Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling in 1995, known for its platform independence and robust security features. It includes key components such as the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and Java Development Kit (JDK), facilitating the development of various applications, including web, mobile, and enterprise solutions. Advantages of Java include automatic memory management, multithreading support, and a strong community backing.