This document provides an overview of the green jobs debate and commitments made by governments related to employment and green jobs. Some key points:
1) Green jobs are aimed at addressing employment, energy, and environmental issues simultaneously through policies that "green" the economy. Estimates suggest green jobs could increase from 2.3 to 20 million globally by 2030.
2) The employment impact of green policies is uncertain and debated, as it depends on factors like technology costs and quality. Some options like energy efficiency and public transport may provide more jobs per dollar spent than other clean energy options.
3) Developed and developing countries are both expected to benefit from green jobs, though developing countries may gain more production jobs.
Clean Energy Works Portland helps homeowners finance and install home energy upgrades like insulation and high-efficiency appliances through low-interest loans that are paid back via utility bills, in order to make homes more energy efficient while creating green jobs and career opportunities in the trades. The program brings together stakeholders from government, non-profits, and utilities to design and fund the initiative using a mix of federal, local, and philanthropic funding. Early results suggest the program is achieving its goals of reducing energy use, putting people to work, and piloting a model that could be scaled in other cities.
The document discusses sustainability initiatives in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It focuses on (1) reducing pollution and toxicity to improve human and environmental health, (2) decreasing waste and increasing recycled content, and (3) lowering non-renewable energy consumption and depletion of natural resources. The city aims to lead by example in government and encourage similar actions in households and businesses.
The document discusses green job initiatives that can help refugees find employment. It profiles several programs:
1) The Green Jobs Corps in Oakland provides job training in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and green construction, with paid internships.
2) The New American Sustainable Agriculture Project in Maine helps refugee and immigrant farmers access land and marketing assistance to grow organic vegetables and flowers.
3) Richmond, California's BUILD program provides construction skills training and solar installation training, placing 90% of graduates in high-wage green jobs averaging $18.33/hour.
4) Massachusetts' Green Industry Career Development program partners refugees with nurseries and landscaping companies, providing training and paid
Ort Jet sustainability climate change strategy presentation finalekagan
This document discusses sustainability and climate change policy in South Africa. It provides definitions of sustainability and outlines the emergence of sustainability as an international issue. It then summarizes South Africa's policy position, including the country's commitment to reduce emissions and the introduction of policies like a carbon tax. The document concludes by outlining priorities in the national budget for initiatives like increasing electricity and fuel levies to fund energy efficiency and infrastructure projects.
Earth Negotiations Bulletin Summary of Second Round of Informal-Informal Nego...uncsd2012
This document provides a summary of informal consultations on the draft outcome document for the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). It discusses the process of revising the draft document through negotiations between 23 April and 4 May 2012. While some progress was made and agreement reached on 21 paragraphs, over 400 paragraphs remained bracketed due to ongoing disagreements on issues like green economy, institutional framework for sustainable development, and sustainable development goals. An additional negotiation session was scheduled for late May to continue working on the document before Rio+20.
The document provides an overview of Chapters III and IV of the zero draft on green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication (GESDPE) and institutional framework for sustainable development (IFSD). It summarizes the key elements and proposed revisions to the chapters, including framing green economy, toolkits and experience sharing platforms, and frameworks for action. Member states proposed numerous amendments focusing on social and economic dimensions, knowledge sharing, and strengthening governance and implementation.
This document provides an overview of international commitments and progress on sustainable ocean management. It discusses the importance of oceans, including their role in supporting life, driving climate cycles, and providing food and resources that support hundreds of millions of livelihoods. While agreements like UNCLOS and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation recognize oceans' importance, implementation of sustainable ocean policies has been slow. Existing initiatives and agreements have had limited effectiveness in addressing threats like overfishing, pollution, and loss of coastal and marine habitats. Continued international cooperation is needed to close remaining policy gaps and more fully achieve the goal of healthy, productive oceans.
ICSU-UNESCO Regional Science and Technology Workshopsuncsd2012
The document summarizes five regional workshops organized by ICSU and UNESCO in 2011 to provide input from the science, technology, and innovation community into the Rio+20 Conference on sustainable development. Each workshop brought together scientists, policymakers, civil society representatives, and others from their respective regions to discuss key issues. They recommended strengthening the role of science in policymaking and sustainable development, prioritizing issues like climate change, food security, and green economies. The workshops aimed to ensure science is integrated into sustainable development efforts and address regional concerns at the Rio+20 Conference.
Clean Energy Works Portland helps homeowners finance and install home energy upgrades like insulation and high-efficiency appliances through low-interest loans that are paid back via utility bills, in order to make homes more energy efficient while creating green jobs and career opportunities in the trades. The program brings together stakeholders from government, non-profits, and utilities to design and fund the initiative using a mix of federal, local, and philanthropic funding. Early results suggest the program is achieving its goals of reducing energy use, putting people to work, and piloting a model that could be scaled in other cities.
The document discusses sustainability initiatives in Bridgeport, Connecticut. It focuses on (1) reducing pollution and toxicity to improve human and environmental health, (2) decreasing waste and increasing recycled content, and (3) lowering non-renewable energy consumption and depletion of natural resources. The city aims to lead by example in government and encourage similar actions in households and businesses.
The document discusses green job initiatives that can help refugees find employment. It profiles several programs:
1) The Green Jobs Corps in Oakland provides job training in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and green construction, with paid internships.
2) The New American Sustainable Agriculture Project in Maine helps refugee and immigrant farmers access land and marketing assistance to grow organic vegetables and flowers.
3) Richmond, California's BUILD program provides construction skills training and solar installation training, placing 90% of graduates in high-wage green jobs averaging $18.33/hour.
4) Massachusetts' Green Industry Career Development program partners refugees with nurseries and landscaping companies, providing training and paid
Ort Jet sustainability climate change strategy presentation finalekagan
This document discusses sustainability and climate change policy in South Africa. It provides definitions of sustainability and outlines the emergence of sustainability as an international issue. It then summarizes South Africa's policy position, including the country's commitment to reduce emissions and the introduction of policies like a carbon tax. The document concludes by outlining priorities in the national budget for initiatives like increasing electricity and fuel levies to fund energy efficiency and infrastructure projects.
Earth Negotiations Bulletin Summary of Second Round of Informal-Informal Nego...uncsd2012
This document provides a summary of informal consultations on the draft outcome document for the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). It discusses the process of revising the draft document through negotiations between 23 April and 4 May 2012. While some progress was made and agreement reached on 21 paragraphs, over 400 paragraphs remained bracketed due to ongoing disagreements on issues like green economy, institutional framework for sustainable development, and sustainable development goals. An additional negotiation session was scheduled for late May to continue working on the document before Rio+20.
The document provides an overview of Chapters III and IV of the zero draft on green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication (GESDPE) and institutional framework for sustainable development (IFSD). It summarizes the key elements and proposed revisions to the chapters, including framing green economy, toolkits and experience sharing platforms, and frameworks for action. Member states proposed numerous amendments focusing on social and economic dimensions, knowledge sharing, and strengthening governance and implementation.
This document provides an overview of international commitments and progress on sustainable ocean management. It discusses the importance of oceans, including their role in supporting life, driving climate cycles, and providing food and resources that support hundreds of millions of livelihoods. While agreements like UNCLOS and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation recognize oceans' importance, implementation of sustainable ocean policies has been slow. Existing initiatives and agreements have had limited effectiveness in addressing threats like overfishing, pollution, and loss of coastal and marine habitats. Continued international cooperation is needed to close remaining policy gaps and more fully achieve the goal of healthy, productive oceans.
