Jacob work labor intensive and capital intensive techniques are

1. Jacob Work:
Labor intensive and capital-intensive techniques are widely
used by many of the organisation based on the need of their
requirements of labor, capital and size of the company etc. In
labor intensive technique a greater number of labor are involved
and less amount of capital is invested. On the other side of
capital investment wherein high capital is used and a smaller
number of labor forces are required. In capital intensive case
more capital is required as majority of the work is digitalis ed
and automated which will replace labor and is practiced in
railways, airline etc. whereas labor intensive technique is used
by agriculture, mining and food chain sectors etc. Network
effect is a situation where with the increase in customers
capability to purchase a product or service will result in
increased price of the product or services. Network effect is the
factor which will largely favour innovation and will allow the
business to make new products and services and can work on
competing other business. Network effect help the business
retain customers and achieve operational excellence(Holmes &
France., 2002).
Aerospace manufacturing is a complex and intricate process
which demand skilled workers with good experience to deal
with complex parts and also aerospace manufacturing has low
production volumes. Now-a-days aerospace industry has shifted
to automation majorly and are using digitalised equipment in
manufacturing their parts and in assembling their counterparts
and product. Boeing Dreamline 787 is one of the key projects of
Boeing and is fuel efficient and light weight than any other
commercial airliners. Boeing Dreamliner made a good network
effect for Boeing’s new product Dreamliner 787. Boeing built
new facilities for making Dreamliner 787 which is more of
automated services with less labor work while dealing with
sensitive and intricate parts. So, Boeing is more of capital -
intensive technique for producing Dreamliner 787(Elahiet al.,

2. 2014).
References:
Heese, J., Srinivasan, S., Lane, D., & Barnett, J. (2017).
Accounting Turbulence at Boeing.
Holmes, S., & France, M. (2002). Boeing’s secret,
BusinessWeek, accessed 25 September 2019.
Elahi, E., Sheikhzadeh, M., & Lamba, N. (2014). An integrated
outsourcing framework: Analysing Boeing's outsourcing
program for Dreamliner (B787). Knowledge and Process
Management, 21(1), 13-28.
Csereklyei, Z., & Stern, D. I. (2018). Flying more efficiently:
joint impacts of fuel prices, capital costs and fleet size on
airline fleet fuel economy (No. 1810). Centre for Climate
Economics & Policy, Crawford School of Public Policy, The
Australian National University.
Dushyanth Work:
Production Economics
McGuigan, Moyer, & Harris (2017) introduced the concept of
production function. The function illustrates the combination of
inputs yielding a given level of output. The producers require
raw materials and labor to produce their commodities. They can
consume both fixed and variable types of input (McGuigan et
al., 2017). In the case of fixed inputs, the cost of input does not
depend on the units produced.
Chui’s (2018) video shows that Boeing company uses
both labor and capital in its operations. For instance, it imports
the Dreamlifter OPS’s materials from different regions. The
regions include South Carolina, North Charleston, Japan, and
Italy. This shows the application of capital. The assembly of the
aircraft occurs in eight regions. Thus, there are supervisors and
controllers to ensure efficiency in each stage. The employees
form part of labor required in the firm (Chui, 2018). They also
assist in wiring the aircraft, where the company requires many

3. employees if the aircraft has to be completed fast.
The management also require capital, in the form of
machinery to transport the aircraft parts from one assembly
point to the other. The machinery also undertakes some
automated tasks like joinery and painting (Chui, 2018).
Therefore, the company is labor and capital intensive.
Production efficiency relies on the joint efforts of machines and
humans (Chui, 2018). The management cannot effectively
replace one form of input with the other.
Chui (2018) also illustrates that the management
benefits from network effects. The assembly plant has eight
positions, starting from zero to seven. The tasks undertaken in
position zero is utilized by position one up to position seven.
Therefore, the management is able to deliver value from the
initial operations (Jorgenson, 2015). Alternatively, it imports
assembled parts from different regions. The parts become more
valuable after being incorporated into the aircraft.
References
Chui, S. (2018, April 6). How a Boeing 787 Dreamliner is Built
? YouTube Video File. Retrieved on 10th February from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRfXyccWUP4
Jorgenson, E. (2015, June 22). The Power of Network Effects:
Why they make such Valuable Companies, and how to Harness
them. The Medium, np
McGuigan, J., Moyer, R., & Harris, F. (2017). Managerial
Economics
Applications, Strategies and Tactics, 14e. Cengage Learning
Jacob Work:
The main objective of least privilege concept is to allow the
users to gain access to database based on their needs and
restriction is enabled to certain set of data which is
confidential. Least privilege is a practice of restricting access
rights to specific accounts, users and computing services etc
and providing access to limited number of users to execute their

