centrality to college life under the
rubric of amateurism as based on
the English model with some
American sensibilities toward a
meritocracy came under
widespread criticism.
49. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The mounting toll of injuries and
deaths chipped away at football’s
self-selected role as the building
of character in boys and young
men.
50. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
By 1905, the pressure to change
the game and modify rules to
control violence grew too intense
to ignore.
Some 19 players died by October
1905.
Thousands more were injured.
51. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
President Theodore Roosevelt –
who Tom Brown’s Schooldays as a
youth - convened a meeting in
October 1905 among football’s
rule authorities, including Camp
and Harvard coach William Reid.
Roosevelt, a Harvard alumni who
loved football, wanted to curb the
deaths and injuries.
52. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Roosevelt told Camp and the
others that he wanted to endorse
football as an important
character-building sport played
under a moral code.
Roosevelt said, “I demand that
football change its rules or be
abolished. Change the game or
forsake it!”
53. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
A series of meeting among
football rules committee members
and others connected to the game
changed rules, instituting the
forward pass for one in 1906.
They also established a body that
would be later named the
National Collegiate Athletic
Association (1910) to oversee
college sports.
54. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
At the same time, Yale faculty
completed an investigation that
revealed that Yale athletics had a
huge $100,000 slush fund that
had been used to tutor athletes,
give expensive gifts to athletes,
purchase entertainment for
coaches, and pay for trips to the
Caribbean, according to historian
Ronald Smith.
55. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Criticism persisted, particularly
over what seemed to be the
growing professionalism of college
football and the intrusion of the
“masses” on the game.
In January 1906, Frederick Jackson
Turner, a historian, was among the
critics who saw college football as
incompatible with collegiate life.
56. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
“The public has pushed its
influence inside the college walls,”
said Turner, thus “making it
impossible for faculties and for
the clean and healthy masses of
the students to keep athletics
honest and rightly related to a
sane university life.”
57. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
In November 1905, Collier’s
magazine published by reporter
Edward S. Jordan.
Under a headline a series “Buying
Football Victories,’ Jordan
asserted that Wisconsin’s football
team included professionals paid
to play.
58. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
At a time when universities were
growing rapidly, reformers sought
to “regulate intercollegiate
football because they saw it as a
venue in which the pursuit of
money, fame, and pleasure held
the power to corrupt,” scholar
Brian M. Ingrassia wrote in a
recent study of the 20th century
progressive movement and
football. Press coverage fueled
the corruption, critics claimed.
59. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The commercial nature of the
college game – tickets were sold
after all – eroded its purity,
reformers argued.
And that purity was threatened by
a move away from amateurism.
60. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Turner agreed, describing players
as “gladiators” and “mercenaries,”
who were “experts fighting for
victory on a football field,”
recruited because of their
strength and skills.
61. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
College football, Turner wrote,
had “become a business, carried
on far too often by professionals,
supported by levies on the public,
bringing in vast gate receipts,
demoralizing student ethics, and
confusing the ideals of sport,
manliness, and decency.” (Italics
added).
62. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
University of Chicago president
William Rainey Harper, who
formerly was a divinity professor
at Yale and who hired Amos
Alonzo Stagg as the school’s
football coach, likewise thought
football ““would become in a true
sense a gentleman’s sport” if it
could build an endowment to
sustain it without the need for
ticket sales.
63. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The plan never materialized, but
the criticism was initially deflected
for two reasons, among others:
For one, football was grounded in
the “institutional fabric of
Christendom” – eastern colleges,
as sociologist Thorsten Veblen
argued in 1918.
And Camp had hard-wired
Muscular Christianity into the
game.
64. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Still, the concept of amateurism,
rooted in a misinterpreted
account of ancient Greek athletes,
reinforced by an impulse to keep
immigrants at bay and the need to
reinforce elite economic and class
status, was at times too powerful
to overcome.
65. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Jim Thorpe, described by Olympic
historian Bill Mallon as “the
greatest athlete of all time. Still.