ICSU-UNESCO Regional Science and Technology Workshopsuncsd2012
The document summarizes five regional workshops organized by ICSU and UNESCO in 2011 to provide input from the science, technology, and innovation community into the Rio+20 Conference on sustainable development. Each workshop brought together scientists, policymakers, civil society representatives, and others from their respective regions to discuss key issues. They recommended strengthening the role of science in policymaking and sustainable development, prioritizing issues like climate change, food security, and green economies. The workshops aimed to ensure science is integrated into sustainable development efforts and address regional concerns at the Rio+20 Conference.
This study provides strong evidence that an enhanced national recycling
and composting strategy in the United States can significantly and sustainably
address critical national priorities including climate change, lasting
job creation, and improved health. Achieving a 75 percent diversion1
rate for municipal solid waste (MSW) and construction and demolition
debris (C&D) by 2030 will result in:
• A total of 2.3 million jobs: Almost twice as many jobs as the projected
2030 Base Case Scenario, and about 2.7 times as many jobs as exist in
2008. There would be a significant number of additional indirect jobs
associated with suppliers to this growing sector, and additional induced
jobs from the increased spending by the new workers.
• Lower greenhouse gas emissions: The reduction of almost 515 million
metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (eMTCO2) from diversion activities,
an additional 276 million eMTCO2 than the Base Case, equivalent
to shutting down about 72 coal power plants or taking 50 million
cars off the road.
• Less pollution overall: Significant reductions in a range of conventional
and toxic emissions that impact human and ecosystem health.
• Unquantified benefits of reducing ecological pressures associated with
use of non-renewable resources, conserving energy throughout the materials
economy, and generating economic resiliency through stable, local
employment.
1
DO GREEN PROGRAMS CREATE JOBS OR DESTROY JOBS?AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Green jobs are of intense interest in the USA – especially the issue of net job creation: Do
green programs create jobs or destroy jobs?We determine that there are two issues: 1) the issue of when
investing a specified amount in a green jobs initiative, how many jobs are created compared to investing the
same amount in other programs; 2) the issue of whether the creation of jobs via green initiatives destroys “nongreen” jobs.Here we address thesecritical questions by analyzing the major studies conducted. We find that
there are numerous studies finding both that green programs create jobs and that green programs destroy jobs.
Nevertheless, we conclude, with caveats, that rigorous review of the existing research indicates that investments
in environmental and green economy programs will likely have substantial net positive impacts on the economy
and jobs. We caution that the net positive economic and jobs impacts, while significant for policy purposes,
should not obscure the fact that the major purpose of these programs is the energy and environmental and
benefits they will create -- jobs benefits are an important secondary benefit, but must be evaluated as such.
KEY WORDS: green jobs; USA green jobs; net green jobs; green jobs creation; green jobs vs. non-green
jobs
Middle Class Task Force. Green Jobs: A Pathway To A Strong Middle ClassObama White House
This is a report from the White House Task Force on Middle Class Working Families: The Task Force is a major initiative targeted at raising the living standards of middle-class, working families in America. It is comprised of top-level administration policy makers, and in addition to regular meetings, it will conduct outreach sessions with representatives of labor, business, and the advocacy communities. More information is available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/strongmiddleclass/
The document discusses green job initiatives that can help refugees find employment. It profiles several programs:
1) The Green Jobs Corps in Oakland provides job training in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and green construction, with paid internships.
2) The New American Sustainable Agriculture Project in Maine helps refugee and immigrant farmers access land and marketing assistance to grow organic vegetables and flowers.
3) Richmond, California's BUILD program provides construction skills training and solar installation training, placing 90% of graduates in high-wage green jobs averaging $18.33/hour.
4) Massachusetts' Green Industry Career Development program partners refugees with nurseries and landscaping companies, providing training and jobs
The World Green Building Council's Europe Network is driving green building practices across Europe by creating leadership networks and influencing policy to transform the region's built environment. The Network represents over 30 green building councils at various stages of development across 21 European countries and over 3,500 member organizations. It aims to strengthen green building capacity, share best practices, and support national implementation of EU policies and directives to advance the industry's transition to more sustainable buildings.
1. The document summarizes the internship of Gangming Liang at Kevin Stephens Design Group as a green investment analyst. His tasks included constructing financial models, analyzing costs and benefits, and researching green value for KSDG's green energy projects.
2. Green buildings provide direct benefits like energy and water savings, lower operating costs, and indirect benefits like improved health and productivity. Energy savings alone can provide a 20-year net present value of $4-16 per square foot.
3. Green buildings also reduce carbon emissions, create jobs, and have lower overall operational costs compared to traditional buildings. Investing in green buildings' energy efficiency can create large economic and environmental benefits.
A green urban economy realizes opportunities to enhance human well-being and local natural resources, while reducing future costs, ecological scarcities and environmental risks. Cities concentrate people, infrastructure, and economic activity, allowing them to achieve more with less through eco-efficiency. Local governments can steer investments, set policies, and provide incentives to green the local economy by supporting areas like renewable energy and clean technologies.
Abbey Exec Summary, Pa Green Jobs Status ReportWalmartCAN
The document provides an overview of green jobs in Pennsylvania in 2009. It defines green jobs and lists 5 categories (efficiency, energy, environment, economy, and equity) that characterize green jobs. It discusses why green jobs are important for economic growth and environmental sustainability. The document also provides examples of green jobs in industries like wind energy, biomass energy, and solar energy that are emerging in Pennsylvania. It summarizes Pennsylvania's alternative energy portfolio standards and incentives that are driving the growth of green jobs in the state.
The report finds that millions of green jobs have already been created globally across key sectors such as energy, construction, transportation, manufacturing, and forestry. Many countries have seen significant growth in renewable energy jobs in particular. However, not all current green jobs meet standards for decent, sustainable work. Barriers also remain such as a lack of needed skills. The transformative shift required for environmental sustainability could generate many more green jobs in the future if the right policies support continued growth in relevant sectors and ensure job quality.
The document discusses the green growth opportunity for Wales. It outlines what green growth and a green economy entail, including definitions from various international organizations. Examples of green growth initiatives from around the world are provided across different sectors like energy, cities, natural resources and more. The document then discusses approaches to green growth planning, emphasizing economic performance while managing environmental and social factors. Finally, implications for Wales are considered, like opportunities in various industry value chains and the emerging green economy in Wales and the UK.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of renewable energy on rural development and sustainability in the UK. The study analyzed 12 case studies of different renewable energy technologies through interviews and economic modeling. It found that biomass energy had the largest local economic multipliers, while wind and hydro schemes provided more community benefits than substantive jobs or income. Meeting the UK's 10% renewable energy target by 2010 was estimated to contribute £743 million to rural output and support 2465 full-time rural jobs, with benefits including new employment and income for farmers. However, the study noted that some impacts depend on factors like the location of supply industries and effects on existing agricultural activities.
PPT is based on the sustainable development goals basically on goal 7 and goal 13. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The SDGs work in the spirit of partnership and pragmatism to make the right choices now to improve life, in a sustainable way, for future generations.