4. activties. With the aid of providing least privilege services, it
will ensure users will be provided with right content and there
is no wastage of data and time and can reduce the chances of
unnecessary risks or interruptions as several users work on
database and it is difficult to arrange the services without any
interruption and traffic concerns.
For instance, consider a user belonging to developing
department and one needs access to computer language code and
respective details providing them with other service access will
complex the process and result in wastage of time and
interruption to others. Restricting such access rights is referred
as principle of least privilege. The principle of least privilege
will enable limited services to users based on their need of the
work. With the aid of least privilege concept, one can reduce
the potency of risks and threats as confidential data is accessed
through limited sources and management can monitor the access
as least privilege is provided by management and will restrict
access to sensitive data. This will also compromise the attacks
from origin of the attack and restrict it from spreading it to
other systems(Hammad et al., 2019).
Based on the need of the organisations most of the privileges
are accessed and are role based or depend on the experience and
expertise. “Implementing the POLP helps contain compromise
to their area of origin, stopping them form spreading at
large” (Nate, 2018). The principle of least privilege has the
potential to make huge impact on the database security if it is
implemented successfully. The authentication and authorisation
also play a crucial role in POLP and these steps will ensure that
only authenticated users with authorisation will be allowed to
gain access and has to follow two step verification. In this
modern technological world, there are high chances of data
breaches which will negatively impact the business and there
are many such firms been the victims of data breaches and will
pose great damage to entire business. Upon considering such
aspects of data loss, it is important to maintain high level of
security and necessary measurements like PLOP will ensure

5. better security of data flow and failing to do so will face the
consequences(Mendoza, 2018).
The system security is enhanced with the aid of principle of
least privilege because the unknown users are not allowed to
gain access and are restricted to download and install software
applications which hold malware content and can pose great
damage to system. This POLP will restrict the users from
executing such actions and will increase the security standard.
The better regulatory and compliance and data security is
possible with principle of least privilege. It is also experienced
that with principle of least privilege a better incident response
plan is executed and change management and respective
configurations are possible(Ellen., 2020).
References:
Nate. Lord. (2018, September 12). What is the Principle of
Least Privilege (POLP)? A Best Practice for Information
Security and
Compliance. https://digitalguardian.com/blog/what-principle-
least-privilege-polp-best-practice-information-security-and-
compliance
Mendoza, M. (2018). The principle of least privilege and how it
can used in cybersecurity. Retrieved
from https://www.welivesecurity.com/2018/07/02/principle-
least-privilege-strategy/
Hammad, M., Bagheri, H., & Malek, S. (2019). DelDroid: An
automated approach for the determination and enforcement of
least-privilege architecture in android. Journal of Systems &
Software, 14(9), 83-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.11.049.
Ellen Neveux. (2020). 5 advantages of the principle of least
privilege. Available at: https://www.securelink.com/blog/what-
are-the-benefits-of-the-least-privileged-principle/.

6. Dushyanth Work:
Week 5 Discussion Principle of Least Privilege
Lord (2020) argues that, “The principle of least
privilege (POLP) is the idea that at any user, program, or
process should have only the bare minimum privileges
necessary to perform its function.” Therefore, one need not
access unauthorized data void of valid reasons. It implies that
user accounts should not be allowed to possess administr ator
privileges. Moreover, programmers have no right tampering
with an organization’s finances (Lord, 2020). The principle has
several merits to information security experts.
The POLP ensures that users have only the enough
access rights aligned with their required operations. It prevents
data attacks since hackers cannot compromise low-level user
accounts and access highly sensitive data (Lord, 2020). The
hackers will only access data in the compromised region and
fail to advance to the entire system. The author noted that,
“Edward Snowden was able to leak millions of NSA files
because he had admin privileges, though his highest-level task
was creating database backups” (Lord, 2020). The incidence
demonstrated compromise of the POLP.
The management increased security by implementing
the POLP. It ensured that 90 % of the workers could not utilize
administrator privilege (Lord, 2020). The principle also assists
in reducing the attack surface. In the case of Target breach, the
70 million Target customer data stolen resulted from breach of
the POLP. The management allowed an HVAC contractor to
upload executable which was beyond his roles (Lord, 2020).

7. The implementation of POLP could have reduced the threat
from the contractor.
The principle also mitigates the system from malware
propagation. “Malware that infects a system bolstered by the
principle of least privilege is often contained to the small
section where it entered first” (Lord, 2020). The malware will
be detected in its area of origin before it escalates. The
management should also rely on the POLP to comply with
different regulations (Lord, 2020). Therefore, it avoids
challenges during audits or litigation.
Organizations have different employees who have their
specific roles in data management. For instance, we have the
primary administrator and email team in an organization.
Svidergol (2019) argues that, “If the organization does not
enforce least privileges, both the primary administrator and the
email administrators might be granted administrative access to
all the company’s servers, which introduces unnecessary risk.”
The weakness allows primary administrators to compromise the
roles of their counterparts void of accountability. It should be
addressed by employing the POLP, which will limit the roles of
each employee (Svidergol, 2019). The principle also reduces
probability of accidental and deliberate damage.
Organizations can address various identity risks using
the POLP. The risk are separation of duty, dormant identities,
privilege escalation, and toxic combinations. It is evident that,
“Separation of duties (SoD) is an internal control concept
commonly applied which involves the sharing of a set of
responsibilities and privileges among multiple users with the
intention of preventing fraud and error” (Kedrosky, 2020). SoD
addresses conflict of interest and wrongful acts. It also detects
control failures in security measures. The POLP ensures that all
identities, either people or non-people, have distinct roles.
References
Kedrosky, E. (2020, July 10). Getting to and Maintaining the
Principle of Least Privilege. Sonrai Security
Lord, N. (2020, December 1). What is the Principle of Least

8. Privilege (POLP)? A Best Practice for Information Security and
Compliance. The Digital Guardian.
Svidergol, B. (2019, April 30). What is the Principle of Least
Access? Netwrix