The 1895 Atlanta Cotton States Exposition highlighted connections between Lost Cause ideology and "New South" rhetoric. Lost Cause ideology emerged after the Civil War as a way for Southerners to cope with defeat and maintain their identity. It glorified the Confederacy and denied the central role of slavery. Over time, it was propagated through literature and organizations to become conventional history. In the late 19th century, fears of black political power reignited Lost Cause ideas. Leaders promoted the "New South" concept to convince Northerners the South had modernized while still embracing racial segregation, which they believed was necessary for economic growth. The Exposition promoted this vision of the "New South" to the world.
Labor history, vol. 44, no. 3, 2003 sentinels for new southRIYAN43
This document summarizes an academic article about Booker T. Washington's views on black industrial accommodation in the Jim Crow South. It discusses how Washington argued that black leaders acted as "sentinels" to keep black workers content under the segregated system. However, the document questions whether this understates tensions between black elites and workers, and suggests accommodation primarily served the interests of white industrialists who wanted a docile black workforce to industrialize the post-Civil War South. It examines how industrialists saw cheap black labor as key to economic growth but also wanted it to remain non-unionized and politically powerless.
Conquest through immigration-george_w_robnett-1968-404pgs-pol-relRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book titled "Conquest Through Immigration: How Zionism Turned Palestine Into a Jewish State". The summary includes:
1) The book aims to document how political Zionism used immigration, politics, and military action to establish Israel as a Jewish state in Palestine despite Arab opposition.
2) It outlines 20 chapters that will examine the roles of Zionism, Britain, the US, and other forces in the Zionist-Arab conflict over Palestine from the late 19th century to the 1948 war.
3) The introduction explains that the book seeks to shed light on important historical events that have been "swept under the carpet", including the plight of Palestinian
The document summarizes how different groups in the US after the Civil War promoted competing narratives to explain the causes and consequences of the war. It discusses how Black Americans, abolitionists, and Radical Republicans emphasized slavery as the fundamental cause and the need to secure rights for freed slaves. Meanwhile, many Southerners pushed the "Lost Cause" narrative and idea of states' rights. Ultimately, the dominant narrative became one of "Reunion" and "Reconciliation" to help reunite the country. Popular culture works like novels, films, songs, and photographs played a large role in shaping and spreading these competing memories of the war.
This document provides a summary of a lecture on modern world governments and conflict. It discusses various causes of war including nationalism, ethnicity, religion, culture and natural resources. It also examines cultural conflict as a "new Cold War" between the West and other civilizations. Specific examples of conflicts are analyzed like Chechnya, Iran's nuclear program, and the "kin-country syndrome" of civilizations rallying together during conflicts. The role of American military power and options like biological weapons are also mentioned.
This document provides a historiography of the assassination of President James Garfield in 1881. It summarizes Garfield's background and unlikely path to the presidency as a compromise candidate. It then describes the circumstances of Garfield's assassination, with Guiteau shooting him at a train station. Despite early medical treatment, infection likely caused by the antiquated medical practices of the time led to Garfield's death two months later. The obscurity that has developed around this assassination is examined, noting it provides insights into outdated legal, medical and other systems in need of reform at the time.
Early National Literature in America was influenced by the country's struggle for independence. The Enlightenment movement began questioning divine monarchy and spread rationalist beliefs that reason rather than revelation leads to scientific and spiritual truths. Inspired by rationalism, America's founders established ideals of religious tolerance and individual liberty. Tensions rose as Britain passed taxes like the Stamp Act to raise revenue from the colonies, leading to events like the Boston Tea Party. This sparked the American Revolution and ultimately independence was declared on July 4, 1776.
An historical look at the man himself from his own writings. Liberty Education Series. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. GVLN. Visit us for more incredible content.
Labor history, vol. 44, no. 3, 2003 sentinels for new southRIYAN43
This document summarizes an academic article about Booker T. Washington's views on black industrial accommodation in the Jim Crow South. It discusses how Washington argued that black leaders acted as "sentinels" to keep black workers content under the segregated system. However, the document questions whether this understates tensions between black elites and workers, and suggests accommodation primarily served the interests of white industrialists who wanted a docile black workforce to industrialize the post-Civil War South. It examines how industrialists saw cheap black labor as key to economic growth but also wanted it to remain non-unionized and politically powerless.
Conquest through immigration-george_w_robnett-1968-404pgs-pol-relRareBooksnRecords
This document provides an overview and table of contents for a book titled "Conquest Through Immigration: How Zionism Turned Palestine Into a Jewish State". The summary includes:
1) The book aims to document how political Zionism used immigration, politics, and military action to establish Israel as a Jewish state in Palestine despite Arab opposition.
2) It outlines 20 chapters that will examine the roles of Zionism, Britain, the US, and other forces in the Zionist-Arab conflict over Palestine from the late 19th century to the 1948 war.
3) The introduction explains that the book seeks to shed light on important historical events that have been "swept under the carpet", including the plight of Palestinian
The document summarizes how different groups in the US after the Civil War promoted competing narratives to explain the causes and consequences of the war. It discusses how Black Americans, abolitionists, and Radical Republicans emphasized slavery as the fundamental cause and the need to secure rights for freed slaves. Meanwhile, many Southerners pushed the "Lost Cause" narrative and idea of states' rights. Ultimately, the dominant narrative became one of "Reunion" and "Reconciliation" to help reunite the country. Popular culture works like novels, films, songs, and photographs played a large role in shaping and spreading these competing memories of the war.
This document provides a summary of a lecture on modern world governments and conflict. It discusses various causes of war including nationalism, ethnicity, religion, culture and natural resources. It also examines cultural conflict as a "new Cold War" between the West and other civilizations. Specific examples of conflicts are analyzed like Chechnya, Iran's nuclear program, and the "kin-country syndrome" of civilizations rallying together during conflicts. The role of American military power and options like biological weapons are also mentioned.
This document provides a historiography of the assassination of President James Garfield in 1881. It summarizes Garfield's background and unlikely path to the presidency as a compromise candidate. It then describes the circumstances of Garfield's assassination, with Guiteau shooting him at a train station. Despite early medical treatment, infection likely caused by the antiquated medical practices of the time led to Garfield's death two months later. The obscurity that has developed around this assassination is examined, noting it provides insights into outdated legal, medical and other systems in need of reform at the time.
Early National Literature in America was influenced by the country's struggle for independence. The Enlightenment movement began questioning divine monarchy and spread rationalist beliefs that reason rather than revelation leads to scientific and spiritual truths. Inspired by rationalism, America's founders established ideals of religious tolerance and individual liberty. Tensions rose as Britain passed taxes like the Stamp Act to raise revenue from the colonies, leading to events like the Boston Tea Party. This sparked the American Revolution and ultimately independence was declared on July 4, 1776.
An historical look at the man himself from his own writings. Liberty Education Series. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. GVLN. Visit us for more incredible content.
This document contains Malcolm X's speech given at the London School of Economics in 1965. In it, he makes 3 key points:
1) American society is racist and uses the media to portray Black communities as criminal to justify police brutality and oppression.
2) Western powers manipulate the media to control the narrative around conflicts in Africa, portraying violence against Black communities as justified while ignoring mass murder.
3) Centuries of colonial rule created a negative image of Africa that caused Black people in the West to internalize racism and hate their African identity and features.
This document provides a summary of the author's final essay analyzing how the memory of the Civil War has been constructed over time through popular culture. It discusses the three main frameworks that emerged - the Emancipationist, Reunion, and Lost Cause versions. Popular culture vehicles like literature, films, and art have influenced public perception of the war's causes, events, and consequences according to the prevailing ideologies of different time periods. The memory of the war continues to evolve due to changing social and political contexts.
This document provides an overview of key events and developments in the United States between 1860-1900. It discusses the rapid urbanization of America during this period and the problems that arose. Immigration increased vastly and nativist sentiment grew. The Gilded Age saw major political corruption alongside rapid industrial growth. Economic issues like the tariff and bimetallism caused conflict. The Populist movement emerged from agrarian discontent, and racial tensions increased, exemplified by the 1898 Wilmington riot. Key figures that arose included Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
This document provides an overview of a thesis paper examining how racial identity played a role in the reconfiguration of power dynamics during the Cold War from 1959-1990. The paper argues that traditional Cold War historiography fails to acknowledge the experiences of Latin America and Africa, where communist and anti-communist forces directly clashed in violent conflicts. It aims to analyze Cuba's role in Africa and how both Castro and the U.S. exploited notions of racial identity and threats of foreign influence to disguise their true objectives of expanding and maintaining domestic and international power. Racial oppression and imperialism were key ideological justifications used during the Cold War that masked underlying pursuits of geopolitical influence.
HIS 498. Capstone Project, Final. Wesley Brown. Northern Confederates.Wesley Brown
This summary provides an overview of the motivations and background of Edmund DeWitt Patterson, a native Ohioan who fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War:
1) Patterson was born in Ohio in 1842 but moved to Alabama in 1859 where he became a schoolteacher and businessman. When the Civil War began, he enlisted in the Confederate army to defend his adopted home of Alabama.
2) Patterson fought in several major battles for the Confederacy until being captured at Gettysburg in 1863. Oddly, he was then imprisoned at Johnson's Island near his hometown in Ohio.
3) The document examines the motivations of "Northern Confederates" - native northerners who fought for the Confederacy. Many were
Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the American frontier was a defining feature of U.S. history and development. As the frontier pushed westward, American settlers encountered primitive conditions that shaped new political and economic institutions to adapt to the changing landscape. Each new frontier area represented the start of a new development process. The constant westward movement and recurring frontier experience promoted the formation of a distinctly American character and composite national identity.
Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman, founding father, and third president of the United States. He attended the College of William and Mary where he was tutored by Enlightenment thinkers. Jefferson owned the estate of Monticello and had a large library that later became the foundation of the Library of Congress. Although he authored the Declaration of Independence proclaiming the equality of all men, Jefferson was a slave owner who likely fathered children with one of the slaves, Sally Hemings.
Cold War Capstone, Sneed, Final Turn InTaylor Sneed
The document discusses how sports were used as a proxy for warfare during the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union. Major international sporting events like the Olympics provided an arena for the two sides to promote their ideologies and demonstrate the strength of their political systems. The document analyzes newspaper coverage of the 1980 and 1984 Olympics to show how each side heavily politicized the events and viewed athletic victories as a victory for their nation and ideology over the other. Sports served as an alternative to direct military conflict and allowed the US and USSR to wage an "ideological war" through the performances and successes of their athletes.
This document provides a bibliography of sources related to populations and migration. It includes over 50 references to books, articles, and reports covering topics like the economic reasons behind marriage and family, methodologies for analyzing internal migration data, the role of geography in genocide, extreme weather events and mortality, climate change and migration, and first-hand accounts of genocide and exile. Many of the sources take comparative approaches to studying issues like genocide, cities, disease, and theories of international migration.
This document summarizes the organization and activities of the Communist Party in Russia based on Senate hearings and official Communist Party documents:
1) The Communist Party is a highly disciplined and secretive organization that strictly controls its few hundred thousand members and screens new applicants rigorously.
2) Party members are expected to propagandize against religion and are not allowed to participate in religious activities. Infractions of rules can result in penalties up to expulsion from the party.
3) As the only legal political party in Russia, the Communist Party maintains a monopoly on political power. All high-ranking government officials are also party members.
4) The party leadership uses its influence over the legal system to intervene in
The document discusses how politics influence the content and narratives presented in World War II museums in the United States, Poland, and Japan. It provides examples of how the Smithsonian museums and National Air and Space Museum adjusted exhibits due to pressure from veterans groups and politicians. It also describes how museums in Poland have shifted from underrepresenting Polish Jews to creating new exhibits that celebrate oppressed peoples. The document argues that governments and political organizations largely dictate what stories and histories are presented in these museums through funding and oversight.
Standard 6 Review Guide (SC US History EOC)Tom Richey
The document provides an intensive review guide for the South Carolina US History EOC exam, focusing on Standard 6 which covers the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression. It includes summaries of key topics such as: (1) economic and social changes in the 1920s including mass production, consumerism, and cultural developments; (2) social tensions around issues like women's roles, immigration, the KKK, and Prohibition; (3) causes of the Great Depression like stock market speculation and drought; and (4) FDR's New Deal response including programs like the AAA, CCC, and SSA that aimed to provide relief and recovery through the "Three R's" of reform.
1. Watch the following video httpswww.youtube.comwatchv=0.docxpaynetawnya
1. Watch the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s299EU5Y4c
Christopher A. Bracey, Professor of Law at The George Washington University Law School, provides a presentation on this landmark decision. This lecture is extremely well done, and you will benefit from listening to it and taking notes.
After watching the lecture, I want you to pick a short writing assignment regarding The Dred Scott Case. Use the lecture material and also your textbook if you like. No other research is needed. Use your OWN WORDS. NO PLAGIARISM.
Pick ONE of these questions, and answer using details,
1. Discuss how the Dred Scott case can be considered one cause of the Civil War.
2. Explain some of the major reasons why Dred Scott was able to file a legal case in the court system for freedom.
207
It is in your power to torment the God-cursed slaveholders, that they would be glad to
let you go free. . . . But you are a patient people. You act as though you were made for
the special use of these devils. You act as though your daughters were born to pamper
the lusts of your masters and overseers. And worse than all, you tamely submit, while
your lords tear your wives from your embraces, and defile them before your eyes. In
the name of God we ask, are you men? . . . Heaven, as with a voice of thunder, calls on
you to arise from the dust. Let your motto be Resistance! Resistance! Resistance! no
oppressed people have ever secured their Liberty without resistance.
Henry Highland Garnet, “Address to the Slaves of the United States of America”
When black abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet spoke the
words printed above at the National Convention of Colored
Citizens, held in Buffalo, New York, on August 16, 1843, he
caused a tremendous stir among those assembled. In 1824, when
he was a boy, Garnet had escaped with his family from slavery in Maryland. Thereafter
he received an excellent education while growing up in New York. By the 1840s, he had
become a powerful speaker. But some of the delegates in his audience pointed out that he
was far away from the slaves he claimed to address. Others believed he risked encouraging
a potentially disastrous slave revolt. Therefore, by a narrow margin, the convention
refused to endorse his speech.
In fact, Garnet had not called for slave revolt. He had rhetorically told slaves, “We do not
advise you to attempt a revolution with the sword, because it would be INEXPEDIENT.
Your numbers are too small, and moreover the rising spirit of the age, and the spirit of the
gospel, are opposed to war and bloodshed.” Instead, he advocated a general strike. This,
he contended, would put the onus of initiating violence on masters. Nevertheless, Garnet’s
speech reflected a new militancy among black and white abolitionists that shaped the
antislavery movement during the two decades before the Civil War.
This chapter investigates the causes of that militancy and explores the role of Africa ...
CHAPTER 5 ANTEBELLUM WEST, Uprooting and Upheaval, 1820-1860C.docxchristinemaritza
This document provides a summary of Chapter 5 from an antebellum West textbook. It discusses the period from 1820-1860 when Manifest Destiny led to increased westward expansion. Key events discussed include the Mormon migration to Utah to escape religious persecution, the tragic story of the Donner Party who attempted to migrate to California, and the concept of popular sovereignty proposed by Stephen Douglas to address the issue of slavery in the new western territories. The chapter examines the push factors driving westward migration as well as the challenges and hardships faced by early settlers.
D
Western Violence: Structure, Values, Myth BID @
Richard Maxwell Brown
The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 24, No.1. (Feb., 1993), pp. 4-20.
Stable URL:
http://links.istor.org/sici?sici=0043-381O%28199302%2924%3Al%3C4%3AWVSVM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8
The Western Historical Quarterly is currently published by Western Historical Quarterly, Utah State University.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at
http://www.istor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained
prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in
the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.
Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at
http://www.jstor.org/iournals/whq.html.
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed
page of such transmission.
The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic
journals and scholarly literatureJrom around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,
and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take
advantage of advapces in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
""
http://www.jstor.org
Wed Dec 5 18:55:562007
Western Violence:
Structure, Values, Myth
RICHARD MAxWELL BROWN
W
estern violence nearly defies interpretation as one struggles to
make sense of the almost countless episodes and events that
have made the West such a turbulent region. Yet, despite its
complexity, the reassessment of western violence can elucidate both our
western past and our American present. By dissecting three of its compo-
nents, violence as a regional phenomenon takes on greater clarity within
and beyond the American West.
First, this essay examines the structure of western violence, especially
in the period from 1850 to 1920. The discussion will include a treatment
of a significant and typical, although often overlooked, outbreak of vio-
lence in old Arizona. An interpretation of the second component, the val-
ues closely related to structure that led westerners to commit violence, fol-
lows. Third, the mythology of western violence, the element that slips be-
yond the boundaries of the historical era emphasized here and captures
the on-going fascination of Americans, will be the subject for the final por-
tion of this contribution.
In my view, western violence after 1850 falls into roughly three peri-
ods. A conflict that I describe as the WesternCivil War of Incorporationpri-
marily shaped the intensely violent western era from the 1850s to the
1910s. The order im ...
Rape without Women Print Culture and the Politicization of Ra.docxmakdul
Rape without Women: Print Culture and the Politicization of Rape, 1765-1815
Author(s): Sharon Block
Reviewed work(s):
Source: The Journal of American History, Vol. 89, No. 3 (Dec., 2002), pp. 849-868
Published by: Organization of American Historians
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3092343 .
Accessed: 14/10/2012 17:48
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Organization of American Historians is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
The Journal of American History.
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=oah
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3092343?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Rape without Women:
Print Culture and the Politicization
of Rape, 1765-1815
Sharon Block
In 1815 a legal manual added a commentary to its recital of the proper treatment of
rape. The author noted that "the material facts requisite to be given" in a trial for rape
"are highly improper to be publicly discussed, except only in a court of justice." This
sentence unintentionally pointed to a central paradox of rape: while the classification
of a given sexual interaction as a criminal and morally reprehensible act of rape
depended on specific details, those details were not fit for public exposition. Yet
Americans regularly published remarks on rape in virtually every form of print: news-
papers and almanacs, broadsides and pamphlets, novels and plays. We are accus-
tomed to historians' viewing rape within its legal setting, but there was a print world
of rape outside court proceedings and their accompanying publications. That print
world transformed rape from an intimate sexual act into a public symbol that could
define national and social boundaries.1
Sharon Block is an assistant professor in the history department at the University of California, Irvine.
I owe thanks to Jim Egan, Alice Fahs, Kirsten Fischer, Karen Merrill, Martha Umphrey, and Michael Wilson
for their comments on earlier drafts of this essay. Versions of this paper were presented at the Newberry Library
Seminar in Early American History and the University of Kansas Seminar in Early Modern History. I am espe-
cially grateful to the anonymous reviewers for the JAH and to Nina Dayton for their thoughtful readers' reports.
Readers may contact Block at <[email protected]>.
' John A. Dunlap, The New-York Justice; or, A Digest of the Law Relative to Justices of the Peace in the State of
New-York (New York, 181 ...