The document proposes a Global Apollo Program to combat climate change through developing clean energy technologies. It notes that current commitments will not limit global warming to under 2°C, and renewable energy research and development (RD&D) is underfunded. The program proposes coordinating international RD&D efforts and spending 0.02% of GDP annually on priority areas like solar energy, electricity storage, and transmission to drive innovation and reduce costs, with a goal of making renewable energy cheaper than coal by 2020-2025. It aims to build on models like the semiconductor industry roadmap to accelerate progress through international collaboration.
This presentation summarises The Climate Institute’s report, Global Climate Leadership Review 2013. It provides an overview of Australian climate policy in a global context, as well as elaborating on the implications of global climate diplomacy and domestic actions for Australia. For more information, visit http://www.climateinstitute.org.au/global-climate-leadership-review-2013.html.
This document discusses a voluntary industry initiative to address climate change called the International Power Partnerships Initiative (IPP). The IPP aims to identify international energy projects that produce measurable reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. It provides an opportunity for US industry to maintain leadership in international climate efforts. The document outlines the goals of the IPP and references past successes of related programs in leveraging private investment for climate projects globally. It invites power companies to participate in the sponsoring group for the new IPP initiative.
The document discusses a study analyzing the relationship between green bonds, CO2 emissions, and market dynamics in developing nations. The study aims to understand how green bond issuance trends relate to carbon emissions levels in key developing countries and how local market conditions impact green bond success. It examines data on green bond issuance and cumulative CO2 emissions in the top 10 developing countries from 2020 to 2022 and finds a correlation between the two variables. The study provides recommendations to help increase green bond issuance and financing for sustainable projects in developing markets.
The impact of environmental accounting and reporting on sustainable developme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that evaluated the relationship between environmental accounting and reporting and sustainable development in Nigeria. It was discovered that there is a significant relationship between the two and that environmental accounting can encourage organizations to track emissions and environmental data against reduction targets. Noncompliance with environmental accounting and reporting can have consequences. It was recommended that organizations adopt standards and graphical indicators to illustrate environmental performance over time to users.
Over 700 voluntary commitments were made by governments, UN organizations, businesses, and NGOs towards sustainable development, mobilizing over $500 billion. These commitments include planting trees, greening deserts, saving electricity, empowering women entrepreneurs, and establishing education programs. The UN is supporting countries' sustainable energy and development efforts. The commitments complement the official Rio+20 Conference outcomes and take the world closer to achieving sustainable development goals.
The document summarizes the programme of meetings and parallel activities taking place on Friday, 22 June 2012 at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Key events included the 5th and 6th plenary meetings focused on general debates and adoption of documents, as well as Round Table 4 on implementing expected conference outcomes. Side events and press conferences were also scheduled alongside other sessions on partnerships, sustainable development learning, and a dialogue with UN system heads.
This study provides strong evidence that an enhanced national recycling
and composting strategy in the United States can significantly and sustainably
address critical national priorities including climate change, lasting
job creation, and improved health. Achieving a 75 percent diversion1
rate for municipal solid waste (MSW) and construction and demolition
debris (C&D) by 2030 will result in:
• A total of 2.3 million jobs: Almost twice as many jobs as the projected
2030 Base Case Scenario, and about 2.7 times as many jobs as exist in
2008. There would be a significant number of additional indirect jobs
associated with suppliers to this growing sector, and additional induced
jobs from the increased spending by the new workers.
• Lower greenhouse gas emissions: The reduction of almost 515 million
metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (eMTCO2) from diversion activities,
an additional 276 million eMTCO2 than the Base Case, equivalent
to shutting down about 72 coal power plants or taking 50 million
cars off the road.
• Less pollution overall: Significant reductions in a range of conventional
and toxic emissions that impact human and ecosystem health.
• Unquantified benefits of reducing ecological pressures associated with
use of non-renewable resources, conserving energy throughout the materials
economy, and generating economic resiliency through stable, local
employment.
1
DO GREEN PROGRAMS CREATE JOBS OR DESTROY JOBS?AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Green jobs are of intense interest in the USA – especially the issue of net job creation: Do
green programs create jobs or destroy jobs?We determine that there are two issues: 1) the issue of when
investing a specified amount in a green jobs initiative, how many jobs are created compared to investing the
same amount in other programs; 2) the issue of whether the creation of jobs via green initiatives destroys “nongreen” jobs.Here we address thesecritical questions by analyzing the major studies conducted. We find that
there are numerous studies finding both that green programs create jobs and that green programs destroy jobs.
Nevertheless, we conclude, with caveats, that rigorous review of the existing research indicates that investments
in environmental and green economy programs will likely have substantial net positive impacts on the economy
and jobs. We caution that the net positive economic and jobs impacts, while significant for policy purposes,
should not obscure the fact that the major purpose of these programs is the energy and environmental and
benefits they will create -- jobs benefits are an important secondary benefit, but must be evaluated as such.
KEY WORDS: green jobs; USA green jobs; net green jobs; green jobs creation; green jobs vs. non-green
jobs
Middle Class Task Force. Green Jobs: A Pathway To A Strong Middle ClassObama White House
This is a report from the White House Task Force on Middle Class Working Families: The Task Force is a major initiative targeted at raising the living standards of middle-class, working families in America. It is comprised of top-level administration policy makers, and in addition to regular meetings, it will conduct outreach sessions with representatives of labor, business, and the advocacy communities. More information is available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/strongmiddleclass/
The document discusses green job initiatives that can help refugees find employment. It profiles several programs:
1) The Green Jobs Corps in Oakland provides job training in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and green construction, with paid internships.
2) The New American Sustainable Agriculture Project in Maine helps refugee and immigrant farmers access land and marketing assistance to grow organic vegetables and flowers.
3) Richmond, California's BUILD program provides construction skills training and solar installation training, placing 90% of graduates in high-wage green jobs averaging $18.33/hour.
4) Massachusetts' Green Industry Career Development program partners refugees with nurseries and landscaping companies, providing training and jobs
The World Green Building Council's Europe Network is driving green building practices across Europe by creating leadership networks and influencing policy to transform the region's built environment. The Network represents over 30 green building councils at various stages of development across 21 European countries and over 3,500 member organizations. It aims to strengthen green building capacity, share best practices, and support national implementation of EU policies and directives to advance the industry's transition to more sustainable buildings.
1. The document summarizes the internship of Gangming Liang at Kevin Stephens Design Group as a green investment analyst. His tasks included constructing financial models, analyzing costs and benefits, and researching green value for KSDG's green energy projects.
2. Green buildings provide direct benefits like energy and water savings, lower operating costs, and indirect benefits like improved health and productivity. Energy savings alone can provide a 20-year net present value of $4-16 per square foot.
3. Green buildings also reduce carbon emissions, create jobs, and have lower overall operational costs compared to traditional buildings. Investing in green buildings' energy efficiency can create large economic and environmental benefits.
A green urban economy realizes opportunities to enhance human well-being and local natural resources, while reducing future costs, ecological scarcities and environmental risks. Cities concentrate people, infrastructure, and economic activity, allowing them to achieve more with less through eco-efficiency. Local governments can steer investments, set policies, and provide incentives to green the local economy by supporting areas like renewable energy and clean technologies.
Abbey Exec Summary, Pa Green Jobs Status ReportWalmartCAN
The document provides an overview of green jobs in Pennsylvania in 2009. It defines green jobs and lists 5 categories (efficiency, energy, environment, economy, and equity) that characterize green jobs. It discusses why green jobs are important for economic growth and environmental sustainability. The document also provides examples of green jobs in industries like wind energy, biomass energy, and solar energy that are emerging in Pennsylvania. It summarizes Pennsylvania's alternative energy portfolio standards and incentives that are driving the growth of green jobs in the state.