To me, it’s not even a question,”
felt the power of that fictional
concept arguably more than any
other individual athlete.
66. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
When Thorpe (far right in stance)
played for the innovative coach
Pop Warner at Carlisle Indian
Industrial School in Pennsylvania,
he scored all of Carlisle’s points in
a stunning 18-15 victory at
Harvard in 1911.
In 1912, he led Carlisle to the
mythological national
championship, as calibrated by
the polls.
67. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp named Thorpe to his 1911
All-America team, the only player
not from Army, Harvard, Navy,
Princeton or Yale to be selected.
Camp selected Thorpe again in
1912 after a season in which he
rushed for 1,869 yards on 191
attempts. That total doesn’t count
two games, meaning he probably
was the first 2,000-yard back.
68. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
That same year, Thorpe won
Olympic gold medals in the
pentathlon (five events) and
decathlon (10 events) at the
games held in Stockholm.
But the International Olympic
Committee stripped Thorpe of
his medals and records.
69. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The IOC claimed that Thorp
violated his status as an
amateur by playing minor-
league baseball in 1909-10.
70. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
“The IOC’s decision in 1912 to
strip Thorpe’s medals and strike
out his records was not just
intended to punish him for
violating the elitist Victorian codes
of amateurism. It was also
intended to obscure him—and to
a certain extent it succeeded,”
Sally Jenkins wrote in Smithsonian
Magazine in 2012.
71. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Jenkins added: “Countless white
athletes abused the amateurism
rules and played minor-league ball
with impunity. What’s more, the
IOC did not follow its own rules
for disqualification: Any objection
to Thorpe’s status should have
been raised within 30 days of the
Games, and it was not.”
72. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Ironically, Thorpe might have been
the truest amateur at the games
that year.
“I played with the heart of an
amateur—for the pure hell of it,”
he said.
73. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
That attitude reflects the NCAA’s
official definition of amateur
proclaimed in its 1916
constitution and bylaws:
“An amateur athlete is one who
participates in competitive
physical sports only for the
pleasure, and the physical,
mental, moral, and social benefits
directly derived therefrom.”
74. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
College football coaches and
athletic department
administrators adopted a
campaign against football
players who turned pro in the
1920s, ironically and
unintentionally, because of
looming threats of athletes
overtly turning pro.
75. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Over the first two decades of the
20th century, post-graduate, or
pro, football was played almost
entirely in the football crescent.
Teams from towns such as Canton
and Massillon, Ohio, and other
places would pay players to show
up and play scheduled contests,
usually on Sunday.
76. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
In 1913, Thorpe played with a pro
team in Indiana, the Pine Village
Pros.
Two years later, the Canton
Bulldogs signed Thorpe, to play
against the Massillon Tigers, for
$250.
77. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Thorpe led Canton to
championships of the Ohio League
in 1916, 1917 and 1919, making
the team the unofficial world
champion of professional football.
An ad, in fact, proclaimed the
1917 game as the first world
championship of football.
78. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Thus, Thorpe set the stage for a
larger professional league that
would eventually range outside of
the crescent to field teams in the
urban centers of the east and
midwest.
And college football leaders in the
1920s would do all they could to
stop that from happening.
79. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
In 1919, only two pro football
leagues of note – the Ohio League
and the New York Pro Football
League – existed.
Both leagues were pinned tightly
to the football crescent, and both
had teams that played against
each other in exhibition games.
80. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Team owners and representatives
of the two leagues set up a
meeting in August 1920 to discuss
a merger to counter rising salaries.
On September 17, 1920, the
teams agreed on a combined
league - the American
Professional Football Association -
named Thorpe to the post of
league president.
81. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The league followed the
contour of the football crescent
under the Great Lakes.
Here, in both the industrial
heartland and coal country of
America, pro football took root.
And colleges were not happy.
82. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Over the next two years, some
original teams would fold, and
new ones added.