This document contains Malcolm X's speech given at the London School of Economics in 1965. In it, he makes 3 key points:
1) American society is racist and uses the media to portray Black communities as criminal to justify police brutality and oppression.
2) Western powers manipulate the media to control the narrative around conflicts in Africa, portraying violence against Black communities as justified while ignoring mass murder.
3) Centuries of colonial rule created a negative image of Africa that caused Black people in the West to internalize racism and hate their African identity and features.
This document provides a summary of the author's final essay analyzing how the memory of the Civil War has been constructed over time through popular culture. It discusses the three main frameworks that emerged - the Emancipationist, Reunion, and Lost Cause versions. Popular culture vehicles like literature, films, and art have influenced public perception of the war's causes, events, and consequences according to the prevailing ideologies of different time periods. The memory of the war continues to evolve due to changing social and political contexts.
This document provides an overview of key events and developments in the United States between 1860-1900. It discusses the rapid urbanization of America during this period and the problems that arose. Immigration increased vastly and nativist sentiment grew. The Gilded Age saw major political corruption alongside rapid industrial growth. Economic issues like the tariff and bimetallism caused conflict. The Populist movement emerged from agrarian discontent, and racial tensions increased, exemplified by the 1898 Wilmington riot. Key figures that arose included Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
This document provides an overview of a thesis paper examining how racial identity played a role in the reconfiguration of power dynamics during the Cold War from 1959-1990. The paper argues that traditional Cold War historiography fails to acknowledge the experiences of Latin America and Africa, where communist and anti-communist forces directly clashed in violent conflicts. It aims to analyze Cuba's role in Africa and how both Castro and the U.S. exploited notions of racial identity and threats of foreign influence to disguise their true objectives of expanding and maintaining domestic and international power. Racial oppression and imperialism were key ideological justifications used during the Cold War that masked underlying pursuits of geopolitical influence.
HIS 498. Capstone Project, Final. Wesley Brown. Northern Confederates.Wesley Brown
This summary provides an overview of the motivations and background of Edmund DeWitt Patterson, a native Ohioan who fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War:
1) Patterson was born in Ohio in 1842 but moved to Alabama in 1859 where he became a schoolteacher and businessman. When the Civil War began, he enlisted in the Confederate army to defend his adopted home of Alabama.
2) Patterson fought in several major battles for the Confederacy until being captured at Gettysburg in 1863. Oddly, he was then imprisoned at Johnson's Island near his hometown in Ohio.
3) The document examines the motivations of "Northern Confederates" - native northerners who fought for the Confederacy. Many were
Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the American frontier was a defining feature of U.S. history and development. As the frontier pushed westward, American settlers encountered primitive conditions that shaped new political and economic institutions to adapt to the changing landscape. Each new frontier area represented the start of a new development process. The constant westward movement and recurring frontier experience promoted the formation of a distinctly American character and composite national identity.
Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman, founding father, and third president of the United States. He attended the College of William and Mary where he was tutored by Enlightenment thinkers. Jefferson owned the estate of Monticello and had a large library that later became the foundation of the Library of Congress. Although he authored the Declaration of Independence proclaiming the equality of all men, Jefferson was a slave owner who likely fathered children with one of the slaves, Sally Hemings.
Cold War Capstone, Sneed, Final Turn InTaylor Sneed
The document discusses how sports were used as a proxy for warfare during the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union. Major international sporting events like the Olympics provided an arena for the two sides to promote their ideologies and demonstrate the strength of their political systems. The document analyzes newspaper coverage of the 1980 and 1984 Olympics to show how each side heavily politicized the events and viewed athletic victories as a victory for their nation and ideology over the other. Sports served as an alternative to direct military conflict and allowed the US and USSR to wage an "ideological war" through the performances and successes of their athletes.
This document provides a bibliography of sources related to populations and migration. It includes over 50 references to books, articles, and reports covering topics like the economic reasons behind marriage and family, methodologies for analyzing internal migration data, the role of geography in genocide, extreme weather events and mortality, climate change and migration, and first-hand accounts of genocide and exile. Many of the sources take comparative approaches to studying issues like genocide, cities, disease, and theories of international migration.
This document summarizes the organization and activities of the Communist Party in Russia based on Senate hearings and official Communist Party documents:
1) The Communist Party is a highly disciplined and secretive organization that strictly controls its few hundred thousand members and screens new applicants rigorously.
2) Party members are expected to propagandize against religion and are not allowed to participate in religious activities. Infractions of rules can result in penalties up to expulsion from the party.
3) As the only legal political party in Russia, the Communist Party maintains a monopoly on political power. All high-ranking government officials are also party members.
4) The party leadership uses its influence over the legal system to intervene in
The document discusses how politics influence the content and narratives presented in World War II museums in the United States, Poland, and Japan. It provides examples of how the Smithsonian museums and National Air and Space Museum adjusted exhibits due to pressure from veterans groups and politicians. It also describes how museums in Poland have shifted from underrepresenting Polish Jews to creating new exhibits that celebrate oppressed peoples. The document argues that governments and political organizations largely dictate what stories and histories are presented in these museums through funding and oversight.
Standard 6 Review Guide (SC US History EOC)Tom Richey
The document provides an intensive review guide for the South Carolina US History EOC exam, focusing on Standard 6 which covers the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression. It includes summaries of key topics such as: (1) economic and social changes in the 1920s including mass production, consumerism, and cultural developments; (2) social tensions around issues like women's roles, immigration, the KKK, and Prohibition; (3) causes of the Great Depression like stock market speculation and drought; and (4) FDR's New Deal response including programs like the AAA, CCC, and SSA that aimed to provide relief and recovery through the "Three R's" of reform.
1. Watch the following video httpswww.youtube.comwatchv=0.docxpaynetawnya
1. Watch the following video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0s299EU5Y4c
Christopher A. Bracey, Professor of Law at The George Washington University Law School, provides a presentation on this landmark decision. This lecture is extremely well done, and you will benefit from listening to it and taking notes.
After watching the lecture, I want you to pick a short writing assignment regarding The Dred Scott Case. Use the lecture material and also your textbook if you like. No other research is needed. Use your OWN WORDS. NO PLAGIARISM.
Pick ONE of these questions, and answer using details,
1. Discuss how the Dred Scott case can be considered one cause of the Civil War.
2. Explain some of the major reasons why Dred Scott was able to file a legal case in the court system for freedom.
207
It is in your power to torment the God-cursed slaveholders, that they would be glad to
let you go free. . . . But you are a patient people. You act as though you were made for
the special use of these devils. You act as though your daughters were born to pamper
the lusts of your masters and overseers. And worse than all, you tamely submit, while
your lords tear your wives from your embraces, and defile them before your eyes. In
the name of God we ask, are you men? . . . Heaven, as with a voice of thunder, calls on
you to arise from the dust. Let your motto be Resistance! Resistance! Resistance! no
oppressed people have ever secured their Liberty without resistance.
Henry Highland Garnet, “Address to the Slaves of the United States of America”
When black abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet spoke the
words printed above at the National Convention of Colored
Citizens, held in Buffalo, New York, on August 16, 1843, he
caused a tremendous stir among those assembled. In 1824, when
he was a boy, Garnet had escaped with his family from slavery in Maryland. Thereafter
he received an excellent education while growing up in New York. By the 1840s, he had
become a powerful speaker. But some of the delegates in his audience pointed out that he
was far away from the slaves he claimed to address. Others believed he risked encouraging
a potentially disastrous slave revolt. Therefore, by a narrow margin, the convention
refused to endorse his speech.
In fact, Garnet had not called for slave revolt. He had rhetorically told slaves, “We do not
advise you to attempt a revolution with the sword, because it would be INEXPEDIENT.
Your numbers are too small, and moreover the rising spirit of the age, and the spirit of the
gospel, are opposed to war and bloodshed.” Instead, he advocated a general strike. This,
he contended, would put the onus of initiating violence on masters. Nevertheless, Garnet’s
speech reflected a new militancy among black and white abolitionists that shaped the
antislavery movement during the two decades before the Civil War.
This chapter investigates the causes of that militancy and explores the role of Africa ...
CHAPTER 5 ANTEBELLUM WEST, Uprooting and Upheaval, 1820-1860C.docxchristinemaritza
This document provides a summary of Chapter 5 from an antebellum West textbook. It discusses the period from 1820-1860 when Manifest Destiny led to increased westward expansion. Key events discussed include the Mormon migration to Utah to escape religious persecution, the tragic story of the Donner Party who attempted to migrate to California, and the concept of popular sovereignty proposed by Stephen Douglas to address the issue of slavery in the new western territories. The chapter examines the push factors driving westward migration as well as the challenges and hardships faced by early settlers.
D
Western Violence: Structure, Values, Myth BID @
Richard Maxwell Brown
The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 24, No.1. (Feb., 1993), pp. 4-20.
Stable URL:
http://links.istor.org/sici?sici=0043-381O%28199302%2924%3Al%3C4%3AWVSVM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8
The Western Historical Quarterly is currently published by Western Historical Quarterly, Utah State University.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at
http://www.istor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained
prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in
the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.
Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at
http://www.jstor.org/iournals/whq.html.
Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed
page of such transmission.