The report finds that millions of green jobs have already been created globally across key sectors such as energy, construction, transportation, manufacturing, and forestry. Many countries have seen significant growth in renewable energy jobs in particular. However, not all current green jobs meet standards for decent, sustainable work. Barriers also remain such as a lack of needed skills. The transformative shift required for environmental sustainability could generate many more green jobs in the future if the right policies support continued growth in relevant sectors and ensure job quality.
The document discusses the green growth opportunity for Wales. It outlines what green growth and a green economy entail, including definitions from various international organizations. Examples of green growth initiatives from around the world are provided across different sectors like energy, cities, natural resources and more. The document then discusses approaches to green growth planning, emphasizing economic performance while managing environmental and social factors. Finally, implications for Wales are considered, like opportunities in various industry value chains and the emerging green economy in Wales and the UK.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of renewable energy on rural development and sustainability in the UK. The study analyzed 12 case studies of different renewable energy technologies through interviews and economic modeling. It found that biomass energy had the largest local economic multipliers, while wind and hydro schemes provided more community benefits than substantive jobs or income. Meeting the UK's 10% renewable energy target by 2010 was estimated to contribute £743 million to rural output and support 2465 full-time rural jobs, with benefits including new employment and income for farmers. However, the study noted that some impacts depend on factors like the location of supply industries and effects on existing agricultural activities.
PPT is based on the sustainable development goals basically on goal 7 and goal 13. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The SDGs work in the spirit of partnership and pragmatism to make the right choices now to improve life, in a sustainable way, for future generations.
The document proposes a Global Apollo Program to combat climate change through developing clean energy technologies. It notes that current commitments will not limit global warming to under 2°C, and renewable energy research and development (RD&D) is underfunded. The program proposes coordinating international RD&D efforts and spending 0.02% of GDP annually on priority areas like solar energy, electricity storage, and transmission to drive innovation and reduce costs, with a goal of making renewable energy cheaper than coal by 2020-2025. It aims to build on models like the semiconductor industry roadmap to accelerate progress through international collaboration.
This presentation summarises The Climate Institute’s report, Global Climate Leadership Review 2013. It provides an overview of Australian climate policy in a global context, as well as elaborating on the implications of global climate diplomacy and domestic actions for Australia. For more information, visit http://www.climateinstitute.org.au/global-climate-leadership-review-2013.html.
This document discusses a voluntary industry initiative to address climate change called the International Power Partnerships Initiative (IPP). The IPP aims to identify international energy projects that produce measurable reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. It provides an opportunity for US industry to maintain leadership in international climate efforts. The document outlines the goals of the IPP and references past successes of related programs in leveraging private investment for climate projects globally. It invites power companies to participate in the sponsoring group for the new IPP initiative.
The document discusses a study analyzing the relationship between green bonds, CO2 emissions, and market dynamics in developing nations. The study aims to understand how green bond issuance trends relate to carbon emissions levels in key developing countries and how local market conditions impact green bond success. It examines data on green bond issuance and cumulative CO2 emissions in the top 10 developing countries from 2020 to 2022 and finds a correlation between the two variables. The study provides recommendations to help increase green bond issuance and financing for sustainable projects in developing markets.
The impact of environmental accounting and reporting on sustainable developme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article that evaluated the relationship between environmental accounting and reporting and sustainable development in Nigeria. It was discovered that there is a significant relationship between the two and that environmental accounting can encourage organizations to track emissions and environmental data against reduction targets. Noncompliance with environmental accounting and reporting can have consequences. It was recommended that organizations adopt standards and graphical indicators to illustrate environmental performance over time to users.
Over 700 voluntary commitments were made by governments, UN organizations, businesses, and NGOs towards sustainable development, mobilizing over $500 billion. These commitments include planting trees, greening deserts, saving electricity, empowering women entrepreneurs, and establishing education programs. The UN is supporting countries' sustainable energy and development efforts. The commitments complement the official Rio+20 Conference outcomes and take the world closer to achieving sustainable development goals.
The document summarizes the programme of meetings and parallel activities taking place on Friday, 22 June 2012 at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Key events included the 5th and 6th plenary meetings focused on general debates and adoption of documents, as well as Round Table 4 on implementing expected conference outcomes. Side events and press conferences were also scheduled alongside other sessions on partnerships, sustainable development learning, and a dialogue with UN system heads.
The document is a program of meetings for June 21, 2012 at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Rio+20). It lists the scheduled plenary meetings, round table discussions, and speakers for the day, including heads of state, ministers, and representatives from UN bodies, NGOs, and other intergovernmental organizations. The topics of the meetings include the general debate and looking at ways to implement the expected outcomes of the conference. Over 100 speakers are listed between the two plenary sessions and two round tables scheduled for the day.
This document provides the schedule of meetings for June 20, 2012 at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Rio+20). The day includes two plenary meetings to discuss conference proceedings and an opening general debate with addresses from heads of state. It also lists a roundtable discussion on implementing conference outcomes and side events taking place that day.
The Future We Want Rio+20 Outcome Documentuncsd2012
1) World leaders met in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 to renew their commitment to sustainable development and ensuring an environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable future for the planet.
2) They acknowledged that eradicating poverty, promoting sustainable consumption and production patterns, and protecting natural resources are essential to achieving sustainable development.
3) The leaders committed to taking urgent action to implement agreements from previous summits and address new challenges in order to accelerate progress toward sustainable development goals.
The document summarizes the schedule and events for June 15, 2012 at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Rio+20). It outlines the agenda for meetings of the General Assembly and Preparatory Committee, including discussions on the outcome document and rules of procedure. It also lists side events on topics like green jobs, sustainable development governance, and women's resilience. Special events are noted, including a ceremony commemorating the 20th anniversary of the 1992 Earth Summit.
For full coverage of the third prepcom and Rio+20, visit the IISD website at http://www.iisd.ca/uncsd/rio20/
or
Download the IISD Rio+20 mobile app for your apple or android devices: http://www.iisd.ca/enb-mobile/
Personal security awareness is important in Rio de Janeiro, as street crime can be a problem. When visiting tourist sites, be aware of pickpocketing and purse snatching, even where police are present. Look and act cautiously to avoid unwanted attention. Use ATMs inside buildings rather than on streets, and be wary of anyone nearby. Take taxis between locations at night rather than walking or taking public transit. Carry only needed cash and cards, and don't resist criminals or try to keep possessions if confronted. Follow security tips and be vigilant to stay safe.
The document discusses economic instruments for water management in a green economy. It describes various approaches to economic instruments including taxes, charges, pricing, fees, subsidies, markets, and payments for ecosystem services. It provides lessons learned from implementing economic instruments, noting that they work best as part of good policies and regulation, and that the appropriate instrument depends on the country's development stage and institutions. Economic instruments can encourage more efficient water use and pollution reduction if properly designed and adapted to local conditions.
This document provides information and guidelines for official delegations attending the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It addresses topics such as accreditation, visas, firearms, health regulations, transportation, accommodations, and procedures for arriving in Rio via commercial or official flights. Key points include requirements for pre-accreditation, types of visas needed, restrictions on certain goods and animals, recommended immunizations, and expedited customs for pre-announced foreign officials.
