Joint Stock Company formation and features
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A joint stock company is formed through a process that involves promotion, registration, and capital subscription. Promoters collect information needed for formation and prepare documents like the Memorandum of Association, which outlines the company's objectives and share types, and the Articles of Association, which contains rules for administration. For registration, promoters submit these documents along with registration fees to the registrar. Once incorporated, directors issue a prospectus to publicly raise capital. After sufficient funds are collected, the company receives a certificate to commence business operations. Joint stock companies allow for large capital through many shareholders and provide features like legal status, transferable shares, and limited liability.
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Joint Stock Company
The document provides information on the types of joint stock companies. It discusses companies based on:
1) Method of formation - chartered, statutory, registered companies
2) Liability of members - companies limited by shares, guarantee, unlimited companies
3) Membership - private, public limited companies
4) Ownership - government companies
It also outlines the key characteristics and stages of promotion for establishing a joint stock company.
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A joint stock company is a business organization that can raise large amounts of capital through the sale of shares, limiting the liability of shareholders to their investment. It provides advantages like professional management, limited liability, and efficient expansion. Joint stock companies can be public, with shares traded on a stock market, or private. The document discusses the meaning, types, advantages, and disadvantages of joint stock companies.
Joint stock company
A joint stock company is a voluntary association of individuals formed for profit, with capital divided into transferable shares. Key features include limited liability for shareholders, perpetual existence separate from members, transferable shares, and common seal. There are various types of companies based on ownership, liability, incorporation, and number of members. A private limited company has restrictions on number and transfer of shares and number of members, while a public limited company can have unlimited members and transferable shares.
Incorporation of Companies
The document discusses the key stages and processes involved in forming and operating a company in India according to the Companies Act of 1956. It covers the stages of promotion, incorporation, capital subscription, and commencement of business. It also discusses essential documents like the memorandum of association, articles of association, and prospectus. Other topics covered include types of company meetings, roles and powers of directors, and winding up processes like voluntary and compulsory liquidation.
Formation of companies
The document discusses the formation of companies, including the definition, stages, and required documents. It outlines the key stages of formation as promotion, name selection, incorporation by registering the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association, and raising share capital. It also describes the key company documents - the Memorandum of Association, which defines the company objectives and rules, the Articles of Association, which outlines internal regulations, and the Prospectus, which provides details of share offerings.
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This slide share is of subject company law . In this you will learn about meaning and definition of company , types / kinds of company (private , public , holding , subsidiary , limited liability and unlimited liability company etc.) , and its characteristics.
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The document provides information on the types of joint stock companies. It discusses companies based on:
1) Method of formation - chartered, statutory, registered companies
2) Liability of members - companies limited by shares, guarantee, unlimited companies
3) Membership - private, public limited companies
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It also outlines the key characteristics and stages of promotion for establishing a joint stock company.
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Vivek Agarwal's presentation discusses the meaning and types of amalgamation. Amalgamation is when two or more companies combine to form a new entity. It results in the dissolution of the original companies and establishment of a new company with a unique name and identity. There are two main types of amalgamation - amalgamation in the nature of a merger, where shareholders of the combining companies become shareholders of the new company, and amalgamation in the nature of a purchase, where one company purchases the other. Purchase consideration is the amount paid by the purchasing company and can be calculated in different ways such as lump sum payment or net asset value method.
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A joint stock company is a business organization that can raise large amounts of capital through the sale of shares, limiting the liability of shareholders to their investment. It provides advantages like professional management, limited liability, and efficient expansion. Joint stock companies can be public, with shares traded on a stock market, or private. The document discusses the meaning, types, advantages, and disadvantages of joint stock companies.
Joint stock company
A joint stock company is a voluntary association of individuals formed for profit, with capital divided into transferable shares. Key features include limited liability for shareholders, perpetual existence separate from members, transferable shares, and common seal. There are various types of companies based on ownership, liability, incorporation, and number of members. A private limited company has restrictions on number and transfer of shares and number of members, while a public limited company can have unlimited members and transferable shares.
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1. Allotment refers to the acceptance of an offer to purchase shares. For allotment to be valid, certain requirements must be met including delivery of a prospectus to regulators, minimum application amounts, and minimum subscription levels being received.