The JSTOR Archive is a trusted digital repository providing for long-term preservation and access to leading academic
journals and scholarly literatureJrom around the world. The Archive is supported by libraries, scholarly societies, publishers,
and foundations. It is an initiative of JSTOR, a not-for-profit organization with a mission to help the scholarly community take
advantage of advapces in technology. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
""
http://www.jstor.org
Wed Dec 5 18:55:562007
Western Violence:
Structure, Values, Myth
RICHARD MAxWELL BROWN
W
estern violence nearly defies interpretation as one struggles to
make sense of the almost countless episodes and events that
have made the West such a turbulent region. Yet, despite its
complexity, the reassessment of western violence can elucidate both our
western past and our American present. By dissecting three of its compo-
nents, violence as a regional phenomenon takes on greater clarity within
and beyond the American West.
First, this essay examines the structure of western violence, especially
in the period from 1850 to 1920. The discussion will include a treatment
of a significant and typical, although often overlooked, outbreak of vio-
lence in old Arizona. An interpretation of the second component, the val-
ues closely related to structure that led westerners to commit violence, fol-
lows. Third, the mythology of western violence, the element that slips be-
yond the boundaries of the historical era emphasized here and captures
the on-going fascination of Americans, will be the subject for the final por-
tion of this contribution.
In my view, western violence after 1850 falls into roughly three peri-
ods. A conflict that I describe as the WesternCivil War of Incorporationpri-
marily shaped the intensely violent western era from the 1850s to the
1910s. The order im ...
Rape without Women Print Culture and the Politicization of Ra.docxmakdul
Rape without Women: Print Culture and the Politicization of Rape, 1765-1815
Author(s): Sharon Block
Reviewed work(s):
Source: The Journal of American History, Vol. 89, No. 3 (Dec., 2002), pp. 849-868
Published by: Organization of American Historians
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3092343 .
Accessed: 14/10/2012 17:48
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Organization of American Historians is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
The Journal of American History.
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=oah
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3092343?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
Rape without Women:
Print Culture and the Politicization
of Rape, 1765-1815
Sharon Block
In 1815 a legal manual added a commentary to its recital of the proper treatment of
rape. The author noted that "the material facts requisite to be given" in a trial for rape
"are highly improper to be publicly discussed, except only in a court of justice." This
sentence unintentionally pointed to a central paradox of rape: while the classification
of a given sexual interaction as a criminal and morally reprehensible act of rape
depended on specific details, those details were not fit for public exposition. Yet
Americans regularly published remarks on rape in virtually every form of print: news-
papers and almanacs, broadsides and pamphlets, novels and plays. We are accus-
tomed to historians' viewing rape within its legal setting, but there was a print world
of rape outside court proceedings and their accompanying publications. That print
world transformed rape from an intimate sexual act into a public symbol that could
define national and social boundaries.1
Sharon Block is an assistant professor in the history department at the University of California, Irvine.
I owe thanks to Jim Egan, Alice Fahs, Kirsten Fischer, Karen Merrill, Martha Umphrey, and Michael Wilson
for their comments on earlier drafts of this essay. Versions of this paper were presented at the Newberry Library
Seminar in Early American History and the University of Kansas Seminar in Early Modern History. I am espe-
cially grateful to the anonymous reviewers for the JAH and to Nina Dayton for their thoughtful readers' reports.
Readers may contact Block at <[email protected]>.
' John A. Dunlap, The New-York Justice; or, A Digest of the Law Relative to Justices of the Peace in the State of
New-York (New York, 181 ...
The Ku Klux Klan originated in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1866 and was founded by former Confederate soldiers. It quickly evolved from a social club into a violent secret terrorist organization that used intimidation and violence against Republicans, both black and white, in an effort to overthrow Republican state governments in the South during Reconstruction. The Klan spread throughout the South in the late 1860s, conducting night rides to attack and intimidate blacks, Republicans, and their allies. Their goal was to reverse the political gains of blacks and restore white supremacy across the South through violence and terror.
ASSIGNMENT COPY HISTORY 2 PARTHIST - TWO PART POINT OF TOPIC D.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT COPY HISTORY 2 PART
HIST - TWO PART POINT OF TOPIC
DISCUSSION PART ONE
PART ONE Original answer in college level SCHOLOARLY content. Properly cited, plagiarism free
Discussion
USING, book by
Jeanette Keith, in the Introduction to her textbook The South, a Concise History, Vol. 1, provides three categories of themes that she sees at work in the History of the American South, or examine other books and/or journal articles on the topic: History of the American South.
Defense of liberty, is the theme for the original discussion post?
Using reading sources on this topic, highlight and explain an example of the defense of liberty theme in complete, competent professionally well written scholarly content that stays relevant and on topic in 5-7 paragraphs.
PART TWO – Respond to (3) comments in 1-3 paragraphs of relevant RESPONSE content.Bottom of Form
1Top of Form
1. Discussion Response (1)
When examining the History of the American South, there are three key themes which repeatedly surface in this examination. An often overlooked theme in the development of southern history is religion. In order to understand the seriousness of religion in the American South, it is crucial to backtrack to 1517. In the years following Christopher Columbus's voyages, a monumental religious movement known as the Protestant Reformation occurred throughout Europe. This reformation caused large masses of people to at first question some of the teachings of the Catholicism; later many Christians adamantly rejected Catholicism and became who would later be known as Protestants. In the four major European powers of this time (England, Spain, France, and Portugal), Protestantism was most prominent in England while Catholicism remained prominent the nations of Spain, France, and Portugal. It is important to note that not every single person in England was protestant because there were sizable Catholic minorities who, generally speaking, later went into hiding or fled the country when Protestants came to power. Along the same lines, there were small groups of Protestants in Spain, France, and Portugal as well, but again, generally speaking, most people in Catholic-dominated countries tended to identify with Catholicism while a sizable amount of people in England tended to publicly identify with Protestantism.
As Spanish and French colonization of the New World progressed, Jeanette Keith notes that both Catholic and Protestant groups realized the importance of establishing a presence in the New World. With Spain's presence in the Caribbean and in the southern portions of the new continent along with France's presence in the northern reaches (along with a presence in what is now Louisiana) of the New World, Protestants in England began to realize the seriousness of the problem of preserving and expanding the Protestant faith. Exploring and claiming new territories would prevent the expansion of opposing faiths into the claimed territories. Both Protestants and Ca.
chapter 2The Post-Civil War Years, 1869-1915Although M.docxchristinemaritza
chapter 2
The Post-Civil War Years, 1869-1915
Although Memorial Day ceremonies in tbe years immediately following
the Civil War often reflected the country's sectional divisions, the Memo-
rial Day of tbe mid-1890s was a considerably different holiday from what
it had been twenty years earlier. By that time, the trend toward reconcili-
ation of North and South was well advanced and the Spanish-American
War further hastened the nation along the path to sectional accord and
national unity. All the while. Memorial Day was evolving, a process that is
best observed on the local level. As a result. Memorial Day became a
more popular and less reverential day, joining the Fourth of July as the
country's only other "national" holiday. It continued to evolve during the
first decade of the twentieth century. Overall, the holiday became more
inclusive by embracing a larger segment of the community. Nevertheless,
there were those who found the standard celebration not altogether satis-
factory and elected to observe Memorial Day in their own fashion.
I
Memorial Day ceremonies mirrored, and, in a small way at least, helped
to advance the long-term trend to North-South unity. At first, though,
fears were expressed in some quarters that the holiday might in fact en-
courage sectional discord. In 1869, for instance, the New York Times
editorialized that Memorial Day:
Is an appeal to the patriotism of one section at the expense of the pride and
feeling of the other section. It is a memorial of the triumph of Northern loyalty
over Southern rebellion. It is a method of reminding the North that it is a con-
queror, and the South that it is conquered. . . . As managed by revered gentlemen
here and at Washington, and elsewhere, it is an occasion for heaping epithets of
infamy upon one set of graves while piling flowers upon another set- for reviving
the bitter memories of conflict, scattering fresh the seeds of hate. . . . Such a
ceremony. . . . is utterly incompatible with that restoration of cordial feelings
26 The Post-Civil War Years, 1869-1915
between the people of two sections, which alone can impart lasting vitality and
strength to the Union.'
Others agreed, and as late as 1883 the New York Tribune insisted that it
"is unwise and indecent to take the old grievances out of their graves
once a year," but "so long as the day is celebrated as it is now, that will
inevitably be done."^
Nor were such criticisms without a certain degree of merit. For ex-
ample, incidents that stirred sectional animosities had occurred on Me-
morial Day at Arlington National Cemetery. In 1869, by prior agreement
with the GAR, no flowers were to be placed on the gravesites of Confed-
erates at Arlington. But when a woman, defying the agreement, placed
blossoms on those sites, a Marine lieutenant, on guard at the time, stamped
on them and then dispersed a gathering crowd. The incident, as it turned
out, elicited considerable criticism of the GAR. The next year, "mischie-
vo ...
Book list colonization imperialism and decolonizationrwebb7
This summary provides high-level information about 3 of the documents in 3 sentences or less:
The first document is about decolonization and examines why some empires withdrew from colonies more quickly than others through a political history lens with global coverage. The second document discusses how the past can be understood through examining history as an event, experience, and myth. The third document addresses how family practices helped reproduce imperial rule in British India through a social history focused on Britain and India during the period of imperialism.
Book list colonization imperialism and decolonizationrwebb7
The document summarizes 14 academic works on topics related to imperialism, colonialism, and decolonization from a global historical perspective. The summaries provide the thesis or main argument of each work, the type of history and methodology used (such as political, social, cultural, environmental), and the geographic regions and time periods covered. The works address the political, economic, social, and cultural dimensions of empire building and dismantling from the 15th century through the late 20th century.