This document summarizes negotiations during the third round of informal consultations on the zero draft outcome document of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD). Delegates debated and proposed amendments to text on issues including chemicals and waste, oceans, sustainable consumption and production, education, and the green economy. Discussions focused on balancing language to reflect different country positions. Negotiations continued into the evening in working groups and breakout sessions on specific topics.
Joint Messages of Local and Sub-national Governmentsuncsd2012
The document contains 8 recommendations from local and sub-national governments for the UN Secretary General regarding sustainable development and cities. The key recommendations are: 1) A new multi-level governance architecture is needed to promote partnerships for sustainable urban development. 2) Sustainable cities should be a cross-cutting issue in the sustainable development agenda, including goals on access to basic services, social inclusion, and the environment. 3) Cohesion among territories should be fostered through consultation and integrated governance frameworks.
The Rio +20 Summit will address progress on sustainable development commitments from previous summits. Key issues include the green economy and poverty reduction. Agriculture can contribute to the green economy through sustainable practices that produce more with less and minimize environmental impacts. Farmers represent half the world's poor and managing natural resources sustainably helps alleviate poverty. The summit should develop approaches to reward farmers for ecosystem services and help them adapt to issues like drought and disasters.
Press Release- Rural woman lag behind on MDGsuncsd2012
Rural women around the world continue to lag behind men on key development goals due to lack of access to resources and persistent inequalities. While governments have committed to gender equality, they have failed to meet targets to support rural women. Rural women make up 79% of the agricultural workforce in developing countries but receive less than 10% of credit, 7% of extension services, and have reduced access to land, education, and infrastructure. To achieve sustainable development, governments must address the underlying inequalities facing rural women at the upcoming Rio+20 conference through concrete programs and resources.
This document summarizes negotiations between countries on sections of a draft outcome document for the UN Conference on Sustainable Development. Delegates discussed proposals and amendments to text on topics like water resources, sanitation, energy, and oceans. Countries disagreed on issues such as references to access to modern versus sustainable energy, commitments on reducing pollution, and subsidies for fossil fuels. Negotiations focused on reaching consensus on the language and targets to be included in the final document.
A commitment to provide social protection to all workers, ensuring that all workers and their families are protected against the multiple environmental and economic crises they face. This we call the Social Protection Floor.
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1. RIO 2012 Issues Briefs
Produced by the UNCSD Secretariat, November 2011, No. 7
Green jobs and social inclusion
1. Introduction values not that different from those for fossil‐fired power.7 Policy
This note provides a brief introduction to the green jobs debate makers should be interested in getting as much benefit (such as
and reviews commitments made by Governments in terms of jobs) for each dollar spent and thus take into account the
employment and green jobs. different power generation costs. In terms of jobs per dollar
spent, wind power and biomass‐fired power are more attractive
2. Why green jobs? than the higher‐cost solar PV and more attractive than most but
The world faces several sustainable development challenges not all gas and coal‐fired power capacities.8 The green growth
which require coordinated action, as evidenced by the recurring perspective suggests “getting prices right” through internalizing
food, fuel, climate and financial crises. These multiple crises need external costs.9 Solar PV turns out to be most attractive in terms
to be addressed at the same time. The concept of green jobs1 is of jobs created per dollar spent on electricity by consumers and
an attempt to look for synergies in simultaneously addressing incurred as external costs by society.10 11
employment, energy and environment issues. Figure 1. Employment creation performance of power sector options
Energy use and environmental stresses have reached a scale at 60 Jobs per M W
which planetary boundaries are being reached, increasing the ins ta lle d c a p a c ity
probability of catastrophic environmental change.2,15 Despite 50
many efforts, the declared goal of establishing a renewables‐
Jobs per M W
based low‐carbon energy system on a global scale remains 40 ins ta lle d c a p a c ity,
w e ig hte d b y
elusive. Modern renewables jointly account for only about 1 per c a p a city fa c to r
cent of primary energy, and CO2 emissions growth has been 30
Jobs per 10 GW h
accelerating.3
20
3. What are green jobs?
J o b s p e r m illio n
10
There is no generally agreed definition of “green jobs”. In view of U S $ sp e nt o n
e le c tric ity
this, the current brief looks at the net employment impacts
0
economy‐wide of policies and measures taken to “green” the low high low high low high J o b s p e r m illio n
economy rather than focusing exclusively on “green jobs” per se. S olar P V W ind B iom ass Natural C oal
U S $ sp e nt o n
e le c tric ity a nd
gas and inc urre d a s e xte rna l
While many of the estimates of job impacts of “green” policies lignite c o s ts b y s o c ie ty
are global in nature, derived from model‐based scenario work,
most commitments in this area are at the national level. The job Data sources: Kammen et al. (2006); Huntington (2009); Hirschberg (2009).
benefits are often a main political “selling point” for “green” Governments typically provide subsidies and additional incentives
policies, even though most actions consider green jobs creation for clean technologies that reduce resources that might
as a co‐benefit and do not focus on it as a primary goal. otherwise be available for other sectors. Government support for
4. Making sense of green jobs estimates higher cost renewable energy might lead to significant net job
losses, in view of the fact that typical employment factors of 1.6
The debate on green jobs has focused largely on the energy to 6.5 jobs per million US$ for renewable energy are smaller than
sector and has drawn on technical and macro‐economic for most other expenditure items (e.g., US household bundles
estimates of employment factors of energy technologies. The (17), construction (12), fast food (31), US economy average (10)).
politicisation of the debate is evident in the selective choice of Also, what happens to jobs economy‐wide if an expanding
performance metrics by many analysts. Results differ greatly renewables’ share alters electricity bills depends on how
mostly on account of the use of different performance metrics4, consumers adjust expenditures not just to relative price changes
using the same underlying data (figure 1).5 but to the change in their real incomes. In reality, the overall jobs
Advocates of renewable energy typically emphasize the fact that impact is rather uncertain.
renewable electricity is associated with 5 to 40 times more jobs In summary, the employment benefit of green solutions is not
per MW than fossil‐fired technologies.6 When adjusted for the evident across the board, but some options stand out: cost‐
smaller capacity factors of intermittent solar and wind power competitive energy efficiency, public transport, biofuels and pro‐
sources, the differences in job creation potential are much poor solutions. Reducing technology cost and improving quality
reduced. Solar PV is still associated with about ten times more of clean energy technologies increases their jobs creation
jobs per GWh than fossil‐fired power, but the ranges of estimates potential. Large‐scale pro‐poor programmes have employment
for wind and biomass‐fired power are very large and the absolute
1
2. factors of around 1,000 jobs per million US$ spent,12 which is 6. Winners, losers, and adjustment measures
much higher than those typical for clean energy programmes of 2 While green growth is most likely leading to a global net
to 10 jobs per million US$. employment increase until mid‐century, some countries are
5. Green stimulus and jobs expected to benefit more than others from it. Net job creation
will depend, inter alia, on a country’s production and R&D
In response to the financial crisis, many large economies had
capacity, natural resource endowments, labour supply, energy
adopted green stimulus packages by 2009. The “green” share in
and trade policies.
overall stimulus packages ranged from 3% in Japan to 81% in the
Republic of Korea. Much of the stimulus was allocated to energy Major changes are expected not only in the energy sector, but
efficiency of buildings, railway networks, and power grids, with across sectors and countries partly as a result of the changes in
only a small share for renewable energy. 13 The green stimuli are the energy sector.
likely associated with the creation of about 4 million jobs. It In addition to low‐carbon energy supply, investments in green
should be noted, however, that most of them were debt‐financed industries are likely to increase significantly with global demand
and thus might reduce future consumption and jobs creation, for their products. Countries will benefit most who cultivate
unless the investments provide an adequate productivity boost. green RD&D and production jobs. While many of the future green
5. Global estimates of green jobs creation until 2050 RD&D jobs will continue to be in high‐income countries, most of
the production jobs and a growing share of RD&D jobs will be
A widely quoted UNEP/ILO green jobs report14 suggested that the created in emerging economies. In fact, in 2008 public and
number of green jobs in the world might increase from 2.3 to 20 private energy RD&D in BRICS countries was US$18 billion, or
million from 2006 to 2030, which implies creation of 750,000 three times that in the United States of America.15
green jobs per year (59% in biofuels, 31% in solar PV). China alone
Overall employment in resource extraction sectors will continue
would have 4.5 million jobs in wind and solar power by 2020.
to decline, irrespective of the extent of green growth policies.