A team headed by Thorpe, the
Oorrang Indians, of LaRue, Ohio,
the smallest town ever to host a
NFL team, joined in 1922 but
folded after the 1923 season.
83. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
College coaches were strident in
their criticism of the pro game as
they sought to protect the holy
ground of amateurism.
During a December 1921 meeting
of the American Football Coaches
Association, college football – and
Walter Camp who attended the
meeting as an honorary member –
struck back.
84. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Pro football, the coaches stated,
was “detrimental to the best
interests of American football and
American youth” among other
things.
The group voted to revoke varsity
letters from undergraduates who
played in pro games and ban
officials who worked the games.
85. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The great Stagg joined in,
channeling his inner Walter Camp
about the dangers of playing for
pay.
His caustic remarks revealed
deepening animosity between the
formally organized but still upstart
National Football League and the
college game.
86. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
“ … to patronize Sunday
professional football is to co-
operate with the forces which are
destructive of interscholastic and
intercollegiate football, and to add
to the heavy burden of the
schools and colleges in preserving
it in its ennobling worth,” Stagg
wrote.
87. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
“If you believe in preserving
interscholastic and intercollegiate
football for the upbuilding of the
present and future generations of
clean, healthy and right-minded
and patriotic citizens, you will not
lend your assistance to any of the
forces helping to destroy it,” Stagg
concluded.
88. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Stagg’s fear of the menacing
influence of professional football
was evident in a 1921 game
between players from Illinois and
Notre Dame in Taylorville, a town
in central Illinois.
Taylorville was a semipro team
that had beaten another semipro
team from Carlinville in 1920.
89. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Seeking revenge in 1921,
Carlinville planned to hire college
players from Notre Dame, then
coached by Knute Rockne.
Carlinville rooters bet heavily on
their team to win, knowing they
had the Notre Dame players.
Taylorville heard about it, hired
players from Illinois and won 16-0
as 10,000 watched.
90. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The action shook college football
to its core and led to severe
actions:
- The Notre Dame players
were expelled.
- Nine players from Illinois
were suspended
- The Big Ten hired its first
commissioner.
- The NCAA revised
eligibility rules.
91. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Notre Dame’s Faculty Athletic
Board chair Father William Carey
sent a letter to 70 Midwest
colleges, calling attention to the
threat of pro football.
“The only salvation for the
colleges is to meet the threat of
professional football fairly and
squarely,” he wrote.
92. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
College football was rocked again
in 1925 when Red Grange – the
greatest player of his generation –
signed with the NFL’s Chicago
Bears immediately after his final
game at Illinois.
93. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
"I'd have been more popular with
the colleges if I had joined
Capone's mob in Chicago rather
than the Bears," said Grange,
whose signing gave the NFL
credibility among fans and, most
importantly, amateur players who
learned they could pay for play.
94. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
The American Football Coaches
Association recommended that its
members not hire anyone
connected to pro football.
The group also banned members
from naming all-American teams
out of fear those players would,
like Grange, seek pro contracts.
95. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Camp admired Grange but didn’t
live long enough to see him sign
with the NFL. He died in March
1925. Would Camp be upset?
Camp did not refrain from naming
Heffelfinger to his all-time All-
America team even though the
end signed a pro contract – the
first ever – in 1892.
96. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
By the early-to-mid 1930s, college
players routinely joined the NFL
and regional pro leagues such as
the Pacific Coast League and the
Dixie League in the south.
Colleges knew they would have to
defend the amateur status of
players even while accepting that
some would eventually turn pro.
97. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
In 1936, the line between the
amateur and the professional
became clear in the form of the
NFL draft.
College players who exhausted
their eligibility could be drafted.
98. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
Also in 1936, the SEC permitted
schools to offer scholarships for
athletics, becoming the first
conference to openly do so.
The American amateur model was
thus born, based not on a
misinterpretation of amateurism ,
but to guarantee competitive
equally among schools.
99. The American Collegiate Model of Amateurism
In America, the joy of
participation – the amateur ideal -
had long been surpassed by the
necessity of victory.