America rebirth and the emergency of modern america.docxwrite22
In the half-century following the Civil War, America became a divided nation on issues of freedom, equality, policy, and power. There was disagreement over what freedom meant for freed slaves and their rights. The question of equality was divisive as well, with movements emerging to promote equality for women, immigrants, and other groups. Policies often reinforced divisions of power, such as laws targeting freed slaves and suppression of political dissent. By the late 1800s, America remained split on these defining social and political issues that emerged from the Civil War era.
The bleeding of_america-herman_h_dinsmore-1974-126pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes how the United States deliberately transferred power and resources to the Soviet Union from FDR's presidency through providing materials, blueprints, documents, and diplomatic access during WWII. This massive aid formed the basis to consistently transfer power in a way that constructed the Soviet Union as an enemy to the US in the Atomic Age. While most Americans were unaware, some US policy aimed to build an enemy for balance of power, while others aimed to trade and make an enemy into a friend. The persistence of these efforts suggests the enemy outcome was more satisfactory to policymakers. The document discusses evidence that atomic bomb components may have been transferred from Los Alamos.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...George Dumitrache
The document discusses various interpretations of the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It outlines the orthodox traditional interpretation which attributes responsibility to Soviet aggression, the revisionist interpretation which places more blame on American policies and imperialism, and the post-revisionist interpretation which concludes that both superpowers shared responsibility due to misunderstandings and pursuing their own interests. Historians discussed include Gaddis, Bailey, Feis, Kennan, Williams, LaFeber, Alperovitz, and Kolko.
Similar to Jonathan Mosby - Final Senior Seminar paper (12)
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...
Jonathan Mosby - Final Senior Seminar paper
1. 1
Jonathan Mosby
5/4/2015
Senior Seminar
Dr. Albert Way
The Atlanta Cotton States Exposition of 1895: Examining the
“New South”
It was the opening day of the 1895 Atlanta and International Cotton States Exposition.
Even the President of the United States, Grover Cleveland, was involved from the beaches of
Massachusetts, pushing a button that transmitted a signal to start the engines and different
types of advanced machinery in the hall of a Technological Exhibit.1 Everyone that was
prominent or elite within the city of Atlanta was in attendance, along with the nation’s and
world’s journalists who were eager to report everything that transpired. After a military parade
through the streets, which included a colored regiment located at the very back, a prayer was
given and a poem was read by Mr. Howell, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, in honor of the
retiring poet.2 The following are two stanzas from the opening “dedicatory ode”, written by
Frank L. Stanton, which was read on a beautiful sunny day in Atlanta, Georgia, on September
18th 1895.
III.
Here, though a city opens wide her gates,
This is no day of cities, but of states
1 Cooper, Walter G. The Cotton states and international exposition and South, illustrated. Including the official
history of the exposition, by Walter G. Cooper ... Also including portraits and biographical sketches of distinguished
visitors. Histories of each of the cotton states and various illustrations of scenery, etc. The Illustrator Company,
1896.(Page 9)
2 Ibid (93)
2. 2
Supreme and crowned with progress! Here all time
Gathers its glories in the Georgian clime,
And sea to sea replies,
And from the fathers skies
The answering bells in one glad chorus chime:
“No North no South – but a vast world sublime!”
IV.
Here where the cannon thundered, lo! The white
And royal rose of peace, in living light!
See! How above the black breath of the guns!
Flashes the splendor serener suns!
Behold the fields, once desolate, renewed
With loftier life! The lordly land imbued
With statelier spirit! Cities (where the clods
Were trampled red by the avenging gods)
With skyward pointing steeples! Every leaf
Is tinctured now with glory—not with grief!
And the New South, brave-risen from the past,
Wears on her brow the diadem at last!3
The phrase “And the New South, brave-risen from the past, Wears on her brow the
diadem at last!” reflects the beliefs held by most people during this time period and has aspects
of Lost Cause ideology incorporated within it that illustrates “New South” rhetoric, which was
used to sell segregation to an unsuspecting public. Lost Cause ideology in the form of “New
South” rhetoric was pervasive at the time of the Atlanta and International Cotton States
Exposition and was intentionally used with impetus to convince the nation that segregation was
the progressive pathway for economic and social advancement for all Americans. The
Exposition was a display to the North and the rest of the world that the “New South” was
somehow different – changed and modernized but simultaneously holding onto the old South’s
3 Ibid (94)
3. 3
beliefs and social structure. The name itself, “cotton states,” shows reverence to a past
identity. It wasn’t the South admitting defeat or that the North had won but that the South
now accepted and identified with the Union because of the materialistic desires shared with
the North and their common experience in the Civil War. This materialistic reunification
between North and South is a significant aspect of lost cause ideology that led to the
disfranchisement and political dominance of African Americans which would ultimately be
solidified by the Supreme Court’s decisions. This created the status quo that accepted
institutionalized segregation as being considered a necessity for economic development. This
paper focuses on the relationship between Lost Cause ideology at the time of the 1895
Exposition with concentration on the “New South” advocacy claims about the South being
separate-but-equal around the time of the Cotton States Exposition, exploring their
connections, contradictions, and the outcome that transpired.
The 1895 Atlanta Cotton States Exposition is a great example showing the connections
between the Lost Cause ideology and the “New South” rhetoric because it highlights the
dichotomy that existed between what African American and White leaders--Booker T.
Washington and Henry Grady, for example--were saying to convince the public to accept racial
segregation and what their social ideals really accomplished, regardless what outcome they
truly desired. It was where ideology went from pompous discourse to widespread public
acceptance. And this ideology was not only tolerated by most of the North but actually sought
after.
Segregation has haunted U.S. history for a long time and has a significant place in
historic interpretation. Thus it is important to continue research on the topic, or try in establish
4. 4
different viewpoints on the role segregation played within the United States. Most historians
agree that Booker T. Washington’s 1895 “Atlanta Compromise” speech, which was addressed
on the first day of the Exposition, had a negative impact towards the progress for racial equality
because he did not condemn the social structure of the South. Therefore, historians assert his
speech at the Cotton States Exposition fashioned him as an ally of white supremacy. Historians
also agree that the Lost Cause ideology and literature grew out of grief from the Civil War and
was meant for southerners to provide future generations with a vindictive narrative of the war.
As one man put it after the war, “If we cannot justify the South in the act of Secession, we will
go down in History solely as a brave, impulsive but rash people who attempted in an illegal
manner to overthrow the Union of our Country.”4 However, the established interpretation of
the history of civil rights in the South maintained that segregation was established exclusively
for perpetuating white supremacy or racial purity. Likewise, historians have typically viewed
Lost Cause ideology as invoking sectionalismand resistance towards a reunification with the
North, which historian Foster Gaines points out, is the complete opposite.5 Theda Perdue, a
Georgian historian that recently published a book on race relations at the 1895 Exposition,
argued that the Exposition promoted segregation as a means for racial harmony but she failed
to make any connection to Lost Cause ideology or the fundamental role played by economics in
sectional reconciliation.6 There was more to it than the color of one’s skin, the extreme
4 Gallagher,Gary W., and Alan T. Nolan.The Myth of the Lost Causeand Civil War History.Bloomington:Indiana
University Press,2000.EBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed February 23, 2015).
5 Foster, Gaines M. Ghosts of the confederacy: defeat, the lostcause,and the emergence of the new South, 1865
to 1913 / Gaines M. Foster. n.p.: New York: Oxford University Press,1987.Kennesaw State University Catalog,
EBSCOhost (accessed February 23,2015).
6 Perdue, Theda. Race and the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition of 1895.Athens, Ga: University of Georgia Press,
2010.Discovery eBooks, EBSCOhost (accessed February 23, 2015).
5. 5
conservatism and materialism that plagued the elites of big business and the Supreme Court
trickled down passing from them, eventually, to the poor whites in the South which would
reignite the flames of racial prejudice. This essay’s interpretation of Lost Cause ideology and
segregation will differ from past historical literature by demonstrating their sophistication and
intricacy while incorporating economics and sectional reconciliation into the discussion.
Lost Cause ideology started in the South immediately after the Civil War as a way of
coping with grief and maintaining hopes for the future.7 The Civil War devastated the southern
countryside, especially railroads and major cities, and most individuals and families were in
extremely poor economic shape. Immediately following the Civil War and all through
Reconstruction, literature was published by leaders of prominent Confederate veterans that
attacked federal reconstruction in the South and promoted radical sectionalism. At the same
time however, this literature glorified the old ways of the South and its leaders in the
Confederacy. Historian Alan T. Nolan claims “Among other points, these ex-Confederates
denied the importance of slavery in triggering secession, blamed sectional tensions on
abolitionists, celebrated antebellum Southern slaveholding society, portrayed Confederates as
united in waging their war for independence, extolled the gallantry of Confederate soldiers, and
attributed Northern victory to sheer weight of numbers and resources.”8 This literature helped
people in the South to feel like they fought with honor and only in defense from a money
hungry industrialized north that attacked first by invading the South. In addition, the literature
7 Cox, Karen L. Dixie's Daughters:The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate
Culture. Gainesville:University Press of Florida,2003.
8 Gallagher,Gary W., and Alan T. Nolan.The Myth of the Lost Causeand Civil War History.Bloomington:Indiana
University Press,2000.EBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed February 23, 2015).
6. 6
reinforced Lost Cause ideology that would become what most recent historians refer to as the
“Southern Tradition” or “Southern Civil Religion.” People in the South had or felt they had no
identity for several decades after the war ended except that of the cotton fields and a longing
or reverence for their past traditions and lifestyles. The only role models in the South were
Confederate veterans who simply passed down their narrative or version of events which
reinforced the literature and in turn the ideology. After 1877, when Reconstruction ended, Lost
Cause literature started circulating wildly across the North and the South, becoming more
acceptable.