With all due caveats, coordinated global action and investments Thus, adjustment and retraining measures are essential.
of about US$1.8 trillion to achieve a series of sustainable
development objectives15 might lead to 13 million new green jobs 7. Existing international commitments
per year until 2050.16 Considering that higher costs in energy The preferred emphasis of this note would be on committed
supply would replace other jobs through lower consumption, net goals with time‐bound targets, in view of note’s objective to
global job creation would be less, possibly substantially so. The inform discussions on possible outcomes at Rio+20. However,
overall estimate and future patterns of employment are highly qualitative commitments that are not time‐bound or well defined
uncertain and depend on a number of future trends most of are also considered, in view of the paucity of time‐bound targets
which indicate significant future overall job creation, but also a on employment matters and even more so on green jobs. The
rapidly growing labour force (table 1). Under no conceivable following documents were consulted: Agenda 21 (1992);
assumptions will green jobs alone be an answer to the global Johannesburg Programme of Implementation (JPOI, 2002); the
employment challenge to create on the order of 63 million Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 2000, and the 2008
decent new jobs per year until 2050. 17 update); the outcome document of the UN Summit on the
Table 1. Stylized factors and likely future employment patterns Millennium Development Goals (2010); the World Summit for
Factor Likely trend until 2050 Likely employment impact
Social Development (WSSD, Copenhagen, 1995).
Large expansion of Only two time‐bound global commitments related to
Population +2 billion developing country labour employment or green jobs have been identified (table 2): (i) New
supply
Energy demand +50‐100% More energy jobs
MDG target 1B was included following work by the UN
Renewable supply at high More energy jobs, but Commission for Social Development and an interagency expert
GHG mitigation cost, less on end‐use long‐term job creation group (IAEG): “Achieve full and productive employment and
efficiency below potential decent work for all, including women and young people“ by
Technical Back‐up needed, leading
Intermittent sources 201518 (four indicators were added under MDG 1 and one under
characteristics to more energy jobs
Technology transfer to poor MDG 3); (ii) JPOI calls for an “increase [of] decent employment,
Technology Most new green jobs in
countries, development & credit and income for the urban poor…” by 2020 as a means to
origin large emerging economies
manufacturing elsewhere improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers. Many
Technology More jobs, but not outcome documents of global summits contain only general
Reduced significantly
costs necessarily in energy
Job benefits accrue to
commitments regarding employment, income‐generation, green
Int’l production Increasingly complex and jobs, and skills. One example is Agenda 21 in which such
relatively few countries
networks global
and companies commitments are included in a total of 12 chapters (table 3).
Pro‐poor Very high short‐ to
In an increasing number of Para 70(d) of the outcome document of the MDG Summit in 2010
employment medium‐term
middle‐income countries
programmes employment impact provides a synthesis of most of the reviewed commitments on
green jobs: “We commit ourselves to accelerating progress in
order to achieve Millennium Development Goal 1, including
2
3. through: …Pursuing job‐intensive, sustained, inclusive and 7.16(b)(i) ”…All countries should…undertake the following
equitable economic growth and sustainable development to activities…Accelerating efforts to reduce urban poverty
promote full and productive employment and decent work for all, through a number of actions, including: i. Generating
including for women, indigenous people, young people, people employment for the urban poor, particularly women, through
with disabilities and rural populations, and promoting small‐ and …urban infrastructure and services and the support of
medium‐sized enterprises through initiatives such as skills economic activities in the informal sector, such as repairs,
enhancement and technical training programmes, vocational recycling, services and small commerce;….”
training and entrepreneurial skills development. Employers and
7.16(d) “Developing local strategies for improving the quality
workers’ representatives should be closely associated with these
of life and the environment…thereby promoting employment
initiatives;”
generation that is environmentally sound and protective of
Table 2. Summary of time‐bound commitments human health.”
Source Goal and Target Delivery
Agenda 21,
7.20 and 7.20(d) “…‘green works’ programmes should be
chapter 7
MDG 1B: “Achieve full and productive employment 2015 activated to create self‐sustaining human development
update
MDG
2008
and decent work for all, including women and activities and both formal and informal employment
young people“ opportunities for low‐income urban residents;”
7.54 and 7.54(a) ”…all countries should… a. Provide on‐the‐
11(c) “Increase decent employment, credit and 2020
job and other training of government officials, planners,
income for the urban poor, through appropriate
JPOI
traffic engineers and managers involved in the energy ‐
national policies, promoting equal opportunities for
service and transport section;…”
women and men;”
7.60 and 7.60(i) “To promote a ‘culture of safety’… the
Table 3. Summary of commitments that are not time‐bound. Those following activities should be carried out: ….Restructuring of
relating directly to “green jobs” are highlighted in green. the economic activities and promoting new job opportunities
in environmentally sound sectors…”
Source Goal and Target
7.69 (e) All countries should… Promote the use of labour‐
3.3 “…direct action in eradicating poverty by strengthening
intensive construction and maintenance technologies which
employment and income‐generating programmes.”
generate employment…for the underemployed labour force”
3.4(c) “To develop for all poverty‐stricken areas integrated
11.22 (g) and (h) “Governments…should undertake the
strategies and programmes of sound and sustainable
Agenda 21,
chapter 11
following activities…promoting value‐adding secondary
management of the environment, resource mobilization,
processing for improved employment, income and retained
poverty eradication and alleviation, employment and income
value;…Promoting and supporting the management of
generation;”
wildlife, as well as eco‐tourism, including farming…for
Agenda 21,
chapter 3
3.8(a) “Governments, with the assistance of and in
improved rural income and employment… “
cooperation with…international, nongovernmental and local
Agenda 21, Agenda 21,
12.48(c) “Prepare rural projects for providing short‐term rural
community organizations, should establish measures that will
chapter 14 chapter 12
employment to drought‐affected households.”
directly or indirectly: a. Generate remunerative employment
and productive occupational opportunities…on a scale
sufficient to take care of prospective increases in the labour
force…” 14.27(b) “Create non‐farm employment opportunities
3.10 and 3.10(a) “The United Nations system…should make through private small‐scale agro‐processing units, rural
poverty alleviation a major priority and… [S]upport and service centres and related infrastructural improvements;”
special emphasis on employment and income generation…
should be given particular attention in this regard;” 18.31 “Water resources assessment…Education and training
5.46. “Nationally determined policies for integrated programmes designed to ensure an adequate supply of these
Agenda 21, chapter 18
…programmes…women's employment should, as trained personnel should be established or strengthened…In
appropriate, be included among other factors.” addition, the provision of attractive terms of employment
Agenda 21,
chapter 5
and career paths for professional and technical staff should
5.48 “…Empowerment of women is essential and should be be encouraged. Human resource needs should be monitored
assured through education, training and policies to accord periodically, including all levels of employment. Plans have to
and improve women's right and access to assets, human and be established to meet those needs through education and
civil rights, labour‐saving measures, job opportunities and training opportunities and international programmes of
participation in decision‐making…” courses and conferences.”