2. Shares must also be listed on the stock exchange(s) mentioned in the prospectus.
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The document outlines the key stages in forming a company:
1. Promotion, where an individual called a promoter undertakes initial work to establish the company.
2. Incorporation, which occurs when the company registers with the Registrar of Companies by submitting important documents like the Memorandum and Articles of Association.
3. Capital subscription, where a public company can raise funds from public issue of shares and debentures through steps like SEBI approval and allotment.
4. Commencement of business, the final stage where the company receives a certificate from ROC allowing it to begin operations.
Debentures
Debentures are instruments used by companies to raise long-term debt capital. A debenture acknowledges that a company has borrowed money from debenture holders that it promises to repay in the future. Debentures can be classified based on security, redemption terms, records, or convertibility. They provide advantages like no dilution of ownership and tax deductible interest payments. However, companies must make mandatory interest payments and repay the principal, or risk bankruptcy, so debentures also carry repayment risks.
Holding company
A holding company owns shares of other companies to control them but does not produce goods or services itself. It allows ownership and control of multiple companies to reduce risk for owners. A holding company controls a subsidiary's board or holds over half its equity shares. Consolidating financial statements combines the holding company and subsidiaries' income statements and balance sheets, eliminating intercompany transactions and investments to show the group's overall operating results and financial position.
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The document discusses debentures, which are a type of creditor security issued by companies to borrow funds. Debentures acknowledge a debt and provide the holder with a fixed rate of interest. They are issued for purposes like setting up new projects, expansion, or mergers. There are various types of debentures, including secured/unsecured, redeemable/perpetual, and convertible/non-convertible debentures. Debenture holders are creditors and do not have ownership or voting rights in the company. While debentures provide benefits like a steady return, there are also risks if the company defaults on interest or principal payments.
Debentures ppt
This document provides an overview of debentures, including:
- Debentures are long-term debt instruments similar to bonds that provide loan capital to a company.
- There are different types of debentures like non-convertible, partly convertible, and fully convertible debentures.
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- Key features include the face value, interest rate, maturity date, and redemption value.
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This document provides information on the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association for forming a company in India. It discusses the key clauses in the Memorandum of Association, including the name, registered office, objects, liability, capital and association clauses. It also describes how these clauses can be altered. The document then explains the purpose and typical contents covered in the Articles of Association, including share-related matters, meetings, directors and borrowing powers. It concludes by comparing the Memorandum and Articles of Association.
Difference between company and partnership
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Shares and its types
This document discusses different types of company shares. It defines a share and notes there are two main classes: preference shares and equity shares. Preference shares offer a fixed dividend rate and right to capital repayment before equity shares. Equity shares have voting rights but no fixed dividend. The document outlines various types of preference shares, including cumulative, participating, redeemable, and convertible varieties. It also describes employee shares and compares key characteristics of preference versus equity shares.
Joint Stock Company
A joint stock company is a voluntary association of individuals having a capital divided into transferable shares. It is an artificial legal entity separate from its members, with perpetual existence. A company's members have limited liability and can transfer their shares freely. It takes a large number of members and capital to operate on a large scale and undertake complex operations, which allows for professional management, efficiency, and social benefits like employment and development. However, companies also face limitations like difficulty forming, potential for control by groups, speculation, and delays in decision making.
Internal reconstruction
Here are the journal entries to record the above transactions:
Dr. Capital Reduction Account 2,50,000
To Equity Share Capital Account 2,50,000
(Being reduction in share capital as sanctioned by the court)
Dr. Profit and Loss Account 1,05,000
To Capital Reduction Account 1,05,000
(Being writing off of debit balance of profit and loss account)
Dr. Plant and Machinery Account 45,000
Dr. Goodwill Account 20,000
To Capital Reduction Account 65,000
(Being reduction in value of plant and machinery and goodwill)
Dr. Investment Account 40,000
To
Underwriting
The document discusses underwriting, which refers to an agreement where underwriters guarantee to purchase any shares or securities not subscribed to by the public from a company's public offering. It provides context around why underwriting is needed when a company conducts an initial public offering to reduce uncertainty if the public does not fully subscribe to the offering. It also defines underwriters as those who guarantee subscriptions and are responsible for purchasing unsold shares, distinguishing them from brokers who do not take responsibility. The document outlines different types of underwriting agreements, underwriter roles and responsibilities, and SEBI guidelines regulating underwriters in India.
nature and definition of a company
A company is a separate legal entity created by law that has an existence distinct from its owners and managers. It is an incorporated association with key characteristics like perpetual succession, separate legal identity, limited liability for members, and separation of ownership and control. A company comes into existence as a separate legal person once the necessary registration formalities are complete. It can own property, enter into contracts, and sue or be sued in its own right.