Eventually, early Lost Cause literature died out because, in short, it was and became too
radical for the mainstream public.9 Although the damage had already been done, the principles
and propaganda of Lost Cause ideology were well established in the North and South and
would ultimately become conventional history by the 1880s.
This continuation in practice and education of the Southern Tradition was accomplished
through non-profit organizations and institutions. The United Confederate Veterans, the Sons
of the Confederate Veterans, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and the Confederate
Memorial Literary Society were all instrumental in passing down this ideology, tradition, or
myth to the younger generations. For example, contemporary historian Karen Cox concluded
“Each area of the Daughters' activism--whether memorial, benevolent, historical, educational,
or social--was rooted in their determination to vindicate the actions of Confederate soldiers and
9 Foster, Gaines M. Ghosts of the confederacy: defeat, the lostcause,and the emergence of the new South, 1865
to 1913 / Gaines M. Foster. n.p.: New York: Oxford University Press,1987.Kennesaw State Uni versity Catalog,
EBSCOhost (accessed February 23,2015).
7. 7
patriots by guaranteeing the perpetuation of the ‘Confederate culture,’ particularly white
supremacy and states' rights.”10 Cox goes even further and states that these women’s groups
did more to preserve the Confederate tradition than their male counterparts and were the
leaders of the movement. She may be correct because these women’s groups, especially the
United Daughters of the Confederacy, would go and convince public schools to integrate the
aspects of the Lost Cause ideology into their curriculum or otherwise change it to reflect those
aspects. Also, these organizations would raise and collect donations for the construction of
memorials or monuments, which perpetuated the nostalgia and reference for the past based
on a systemorganized and structured by whites.
Finally, another aspect of Lost Cause ideology is the power or influence that religious
institutions and their preachers possessed. During the war, clergymen preached the gospel of
secession and had a pro-slavery message to their congregations. The ministers validated
slavery by using the Old Testament. They argued that slavery coexisted with Christianity during
the Old Testament, and God never mentioned any wrong of it unless one treated his slaves
poorly, then it was acceptable, especially since they were introducing these non-believers to
Christ and converting them. Negro inferiority was another aspect of Lost Cause ideology these
ministers would mention and manipulate biblical stories to support their claims.11 It is worth
mentioning that the counter to this argument was that the forefathers of the United States also
included the phrase “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” in the constitution which
guarantees rights to all humans. Also, religious orthodoxy contributed to the Lost Cause
10 Cox, Karen L. Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate
Culture. Gainesville:University Press of Florida,2003.
11 Fleming, WilliamH.Slavery and the RaceProblem in the South. Boston, D. Estes & company, 1906.
8. 8
ideology and “New South” rhetoric by the authentication and vindication of the old South’s
culture and customs, arguing for a continuation of the status quo. Historian Charles Wilson
sums it up well this way: “They (southern ministers) used the Lost Cause to warn Southerners of
their decline from the past virtue, to promote moral reforms, to encourage conversion to
Christianity, and to educate the young in Southern traditions; in the fullness of time, they
related it to American values.”12
For most white people, after reconstruction, the appeal to this southern tradition or
Lost Cause ideology was because it gave them a sense of identity after suffering defeat in the
Civil War. Another appeal to southern tradition was racial pride and unity, which became
important during the 1880s to both white people and black people, but for different reasons.
For African Americans, their racial pride and unity grew out of a desire to prove that they were
capable of becoming an educated, law-abiding, fully participating citizen. White people’s sense
of racial pride and unity grew out of fear based off statistics and census data. It started within
politics and the elite upper class of the South. They were afraid, according to statistical data
and the misrepresentation of the 15th Amendment, that African Americans voters would
outnumber white voters and hold more political weight and therefore dominance in that
arena.13 These political democrats and elite businessmen began planning a way to maintain
their control and influence over the region using what historians call the Racial Imperative. The
Racial Imperative is placing value and importance based upon one’s race, something everyone
12 Wilson,Charles Reagan. Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865-1920.Athens: University of
Georgia Press,1983.
13 Fleming, WilliamH.Slavery and the RaceProblem in the South. Boston, D. Estes & company, 1906.
9. 9
does unconsciously. It super cedes religion, politics, and other institutions for the advancement
or survival of one’s race.
There had been a slight decline or plateau that was reached with Lost Cause rhetoric
during the early 1880s. The fear of losing political control would reignite it in the later part of
the decade; historian Gaines affirmed that “Although this Confederate celebration had its roots
in persisting anxieties resulting from defeat, increasing fears generated by the social changes of
the late nineteenth century provided the immediate impetus for the revived interest in the Lost
Cause.”14 The revival was triggered by the fears of black political dominance and that the
blacks might take white jobs and other positions of power away. The South did not, yet, have
an answer to the “Negro question.” Northerners were just as afraid of the Negro question as
southerners were and did not want them taking their jobs either. So, Lost Cause literature had
a revival and whites became united once again over the issue of segregation and race relations
within the South.
The Lost Cause revival began soon after Reconstruction ended and this time the
narrators articulated and expressed it differently focusing on a more mainstream approach.
Henry Grady, coined the term “New South” while working for the Atlanta Constitution in the
early 1880s to recognize the South’s new growing economy based on the North’s model of
industrialization. Grady became an important figure in the South during this time period as the
plantar class elites were losing influence because of this economic growth in large cities.
14 Foster, Gaines M. Ghosts of the confederacy: defeat, the lost cause, and the emergence of the new South, 1865
to 1913 / Gaines M. Foster. n.p.: New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Kennesaw State University Catalog,
EBSCOhost (accessed February 23, 2015)
10. 10
Prominent politicians and Grady alike proceeded to use the phrase in relation to a new,
changed, modernized South that was ripe for investment. The importance and brilliance, on
behalf of these public figures, was the significance they placed on rephrasing the term Lost
Cause with “New South” and the relation to economics with industrial expansion as well as
sectional reconciliation instead of focusing on the war, slavery, and race relations. Architects of
the New South still romanticized and desired a continuation of “southern way of life” that
included a white male hierarchal systembut now believed the redemption of the South was
through segregation as God’s plan for asserting social, economic, and political stability. The
“New South” rhetoric of industrial development and sectional reconciliation would achieve that
for them by having outsiders, those from regions other than the Southern United States, view
them as benevolent and progressive towards African Americans. Therefore, the race problem
appeared to be solved and the South gained their trust and money for investment to rebuild
the South while keeping political control. One of the ways in which they sold this idea of a
“New South” with segregation and white supremacy at its heart was at the 1895 Atlanta Cotton
States Exposition. Segregation was sold at the Cotton States Exposition as an integral
component of economic development in the “New South”, which directly correlates to the Lost
Cause ideology discussed previously.
The 1895 Atlanta Cotton States Exposition was one of many expositions in the South.
The expositions began in 1881 in the city of Atlanta and continued for almost 20 years.
Although many of the same people and businesses contributed to these expositions throughout
the entire 20 years, they were not all led or organized by the same people. Historian Gary
Cooper, was paid to record everything that transpired before, during, and after the Exposition
11. 11
by the Atlanta Constitution. Cooper stated that Mr. Hemphill, who was business manager of
the Atlanta Constitution, suggested the idea of an exposition or fair in Atlanta after seeing the
success of the Cotton Palace in 1893 in Waco, Texas.15
1 Picture of the 1895 Cotton States Exposition at Piedmont Park16
According to contemporary historian Stephen K. Prince “The fair started with a simple
premise: a national meeting of those involved in the growth, production, and manufacture of
cotton products; it was designed to improve the overall quality of American production by
exposing southern farmers to northern methods of textile processing.”17 These northern
methods came from wealthy northern businessmen who owned cotton processing factories
and agricultural development companies.18 They purchased their cotton from southern
farmers or sold them machinery to help in various agricultural tasks. The reason these northern
businessmen wanted to help was because Reconstruction had just ended a decade prior and
15 Cooper, Walter G. Ibid.
16 PtCityChick.Piedmont Park.1895. Atlanta History Museum.
17 K. Stephen Prince,"A Rebel Yell for Yankee Doodle: Sellingthe New South at the 1881 Atlanta International
Cotton Exposition," Georgia Historical Quarterly 92 (fall 2008):340-71.
18 Ibid
12. 12
investment opportunities were at wholesale prices with the southern landscape and economy
in shambles. Eager to rebuild the economy and capital of the South after losses in the Civil war,
southern journalists, business leaders, and politicians began working with northern capitalists
to have these expositions or fairs that would attract outsider investments for industrial
development where they would subtly sell segregation as progressive to the nation.
However, there were significant problems and obstacles that these northern and
southern architects faced. For example, many northerners viewed the South as backwards or
as an antiquated culture based on an agrarian systeminstead of industrialization. Also,
investment opportunities from the North or other countries would be jeopardized if their
investments were associated with the notion of slavery or any Lost Cause ideology, as it was
known to actively and physically persist in the South. So, these architects decided to associate
the Exposition with “New South” terminology and ideology that promoted equal opportunity, a
free labor system, capitalism, and a progression towards a racially unified, positive economic
future. The vision of an unified economic future is reported by Gary Cooper’s official history of
the 1895 Exposition, which includes a statement made from Dr. Daniel Gilman, commissioner of
the board of awards, stating “We are deeply impressed by the evidence here afforded of the
importance of promoting the study of exact science, and encouraging the best methods of
manual and industrial training among girls and boys, women and men, blacks and whites.”19
The architects focused on industrial expansion and technological education, within a
19 Cooper, Walter G. Ibid.
13. 13
segregated society, as the economically viable solution and vision for the future of freed slaves
and poor whites in the South.