3
4. 24.3(f) “Governments should take active steps to implement 70(d) and (e) “We commit ourselves to accelerating progress
Agenda 21, chapter 24
the following…Programmes to support and strengthen equal …to achieve Millennium Development Goal 1, including
employment opportunities and equitable remuneration for through:…(d) Pursuing job‐intensive, sustained, inclusive and
women in the formal and informal sectors with adequate equitable economic growth and sustainable development to
economic, political and social support systems and services, promote full and productive employment and decent work
including child care, particularly daycare facilities and for all, including for women, indigenous people, young
parental leave, and equal access to credit, land and other people, people with disabilities and rural populations, and
natural resources; promoting small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises through
initiatives such as skills enhancement and technical training
Agenda 21,
25.9(e) “Governments, according to their strategies, should
chapter 25
take measures to:…develop and implement strategies for programmes, vocational training and entrepreneurial skills
creating alternative employment opportunities and provide development. Employers and workers’ representatives should
required training to young men and women;” be closely associated with these initiatives; (e) Improving
opportunities for young people to gain access to productive
29.5. “Governments, business and industry should promote employment and decent work through increased investment
the active participation of workers and their trade unions in in youth employment, active labour‐market support and
Agenda 21,
chapter 29
decisions on the design, implementation and evaluation of public‐private partnerships, as well as through the creation of
national and international policies and programmes on enabling environments to facilitate the participation of young
environment and development, including employment people in labour markets, in accordance with international
policies, industrial strategies, labour adjustment programmes rules and commitments;”
and technology transfers.”
72 (d) “Ensuring that women benefit from policy measures to
32.6(b) “National Governments should…Promote pricing generate full and productive employment and decent work
mechanisms, trade policies, fiscal incentives and other policy for all…”
Agenda 21,
chapter 32
instruments that positively affect individual farmer's
Commitment 3: “We commit ourselves to promoting the goal
decisions about an efficient and sustainable use of natural
of full employment as a basic priority of our economic and
resources, and take full account of the impact of these
social policies, and to enabling all men and women to attain
decisions on household food security, farm incomes,
WSSD 1995
secure and sustainable livelihoods through freely chosen
employment and the environment;”
productive employment and work.”
36.12. “Training is one of the most important tools to develop
Commitment 8 “We commit ourselves to ensuring that when
human resources and facilitate the transition to a more
structural adjustment programmes are agreed to they include
sustainable world. It should have a job‐specific focus…”
social development goals, in particular eradicating poverty,
Agenda 21,
chapter 36
36.17 “…New training approaches for existing promoting full and productive employment, and enhancing
environmentally sound practices should be developed that social integration.”
create employment opportunities and make maximum use of
local resource‐based methods.” 8. Delivery on commitments
36.22. “….National and regional environmental labour‐market A review of the overall, global delivery of the employment and
information systems should be developed…” green jobs‐related commitments is sobering (table 4). While
7(e) “Develop policies and ways and means to improve access judgment is needed to assess delivery against the not so well
by indigenous people and their communities to economic defined commitments, there is ample evidence to suggest that
activities and increase their employment through…measures progress has been slow and in some cases even contradictory to
such as training, technical assistance and credit facilities.” the stated goal. It is impossible to say whether delivery of
JPOI
commitments specifically relating to “green jobs” has fared better
10(b) “Provide assistance to increase income‐generating
or worse than those generic to employment as a whole.
employment opportunities, taking into account the
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work of In terms of the most prominent goal – MDG 1B – to achieve “full
the International Labour Organization;” and productive employment and decent work for all, including
women and young people“, the actual trend has been in the
48. “We stress the need to create full and productive
wrong direction. Exacerbated by the global financial crises, labour
employment and decent work for all and further resolve to
markets have recently deteriorated, more workers have been
promote the Global Jobs Pact as a general framework within
forced into vulnerable employment, and more workers find
MDG 2010
which each country can formulate policy packages specific to
themselves and their families living in extreme poverty.
its situation and national priorities in order to promote a job
intensive recovery and sustainable development. We call on
Member States to take effective measures for promoting
social inclusion and integration and incorporate these into
their national development strategies.”
4
5. Table 4. Issues, commitments, and their delivery to date. “Green jobs”-specific elements are highlighted in green.
Issue Commitments Recent trends Delivery
Full and productive employment and MDG 1B, MDG Some progress before 2008, thereafter worsening. In 2010, more than No
decent work 2010 (48 and 180 million people were formally unemployed, and 1.3 billion people
70(d)), WSSD 1995 were in the informal sector.
(commitments 3
and 8)
Pursue job‐intensive, sustained, MDG 2010 (70(d), Since 2009, more than US$400 billion has been committed to a green Partial
inclusive and equitable economic 48) stimulus, mainly in high‐income and middle‐income countries. Yet, the
growth and sustainable development stimulus has been far from equitable (within and across countries), nor
job‐intensive. The stimulus has created an estimated 4 million which
corresponds to an employment factor of about 10 jobs/mn US$ spent.
Decent employment for the urban poor JPOI 11(c), Agenda Significant progress in some cities, but far from achieved on the global Partial
(including through infrastructure and 21 (7.16(b), MDG level
informal sector) 2010 (48))
Strengthened employment and income‐ Agenda 21 (3.3, Some progress in terms of income‐generating policies, but ILO principles Partial
generating policies and actions for the 3.4(c), 3.10), JPOI have not always been respected.
poor (in line with ILO principles) 10(b)
Generate sufficient employment in line Agenda 21 (3.8(a)) The labour force is expected to increase by about one billion until 2050. No
with future increase in labour force To deal with only this increase, at least 25 million new jobs need to be
added each year.
Improve women’s access to equal Agenda 21 (5.46, Significant improvement in many countries since 1992, but large Partial
employment opportunities and 5.48, 24.3(f)), differences persist among and within countries.
remuneration MDG 2010 (72(d))
Improve access of indigenous groups to JPOI (7(e)), MDG Slow progress, except for few countries. No
employment and training 2010 (72(d))
Training/skills for a sustainability Agenda 21 (7.54, Increased training in many countries, but no systematic approach to Partial
transition, including in environment, 7.69(e), 18.31, supporting workers in danger of being replaced.
energy, transport, water, and 36.12, 36.17),
construction sectors MDG 2010 (72(d))
Local strategies and “green works” for Agenda 21 Selected good practices, but not in line with the magnitude of the No
green jobs (for formal and informal (7.16(d), 7.20(d), challenge.
sectors, and urban poor) 7.60, 7.69(e))
Rural employment generation in wildlife Agenda 21 (11.22 Progress in some countries in terms of employment in wildlife Partial
management, eco‐tourism, and (g) and (h)) management and eco‐tourism, but less so in farming. In those resource‐
farming. intensive developing countries of Africa and Latin America where
employment in agriculture has increased, it is primarily due to increased
poverty and lack of alternative opportunities.