Company Directors
A director leads or supervises an area of a company and, with other directors, determines company policy. To be a director, one must be an individual and may not be a body corporate. Directors have qualifications like holding company shares and duties like acting loyally and avoiding conflicts. They have powers like borrowing money and recommending dividends. Directors must meet regularly, maintain quorum, and participate in meetings.
Issue of Shares
The document discusses key differences between private and public companies. It states that private companies have restrictions on the number of members and cannot invite the public to subscribe to its shares, while public companies can have an unlimited number of members and can invite public subscription. Additionally, private companies have restrictions on the transfer of shares while public companies do not.
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
The document discusses articles of association (AOA), which contain the internal rules and regulations of a company for the benefit of shareholders. AOA must be registered for certain types of companies and usually deal with matters like shareholder rights, board meetings, and resolutions. AOA can be altered by special resolution but cannot contradict the memorandum of association or companies act. The doctrine of indoor management protects outsiders dealing with companies by assuming they have constructive notice of AOA contents, with some exceptions. AOA are subordinate to the memorandum of association and govern internal company relations.
Joint Stock Company Kyna Jain BST.pdf
The document discusses joint stock companies, including their formation, features, and examples. A joint stock company pools capital from shareholders to undertake large-scale business operations. It requires documents like a memorandum of association, articles of association, and prospectus for registration. Promoters collect information and prepare documents to establish the company. Key features include being an artificial legal entity, ability to raise large capital, use of a common seal, and transferability of shares. Some well-known Indian joint stock companies are listed.
Joint stock company
- A joint stock company is a voluntary association of individuals who contribute money or money's worth to a common fund. The contributors share the profits or losses of the business proportionately.
- It has a separate legal entity from its owners, with its capital divided into transferable shares. Shareholders have limited liability and are not liable for the debts of the company beyond the face value of their shares.
- Joint stock companies allow for high capital accumulation as shares can be held by a large number of individuals. This facilitates large-scale industrial and commercial operations.
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The document discusses Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), a form of business organization found only in India. A HUF is headed by a Karta who controls and manages the family business. Other members are co-parceners who have birthrights in the family property. A HUF enjoys continuity as the business passes from one generation to the next. It provides benefits like ease of formation, continuity of operations, and increased loyalty but also has limitations like limited capital and managerial talents. The document outlines the key characteristics, taxation treatment, and pros and cons of the HUF structure.
Memorandum of association
The document discusses the Memorandum of Association (MOA), which is one of the three basic legal documents issued by a company along with the Articles of Association and Prospectus. The MOA is the constitution of a company that defines its limitations and powers. It must include clauses for the company name, registered office location, objectives, liability of members, amount of authorized capital, and signatures of initial subscribers. The MOA establishes the fundamental rules that the company must follow and ensures shareholders understand the company's permitted business activities. It is a crucial founding document required in the registration of any company.
Allotment of shares vamsi
1. Allotment refers to the acceptance of an offer to purchase shares. For allotment to be valid, certain requirements must be met including delivery of a prospectus to regulators, minimum application amounts, and minimum subscription levels being received.
2. Shares must also be listed on the stock exchange(s) mentioned in the prospectus.
3. Companies must complete allotment within 30 days of the subscription closing and obtain stock exchange approval for the basis of allotment. They must also complete trading formalities within 7 days of finalizing the allotment basis.
Company and its features
Let you learn what a company is and what are the features of a company.
visit our website: https://studymyright.com
Types of-shares
There are three main types of shares that can be issued by companies: equity shares, preference shares, and deferred shares. Equity shares do not have a fixed dividend rate and holders have voting rights. Preference shares have a fixed dividend rate and preferential rights to repayment of capital. There are various kinds of preference shares based on factors like cumulative/non-cumulative dividends and participation in profits. Deferred shares rank below equity and preference shares for dividend payments and repayment of capital.
Formation of a company
The document outlines the key stages in forming a company:
1. Promotion, where an individual called a promoter undertakes initial work to establish the company.
2. Incorporation, which occurs when the company registers with the Registrar of Companies by submitting important documents like the Memorandum and Articles of Association.
3. Capital subscription, where a public company can raise funds from public issue of shares and debentures through steps like SEBI approval and allotment.