But certain aspects of Lost Cause ideology were actively and physically present at the
1895 Atlanta Cotton States Exposition, which correlates to the “New South” rhetoric the
architects were trying to establish. This rhetoric reflects Lost Cause ideology in that it makes no
mention of defeat or slavery causing the Civil War, places significant importance on state’s
rights and held specific state days at the Exposition, was organized and led by predominately
white upper-class men, perpetuated the southern identity and culture, the selling of
segregation as progressive, and sectional reconciliation in the form of materialism. Historian
Foster Gaines sums it up well stating, “Although in no way admitting error, their accounts of the
war emphasized not the issues behind the conflict but the experience of the battle that both
North and South had shared. The Lost Cause did not signal the South’s retreat from the future,
but, whether intentionally or not, it eased the region’s passage through a particularly difficult
period of social change.”20
Social change was not a particularly easy passage for the South after the Civil War.
Segregation already existed, illegally, on railcars in Atlanta and in most public places in the
South by 1895 and with it came discrimination. Alice M. Bacon, who was an African American
women, attended the 1895 Cotton States Exposition in order to write an essay for the Hampton
Normal and Industrial Institute of Virginia on the progress of race relations and education in the
South. During the 1895 Exposition, Bacon noted that the retail stores in Atlanta all accepted
20 Foster Gaines “Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South.” 1988.
14. 14
African Americans and their money and treated them with respect. However, she does
mention the street signs against African American assimilation were taken down before the
Exposition started.21 If nothing was wrong with assimilation and discrimination why did the
Exposition organizers tell city store fronts to take down their signs and accept blacks in their
stores? She stated the Negro Exhibit at the Exposition needed to be integrated with whites
because all Americans are the same, regardless of color. Also, African American leaders did not
think they could overcome organization and fund raising for their own separate exhibit.
According to Bacon, “the exhibit failed to show the industrial contributions African Americans
22made to the country. Their organization hurt the exhibits from states because some were
21 Alice. M. Bacon. “The Negro and the Atlanta Exposition”1896.
22 Bing Images “Traces of the Past: The Atlanta Negro Building”.1895 http://burnaway.org/origins-harlem-
renaissance-atlanta-negro-building/
2The Negro Exhibit Building 1895, Atlanta, Piedmont Park
15. 15
afraid of the South’s offer and conspicuous, and others just did not want to be part of
something separate, while others could not afford to show an exhibit that had no financial
gain.”23 The exhibit was, by and large, a success and demonstrated many African American
inventions and patents from engineered railroad devices to car parts. Detailing Washington’s
speech, Bacon claimed that it did convince people that the Negro problem had been answered
and was almost not an issue anymore. Although Bacon thought Washington’s speech was great
and notable, she was more excited and impressed by the mere fact that African Americans
were allowed to speak their minds at all to an audience other than their own race. However,
she does include that she remains skeptical of the future of race relations in the area of
education but economically that whites could not afford to discriminate against blacks.24
The Atlanta and International Cotton States Exposition of 1895 started and ended with
speeches detailing sectional reconciliation. In fact, reunification between the North and South
was mentioned more than any other issue in the speeches given by hundreds of politicians and
industrial leaders. The northern politicians spoke of how much the landscape had changed
since the Civil War when Atlanta and the South was left in ashes, and focused on the positive
facts within the South like their abundant resources and talented orators while stressing the
brotherhood that now exists. The southern speeches were mostly about how great their
specific state was, the resources or investment opportunities that state had, the heritage and
importance of the state in relation to the Union, and the ways in which their state had changed
since the Civil War and the common experiences shared with the North during it. The South’s
23 Ibid
24 Ibid
16. 16
orators claimed that she was “new” and gave equal work opportunity, educated the freedmen,
and allowed voting participating but in reality they were in the process of passing legislation in
almost every state to disenfranchise the African American vote. The contradictions of “New
South” rhetoric are pervasive. In fact, Georgia Governor John B. Gordon was a known white
supremacist and former leader of the Ku Klux Klan who had, in 1888, passed a bill that said only
taxes from African Americans would go to fund African American schools and education, but
was vetoed by the Attorney General on basis that it was unconstitutional in Georgia and the
United States.25 Eventually, however, southern states were able to find other ways in which to
get around equal funding for education. Intellectual or management job opportunities were
rarely given to African Americans. Sharecroppers and tenant farmers, low end industrial factory
work, or construction was about the only industries for African Americans in the South after
emancipation. Even if African Americans were able to find good, steady employment, they
would have to answer and obey white bosses, tolerate less pay or wages for the same type of
work as white immigrant workers, and hardly would ever be offered a raise or promotion. The
fact that African Americans hardly, if ever, went on strike between the 1880s and 1900 was a
good a reason to hire them during the time of big business. Restating Cooper’s words, “master
and slave went to capital and labor.”26
The materialistic reconciliation and reunification of the North and South overlooked
African Americans and was left to the Racial Imperative. This also reflects the Darwinian
science of the time and the gravity of the economy in the North and South after the 1893
25 Fleming, WilliamH.Slavery and the RaceProblem in the South. Boston, D. Estes & company, 1906.
26 Cooper, Ibid.
17. 17
depression. Historian Robert Haws wrote Darwinian science “championed a systemthat
supported natural rights and racial purity and that equated wealth and power with virtue.”27
Darwinian beliefs concerning survival of the fittest and wealth and power as virtue go hand in
hand with “New South” rhetoric and racism. White supremacists and non-supremacists, North
and South, East and West, all believed that white European ancestry was the dominant racial
class in the world and that blacks were inferior in every way. This was a fundamental,
supportive, ideology in the hierarchal, class systemof the South that endorsed the justification
of segregation and political control. Darwinian science should have been the antithesis of the
civil religion of the Lost Cause but, instead, it was used in the same fashion to maintain the
status quo of the racial imperative.
This was a crucial time in race relations when the ruling elites and leaders of white
supremacy needed to convince the public that segregation was the progressive economic
solution and social advancement for society in the South. As C. Vann Woodward argues the
Civil War destroyed the old ruling elite and replaced them with middle class “entrepreneur’s
intent on modernization and industrial growth.” These new industrialists’ leaders, like Henry
Grady, were usually involved in journalism, politics, or were prominent business owners that
valued the old South’s social, economic, and political structure but had grown tired of
agriculture and the old ruling elites. They were city folks, not rural farmers, and these
entrepreneur’s in the “New South” spoke passionately about her economic future under
27 Robert Haws. “The Age of Segregation: Race relations in theSouth, 1890-1945.Essays by:Derrick Bell,Mary
Berry, Dan Carter, Tony Gilmore, Robert Higgs,and George Tindall.(1978)
18. 18
segregation and constituted or included in this group are the managers and organizers of the
Atlanta Cotton States Exposition of 1895.
Booker T. Washington was chosen to speak on the opening day, giving his most famous
“Atlanta Compromise” speech, because the white organizers knew he embodied their beliefs
with segregation in addition to echoing Lost Cause sentiments. And by speaking, he conceded
whites were the dominant race and the Negros needed to catch up by way of technical
education only, hard laborious work, accumulation of wealth, and reconciliation with the South.
According to his critic W.E.B Du Bois, Booker T. Washington also asked that the blacks in the
South give up on political power, civil rights, and higher education for the time being until they
had accomplished the goals previously listed.28 He believed firmly that once those goals were
achieved that African Americans would be economically assimilated and then integrated into
the social fabric of the South. Unknowingly at the time, Booker T. Washington played right into
these organizers hands by delaying race reconciliation and focusing on economic development.
Also, whether these organizers knew or not, only one year later separate-but-equal would be
established by the Supreme Court and all but solidify political dominance for white
supremacists and stopped African Americans from integrating into the social fabric, increasing
systematic discrimination and strengthening southern poverty.
The South’s material sectional reconciliation with the Union led to the disfranchisement
of African Americans and political dominance that was solidified with the Supreme Court.
Steven Tuck argues that during Reconstruction the Gerrymandering of districts and systematic
28 Du Bois,W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk.Chicago:A.C. McClurg & Co.; [Cambridge]: University Press John Wilson
and Son, Cambridge, U.S.A., 1903; Bartleby.com, 1999.
19. 19
disfranchisement of African Americans began in the South.29 As early as 1877, resulting from
the immediate removal of federal troops from the former Confederate states, poll taxes with
the use of violence and intimidation were used to scare off republican candidates and black
voters. Educational requirements like the literacy test and the Grandfather clause would be
installed not long after. When certain test started backfiring on poor whites, who were
illiterate, the Grandfather clause would still allow you to be eligible to vote even if you could
not read as long as you or a parent had voted before a certain date. Usually, the date would be
January 1867 which was significant because blacks did not have the right to vote at that time.30
Also, lynching was used as intimidation for not following the South’s hierarchal structure.
Georgia’s first wave of segregation legislation went through during the Exposition itself.
In 1892, Plessy challenged the white social structure of the South and was arrested for sitting in
the White’s only section of a railcar and the case went to the Supreme Court in 1896, only
months after the Exposition. The Supreme Court used the racial imperative of material
sectional reconciliation and extreme conservatism to justify the constitutionality of each
individual States rights in separate-but-equal, absolving the federal government responsibility
for the race relations that existed in the South. After the upholding of the constitutionality of
separate-but-equal, it became illegal for blacks to associate with whites in public places. With it
came each states own unique interpretation of the 15th Amendment. The 15th Amendment
paved the way for separate-but-equal, which only protected white civil rights and not African
Americans or immigrants. The hypocrisy of the 15th Amendment is how Lost Cause ideology
29 Tuck, Steven. “Democratization and the Disfranchisementof African Americans in the US South duringthe Late
19th Century.” Routledge, 2007.