Rural employment programmes, Agenda 21 Significant progress in some middle‐income countries, little progress in Partial
including through agro‐processing, rural (12.48(c), low‐income countries.
service centres and infrastructure. 14.27(b))
Alternative employment opportunities Agenda 21 In many countries, youth unemployment has increased in recent years. No
for young men and women (25.9(e)), MDG
2010 (72(e))
Participation of workers and their trade Agenda 21 (29.5), Progress in some countries, regression in others. No
unions in policy decisions MDG 2010 (72(d))
Green policies and economic Agenda 21 While employment impacts are typically featured in political statements, No
instruments to consider employment (32.6(b), 36.22) they are typically not a key factor in the design of green policies and
impacts economic instruments in many countries.
Structural adjustment programmes to WSSD 1995 Where these programmes exist, some progress has typically been seen. Partial
include social development goals, (Commitment 8) However, there is a need for structural adjustment programmes also in
including full and productive many of the low‐income countries where they typically do not exist.
employment
5
6. 9. Green jobs‐related goals proposed recently Major Group “Workers and Trade Unions”
This section mentions goals related to green jobs that have been In its submission for Rio+20, the major group “Workers and Trade
put forward recently. Many other ideas for goals and associated Unions” suggested that the world’s leaders commit to “A country
targets have been proposed by think tanks, NGOs, and others. by country self‐identified target on decent and green jobs to be
reached in the next 5‐10 years, accompanied by a package of
Proposal by Colombia and Guatemala on Sustainable decent work policies to secure jobs quality. This target should help
Development Goals (SDGs)19 at least doubling the number of ‘green and decent jobs’”.21
This proposal does not include an SDG relating to employment or Furthermore, they suggest that “In any agreement on sustainable
green jobs. The first area of focus is poverty eradication but most development goals, governments should agree on a commitment
other areas relate to other issues. to ensure that at least half of the workers of the world have
DPI/NGO conference20 decent jobs by 2020, accompanied by a second goal ensuring all
governments have…a Social Protection Floor in place by 2020.”
The declaration from CSOs has proposed several goals and targets
that relate to employment and green jobs: 10. How to structure a discussion on employment and
green jobs goals?
“…we call upon governments to…create green jobs and to green
There are only two time‐bound goals and targets related to
existing jobs with a special focus on youth, women and
employment and green jobs, and their delivery date has not yet
disadvantaged groups”
expired:
“SDG Healthy Forests:…Restoration of over 150 million hectares of
MDG 1B: “Achieve full and productive employment and decent
cleared or degraded forest landscapes is achieved by 2020…”
work for all, including women and young people“by 2015.
“SDG Sustainable livelihoods, youth & education:…By 2015,
JPOI 11(c): “Increase decent employment, credit and income for
governments incorporate within development frameworks as a
the urban poor, through appropriate national policies, promoting
priority, investments in the education, health and employment of
equal opportunities for women and men” by 2020.
young people, who… face disproportionate levels of poverty,
unemployment, gender discrimination and ill health. In this context, discussions might want to focus on accelerating
Governments should support comprehensive policies, youth progress towards these goals and the role of secondary
participation and multi‐sectoral programmes that empower education; social inclusiveness; large‐scale public works
present and future generations to fully and freely exercise their programmes; research, development and demonstration; and
human rights, fulfill their aspirations and be productive citizens.” other measures.
The purpose of the Rio 2012 Issues Briefs is to provide a channel for policymakers and other interested stakeholders to discuss and
review issues relevant to the objective and themes of the conference, including a green economy in the context of sustainable
development and poverty eradication, as well as the institutional framework for sustainable development.
For further information on this Brief, please contact R. Alexander Roehrl (roehrl@un.org).
1
Jacobs, M., (1994). Green Jobs? The Employment Implications of Environmental Policy. Brussels: World Wide Fund for Nature.
2
Rockström, Johan, and others (2009). A safe operating space for humanity. Nature, vol. 461, No. 7263 (24 September), pp. 472‐475.
3
van Vuuren, D. P., and Keywan Riahi (2008). Do recent emission trends imply higher emissions forever? Climatic Change, vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 237‐248.
4
Huntington, H., (2009). Creating Jobs With ‘Green’ Power Sources. United States Association for Energy Economics, Dialogue Vol. 17, No. 1, March,
p.12‐15.
5
Kammen, D.M., Kapadia, K., Fripp, M., (2004). “Putting Renewables to Work: How Many Jobs Can the Clean Energy Industry Generate?” RAEL Report,
University of California, Berkeley.
6
Greenpeace and the European Renewable Energy Council published technology‐specific estimates of person‐years per MW in construction,
manufacturing and installation, together with operation and maintenance jobs per MW and fuel‐processing jobs per GWh, but excluding fossil fuel
extraction, transportation and trade, and inter‐industry effects, such as steel inputs. Their data are also in line with those used here.
7
This would be even more so, if we considered also the jobs at the stage of fuel production which are not included here.
8
Using levelized electricity costs from a widely cited study: Metcalf, G.E. (2006). “Federal Tax Policy Towards Energy,” National Bureau of Economic
Research, Working Paper 12568, October.
9
External costs are not paid for by power producers but are eventually borne by everyone.
10
External costs are taken from the most comprehensive such assessment to date, using a life cycle approach: the EU’s NEEDS project.
11
Hirschberg et al., (2009). Final report on sustainability assessment of advanced electricity supply options. Deliverable D10.2 RS2b. New Energy
Externalities Developments for Sustainability (NEEDS), Project No. 502687. European Commission’s 6th Framework Programme. April.
6
7. 12
For example, India’s Rural Employment Guarantee Act provided an estimated 10 million jobs (FTE) associated with an investment of US$8 billion in
2009/2010.
13
Strand and Toman (2010). 'Green Stimulus', Economic Recovery, and Long‐Term Sustainable Development. World Bank Policy Research Working
Paper No. 5163.
14
UNEP and ILO (2008). Green jobs: towards decent work in a sustainable, low‐carbon world. ISBN: 978‐92‐807‐2940‐5.
15
UN (2011). World Economic and Social Survey 2011, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_current/2011wess.pdf
16
This is based on a review of investment needs contained in the World Economic and Social Survey 2011, and conservatively assumes employment
factors of 5 for energy supply and 10 for end‐use and energy appliances.
17
Roehrl, R.A., (2011). Green jobs ‐ does green growth lead to a net employment increase? Draft DESA working paper, UN‐DESA, September 2011.
[Complementary information note to the current Issues Brief.]
18
http://www.ilo.org/empelm/what/WCMS_114244/lang‐‐en/index.htm
19
Rio+20: Sustainable Development Goals – Proposal by the Governments of Colombia and Guatemala for consideration by the participating countries;
Meeting of the member countries of the Rio de Janeiro Platform for Action on the Road to Johannesburg 2002: Latin America and the Caribbean in
preparation for Rio de Janeiro 2012; Santiago, 7‐9 September 2011; http://www.eclac.org/rio20/noticias/paginas/9/43799/2011‐613‐Rio+20‐
Note_by_the_secretariat‐Rev‐1‐30‐08_Prop._Col_Guat.pdf
20
http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&nr=273&type=230&menu=38
21
http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=510&nr=42&menu=20
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