4. Commencement of business, the final stage where the company receives a certificate from ROC allowing it to begin operations.
Debentures
Debentures are instruments used by companies to raise long-term debt capital. A debenture acknowledges that a company has borrowed money from debenture holders that it promises to repay in the future. Debentures can be classified based on security, redemption terms, records, or convertibility. They provide advantages like no dilution of ownership and tax deductible interest payments. However, companies must make mandatory interest payments and repay the principal, or risk bankruptcy, so debentures also carry repayment risks.
Holding company
A holding company owns shares of other companies to control them but does not produce goods or services itself. It allows ownership and control of multiple companies to reduce risk for owners. A holding company controls a subsidiary's board or holds over half its equity shares. Consolidating financial statements combines the holding company and subsidiaries' income statements and balance sheets, eliminating intercompany transactions and investments to show the group's overall operating results and financial position.
Debentures
The document discusses debentures, which are a type of creditor security issued by companies to borrow funds. Debentures acknowledge a debt and provide the holder with a fixed rate of interest. They are issued for purposes like setting up new projects, expansion, or mergers. There are various types of debentures, including secured/unsecured, redeemable/perpetual, and convertible/non-convertible debentures. Debenture holders are creditors and do not have ownership or voting rights in the company. While debentures provide benefits like a steady return, there are also risks if the company defaults on interest or principal payments.
Debentures ppt
This document provides an overview of debentures, including:
- Debentures are long-term debt instruments similar to bonds that provide loan capital to a company.
- There are different types of debentures like non-convertible, partly convertible, and fully convertible debentures.
- Debentures can be secured, with company assets as collateral, or unsecured.
- Key features include the face value, interest rate, maturity date, and redemption value.
Memorandum of association and articles of association
This document provides information on the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association for forming a company in India. It discusses the key clauses in the Memorandum of Association, including the name, registered office, objects, liability, capital and association clauses. It also describes how these clauses can be altered. The document then explains the purpose and typical contents covered in the Articles of Association, including share-related matters, meetings, directors and borrowing powers. It concludes by comparing the Memorandum and Articles of Association.
Difference between company and partnership
A company is a legal entity created through registration that can exist indefinitely and has limited liability for its members. A partnership firm is not a separate legal entity, does not have perpetual existence, and members have unlimited liability. Some key differences are that a company must be registered, has a minimum number of members and paid up capital, and members cannot bind the company with their own actions, whereas a partnership firm does not require registration, has no minimum member or capital rules, and partners can bind the firm through their own actions.
Shares and its types
This document discusses different types of company shares. It defines a share and notes there are two main classes: preference shares and equity shares. Preference shares offer a fixed dividend rate and right to capital repayment before equity shares. Equity shares have voting rights but no fixed dividend. The document outlines various types of preference shares, including cumulative, participating, redeemable, and convertible varieties. It also describes employee shares and compares key characteristics of preference versus equity shares.
Joint Stock Company
A joint stock company is a voluntary association of individuals having a capital divided into transferable shares. It is an artificial legal entity separate from its members, with perpetual existence. A company's members have limited liability and can transfer their shares freely. It takes a large number of members and capital to operate on a large scale and undertake complex operations, which allows for professional management, efficiency, and social benefits like employment and development. However, companies also face limitations like difficulty forming, potential for control by groups, speculation, and delays in decision making.
Internal reconstruction
Here are the journal entries to record the above transactions:
Dr. Capital Reduction Account 2,50,000
To Equity Share Capital Account 2,50,000
(Being reduction in share capital as sanctioned by the court)
Dr. Profit and Loss Account 1,05,000
To Capital Reduction Account 1,05,000
(Being writing off of debit balance of profit and loss account)
Dr. Plant and Machinery Account 45,000
Dr. Goodwill Account 20,000
To Capital Reduction Account 65,000
(Being reduction in value of plant and machinery and goodwill)
Dr. Investment Account 40,000
To
Underwriting
The document discusses underwriting, which refers to an agreement where underwriters guarantee to purchase any shares or securities not subscribed to by the public from a company's public offering. It provides context around why underwriting is needed when a company conducts an initial public offering to reduce uncertainty if the public does not fully subscribe to the offering. It also defines underwriters as those who guarantee subscriptions and are responsible for purchasing unsold shares, distinguishing them from brokers who do not take responsibility. The document outlines different types of underwriting agreements, underwriter roles and responsibilities, and SEBI guidelines regulating underwriters in India.
nature and definition of a company
A company is a separate legal entity created by law that has an existence distinct from its owners and managers. It is an incorporated association with key characteristics like perpetual succession, separate legal identity, limited liability for members, and separation of ownership and control. A company comes into existence as a separate legal person once the necessary registration formalities are complete. It can own property, enter into contracts, and sue or be sued in its own right.