30 Fleming, WilliamH. Slavery and the Race Problem in the South. Boston, D. Estes & company, 1906.
20. 20
was implemented legally and put into practice socially, economically, and politically by way of
Jim Crow laws and paved the way for discrimination for another 60 years.
The irony is that it did not matter what viewpoint an individual or community held
regarding race prejudice. Whether you had a white supremacist point of view or one that was
of helping culturally and philanthropically towards African Americans, they both looked at
segregation as a necessity for economic growth. African American leaders, white supremacists,
and others from both races that wanted to help philanthropically all pushed segregation as a
necessity for economic growth because they believed that through racial pride and segregation
African Americans would achieve economic stability and therefore integrate into the social and
cultural fabric of America that Booker T. Washington convinced them of during his famous
“Atlanta Compromise” speech. However, there were African Americans that disagreed with
him.
Bishop Henry Turner of the African Methodist Episcopal Church was an outspoken critic
of segregation and initially a firm believer in assimilation. Eventually, after democrat’s regained
power in the South and segregation was installed he became a leading figure in the back to
African movement. He believed that the Negro exhibit building should have not be segregated
but integrated together for all Americans. He also used the Exposition as a platform from which
to voice his opposition to the racial and social conditions of the South. Turner challenged white
authority and interpretation as well at the Exposition.31 Historian Robert Heath contends that
31 CARDON, NATHAN. 2014."The South's "New Negroes" and African American Visions of Progress atthe Atlanta
and NashvilleInternational Expositions,1895-1897."Journal of Southern History 80, no. 2: 287-326.America:
History and Life with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed February 17, 2015).
21. 21
Booker T. Washington should have never have spoken at the Exposition unless he was to
condemn the racial conditions that endured in the South. But, instead, he should have
remained silent and let the silence speak for itself in quiet protest.32
The white organizers also allied with Booker T. Washington and other African American
leaders because they needed the Congressional Appropriations Committee to approve a federal
grant, which would concede them the required money needed for the promotion of the
Exposition, in the North and West plus abroad, in addition to funding the United States
government building exhibit.33 African American leaders in turn, needed the white organizers
to allow them to participate openly and freely in the Exposition so that they could properly
showcase their achievements since emancipation without interference or prejudice. And lastly,
the United States government needed the Exposition itself to help promote friendly relations
with Latin America for the installation of the Panama Canal (known then as Nicaragua), through
telegraphs that were given to the promotional agents from the Exposition.34 All three of these
groups had their own separate and unique interests. The whites, both North and South, used
the Lost Cause narrative to push their agenda while the United States Congress used the
Exposition to push theirs. African Americans tried to use the Exposition to showcase their
accomplishments and aspirations in order to be accepted into the economic fabric of society,
but they were ultimately left out in the materialistic sectional reconciliation of the time.
32 Heath, Robert L. "A TIME FOR SILENCE: BOOKER T. WASHINGTON IN ATLANTA." Quarterly Journal of Speech 64,
no. 4 (December 1978): 385. America: History and Life with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed February 17, 2015).
33 IBID
34 Cooper, Walter G. IBID.
22. 22
The “New South” rhetoric at the Atlanta Exposition and other places was a way of
keeping the “Old South’s” beliefs, values, and hierarchical structure after being defeated. Lost
Cause ideology was based on some historical truth and it did help to lay the foundation for
industrial development and expansion through intense rhetoric and display at expositions that
gained capital and investments from all over the world. But the social ideals also hurt the
industrialization of the South with the glorification of the agrarian way of life and the
disfranchisement of the black vote as well as segregation, which kept African Americans from
fully integrating into American society with politics and economics. Although Lost Cause
ideology did bring identity to the “New South” and help diversify the economy, it did not “ease
the region’s passage through a particularly difficult period of social change” as historian Foster
Gaines argues.35 It may have eased passage for whites but not African Americans and the
region as a whole. Without Lost Cause ideology the region would have done much better
considering the boost it would have had from two races working together, instead of against
each other, and not for their own races personal gain but for the South’s gain, like Booker T.
Washington wanted. Also, white supremacy was never in jeopardy, as suggested by the
statistical data, but in fact was steadily inclining because of immigration, whereas blacks had no
immigration after the slave trade was abolished. High death rates in blacks in the South
because of high birth rates was another reason for their population decline in comparison to
whites during the time period. In regards to the 15th Amendment, I believe firmly that laws do
not change people’s hearts, and just because the United States government included no
discrimination based upon race, color, or previous servitude, this did not mean that it would be
35 Gaines,Foster. Ibid.
23. 23
obeyed or enforced. The capitalistic conservative Supreme Court should have not sided with
state legislation on the Plessy case and dozens others, leaving it up to states individual to
protect African Americans and minorities. But instead, should have mandated federal
involvement and enforcement in this Amendment for equal protection and not left it up to the
individual states to decide.
On that beautiful day in 1895 in Atlanta, the road leading to segregation began its
course following the paths laid by the Lost Cause and “New South” rhetoric. The aftermath of
the Lost Cause ideology lingers on today, albeit not as pervasive, but “the New South, brave-
risen from the past” is true in the sense of economic conditions but may soon become an
actuality as a whole when race relations adjust and assimilation ensues.
24. 24
Bibliography:
Primary Sources:
Adler, Cyrus. Biblical antiquities. A description of the exhibit at the Cotton states international
exposition, Atlanta, 1895. Washington, 1898.
Bacon, Alice M. The Negro and the Atlanta exposition. Baltimore: The Trustees, 1896.
Atkinson, W. Y. The Atlanta Exposition. The North American Review, October 1, 1895. – Article
Carter, Edward R. The black side: a partial history of the business, religious and educational side
of the Negro in Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta: [s.n.] 1894.
Cooper, Walter G. The Cotton states and international exposition and South, illustrated.
Including the official history of the exposition, by Walter G. Cooper ... Also including portraits
and biographical sketches of distinguished visitors. Histories of each of the cotton states and
various illustrations of scenery, etc. The Illustrator Company, 1896.
Conference for the Study of the Negro Problems (2nd: 1897: Atlanta University). Social and
physical condition of Negroes in cities. Report of an investigation under the direction of Atlanta
University: and proceedings of the second Conference for the study of problems concerning
Negro city life. Atlanta, Ga., Atlanta university press, 1897.
Fleming, WilliamH. Slavery and the Race Problem in the South. Boston, D. Estes & company,
1906.
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Social Evolution of the Black South. Washington, American Negro
Monographs Co.1911.
Fleming, William H. Slavery and the Race Problem in the South. Boston, D. Estes & company,
1906.
United States, Board of management of government exhibit. Report of the Board of
management, United States government exhibit, Cotton states and international exposition,
Atlanta, Georgia, 1895. Washington, 1897.
Henry Woodfin Grady papers, Manuscript, Archives and Rare Book Library, Emory University.
Date Accessed 2/17/15.
SecondarySources:
Cooks, Bridget R. 2007. "Fixing race: visual representations of African Americans at the World's
Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893." Patterns of Prejudice 41, no. 5: 435-465. America:
History and Life with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed February 17, 2015).
25. 25
Cox, Karen L. Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation
of Confederate Culture. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003.
CARDON, NATHAN. 2014. "The South's "New Negroes" and African American Visions of
Progress at the Atlanta and Nashville International Expositions, 1895-1897." Journal of Southern
History 80, no. 2: 287-326. America: History and Life with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed
February 17, 2015).
Foster, Gaines M. Ghosts of the confederacy: defeat, the lost cause, and the emergence of the
new South, 1865 to 1913 / Gaines M. Foster. n.p.: New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
1987. Kennesaw State University Catalog, EBSCOhost (accessed February 23, 2015)
Gallagher, Gary W., and Alan T. Nolan. The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. EBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost
(accessed February 23, 2015).
Harold E., Davis. Henry Grady's New South: Atlanta, a Brave and Beautiful City. Tuscaloosa: The
University of Alabama Press, 2009. Project MUSE, EBSCOhost (accessed February 23, 2015)
Harris, J. William. "Cotton and Race in the Making of America: The Human Costs of Economic
Power/Race and the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition of 1895." North Carolina Historical Review
88, no. 1 (January 2011): 111-113. America: History and Life with Full Text, EBSCOhost (accessed
February 17, 2015).
Harvey, Bruce, and Lynn Watson-Powers. "THE EYES OF THE WORLD ARE UPON US": A LOOK AT
THE COTTON STATES AND INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1895." Atlanta History: A Journal Of
Georgia & The South 39, no. 3/4 (September 1995): 5-11. America: History and Life with Full
Text, EBSCOhost (accessed February 23, 2015).
Heath, Robert L. "A TIME FOR SILENCE: BOOKER T. WASHINGTON IN ATLANTA." Quarterly
Journal of Speech 64, no. 4 (December 1978): 385. America: History and Life with Full Text,
EBSCOhost (accessed February 17, 2015).
Perdue, Theda. Race and the Atlanta Cotton States Exposition of 1895. Athens, Ga: University of
Georgia Press, 2010. Discovery eBooks, EBSCOhost (accessed February 23, 2015).
Prince, K. Stephen. "A Rebel Yell for Yankee Doodle: Selling the New South at the 1881 Atlanta
International Cotton Exposition." The Georgia Historical Quarterly, 2008. 340, JSTOR Journals,
EBSCOhost (accessed February 23, 2015).
Wilson, Charles. Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865-1920. Athens:
University of Georgia Press, 2009. Project MUSE, EBSCOhost (accessed February 23, 2015).