Company Directors
A director leads or supervises an area of a company and, with other directors, determines company policy. To be a director, one must be an individual and may not be a body corporate. Directors have qualifications like holding company shares and duties like acting loyally and avoiding conflicts. They have powers like borrowing money and recommending dividends. Directors must meet regularly, maintain quorum, and participate in meetings.
Issue of Shares
The document discusses key differences between private and public companies. It states that private companies have restrictions on the number of members and cannot invite the public to subscribe to its shares, while public companies can have an unlimited number of members and can invite public subscription. Additionally, private companies have restrictions on the transfer of shares while public companies do not.
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
The document discusses articles of association (AOA), which contain the internal rules and regulations of a company for the benefit of shareholders. AOA must be registered for certain types of companies and usually deal with matters like shareholder rights, board meetings, and resolutions. AOA can be altered by special resolution but cannot contradict the memorandum of association or companies act. The doctrine of indoor management protects outsiders dealing with companies by assuming they have constructive notice of AOA contents, with some exceptions. AOA are subordinate to the memorandum of association and govern internal company relations.
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The document discusses the process of incorporating a company, including promotion of the company by a promoter, drafting the memorandum and articles of association, registering the company with the registrar to obtain a certificate of incorporation, subscribing capital from investors, and finally receiving a certificate of commencement of business to allow a public company to begin operations. Key steps include registering the company, filing documents with the registrar, holding board meetings, issuing a prospectus, and allotting shares to investors who subscribe to the capital.
Companies Act 1956.pptx
A company is defined as a voluntary association formed for business purposes that has a separate legal entity from its members. Key features of a company include perpetual succession, limited liability, separate legal entity status, and a common seal. The document outlines the different types of companies according to basis of incorporation, liability, and number of members. It also discusses the process of forming a company, which involves promotion, registration, raising capital, and commencement of business. The legal duties of promoters and pre-incorporation contracts are also summarized.
Company law by Ritika Tiwari.pptx
The document provides an overview of company law in India, including definitions and key concepts. It defines a company as a voluntary association of individuals for profit, having capital divided into transferable shares. The key characteristics of a company are that it is an artificial legal person, has a common seal, compulsory incorporation, perpetual succession, and limited liability. A company allows for large capital through share issuance and has separation of ownership and management through a board of directors. The document also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of forming a company, classifications of companies, and highlights of the new Companies Act of 2013.
Formation of a company
A company is formed by registration under the Companies Act 2013. The formation process involves promotion, incorporation, capital subscription, and obtaining a commencement of business certificate.
Promotion involves identifying business opportunities, organizing resources, and preparing documents. The person overseeing these activities is called the promoter. Incorporation requires submitting documents like the memorandum of association, articles of association, and consent of directors to the registrar.
After receiving a certificate of incorporation, the company raises capital through a public issue managed by underwriters and bankers. Minimum subscription must be received for the company to obtain a commencement of business certificate, officially starting operations.
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在线办理(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
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留信网认证的作用:
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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国外毕业证学位证成绩单如何办理：
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
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【业务选择办理准则】
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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如果您是以下情况，我们都能竭诚为您解决实际问题：【公司采用定金+余款的付款流程，以最大化保障您的利益，让您放心无忧】
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我们从事工作十余年的有着丰富经验的业务顾问，熟悉海外各国大学的学制及教育体系，并且以挂科生解决毕业材料不全问题为基础，为客户量身定制1对1方案，未能毕业的回国留学生成功搭建回国顺利发展所需的桥梁。我们一直努力以高品质的教育为起点，以诚信、专业、高效、创新作为一切的行动宗旨，始终把“诚信为主、质量为本、客户第一”作为我们全部工作的出发点和归宿点。同时为海内外留学生提供大学毕业证购买、补办成绩单及各类分数修改等服务；归国认证方面，提供《留信网入库》申请、《国外学历学位认证》申请以及真实学籍办理等服务，帮助众多莘莘学子实现了一个又一个梦想。
专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
如果您真实毕业回国，对于学历认证无从下手，请联系我，我们免费帮您递交
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你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助帝国理工大学同学朋友
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你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会美景更增添一份性感夹杂着一份纯洁的妖娆毫无违和感实在给人带来一份悠然幸福的心情如果说现在的审美已经断然拒绝了无声的话那么在树林间飞掠而过的小鸟叽叽咋咋的叫声是否就是这最后的点睛之笔悠然走在林间的小路上宁静与清香一丝丝的盛夏气息吸入身体昔日生活里的繁忙与焦躁早已淡然无存心中满是悠然清淡的芳菲身体不由的轻松脚步也感到无比的轻快走出这盘栾交错的小道眼前是连绵不绝的山峦浩荡天地间大自然毫无吝啬的展现它的达
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如果你回国在学历认证方面有以下难题请联系我们我们将竭诚为你解决认证瓶颈
1所有材料真实但资料不全无法提供完全齐整的原件。【如：成绩单丶毕业证丶回国证明等材料中有遗失的。】
2获得真实的国外最终学历学位但国外本科学历就读经历存在问题或缺陷。【如：国外本科是教育部不承认的或者是联合办学项目教育部没有备案的或者外本科没有正常毕业的。】
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What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
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In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.Does teamwork really matter? Looking beyond the job posting to understand lab...
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Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.Tdasx: Unveiling the Trillion-Dollar Potential of Bitcoin DeFi
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Joint Stock Company formation and features
- 1. JOINT STOCK COMPANY -Formation and its Features Presented By : Aravindreddy M 18951A0582
- 2. "Joint stock company is a form of organization which is capable of mobilizing larger amount of capital with provision of limited liability for owners and affording professional management to conduct its business“ Meaning of Joint Stock Company :
- 3. Joint Stock Company Chartered company Registered company Limited by promise Limited by share Public Limited Private Limited Statutory company
- 4. Formation of Joint Stock Company : Joint Stock Company Promotion Registration Capital Subscription Commencement Of Business
- 5. Promoters: Some people join together with the aim to start a company and are called Promoters. They act as the first directors to formulate the company. The promoters collect all the information needed for the formation, promotion and financial requirement of the business. Promoters also prepare the important documents required for the formation of the company. Promoters also follow up the process to get the certificate of Incorporation. In case of Public companies , Promoters take the required steps to pool the share capital.
- 6. Necessary Documents required for the formation of Joint Stock Company: Memorandum of Association Article of Association Prospectus For Registration
- 7. Memorandum of Association: Aim and Objectives of the company Different types of shares Ways of Subscription The memorandum of association should contain : Articles of Association: The Articles of association should contains the rules and regulations of the administration of the company.
- 8. Registration: For Public companies, a name has to be chosen which should not be identical to any existing company. The promoters then need to submit the requisition letter along with all the necessary documents and prescribed fees to the register. The requisition letter should contain : =>Proposed name of the company =>Name and Address of first seven directors. =>Consent to act as a first Directors =>TwoWitnesses All the requisition letters should be signed by first seven directors and counter signature by Chartered accountant or Practicing Supreme Court Advocate
- 9. Capital Subscription: Once the directors receive the certificate of incorporation , they issue the prospectus(brochure) to the public which results in start of capital subscriptions of the company . Private companies cannot issue prospectus and however in place of prospectus they submit statements to the registrar.
- 10. A public limited company cannot commence business just by raising capital. In order to start a business a public limited company should get a certificate called the certificate to commence the business from registrar. Commencement of business:
- 11. A)An artificial person The company enjoys all the rights as a citizen of a country would enjoy. It 'can own properties, enter into contracts. B) Separate legal entity The company is separate from the persons who own it . The company cannot be held responsible for any misdeeds of the members.
- 12. C)Large capital A Joint Stock Company can generate huge amount of money towards capital, because the number of persons contributing towards capital are more in number when compared to Sole Proprietorship or Partnership organization. D)Common seal The company, being an artificial being, cannot affix its signature on the documents on its own.The common seal is used in place of a signature
- 13. E)Legal formation The formation of a Joint Stock Company is governed by the rules and regulations laid down in the Companies Act, 1956. F)Transferability of shares The shares of a Joint Stock Company are easily transferable from one person to another, since it is a Public Limited Company
- 14. THANK YOU