This document summarizes the results of measuring uranium, plutonium, and cesium isotopes in water samples collected near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant following its accident in 2011. Concentrations of uranium-236, plutonium-239 and -240, and cesium-137 were measured in riverine and seawater samples using accelerator mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and gamma ray spectrometry. Elevated levels of cesium-137 over three orders of magnitude higher than background levels were found in river waters near the plant. Low but detectable levels of uranium-236 and plutonium isotopes were also observed, with pluton
Release of plutonium isotopes from thefukushima daiichi nuclear power plant a...trabajomuestreo
The document summarizes studies on the release of plutonium isotopes from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Key findings include:
1) Plutonium isotopes were detected in soil and litter samples northwest of the plant, indicating distribution of plutonium related to the accident. Isotopic ratios suggest reactor-derived plutonium.
2) Calculations using an ORIGEN model suggest the damaged reactors were major contributors of plutonium released. The amount released from spent fuel pools is unknown.
3) Future research should further investigate the distribution of plutonium isotopes in the environment and identify sources of plutonium release from the
This document summarizes a kick-off workshop for the DredgDikes project held on January 13-14, 2011 at the University of Rostock. The project involves testing the use of dredged materials for dike construction between partners in Germany and Poland. Key planned activities in 2011 include project management, meetings, technical and financial reporting, and initial field and laboratory testing of dredged material samples.
The document summarizes an EIA report on a proposed bio-park development in Pathiramanal Island in Kerala, India. [1] An expert committee was formed to study the island's fragile ecosystem and assess impacts of the bio-park proposal. [2] The island has diverse and rare flora and fauna that contribute to the larger Vembanad lake ecosystem. [3] The committee evaluated each component of the bio-park proposal and its potential impacts on disrupting the island's fragile balance of nature.
Radioactive impact of fukushima accident on the iberian peninsula: evolution ...trabajomuestreo
This document analyzes the detection of radioactive materials from the Fukushima nuclear accident on the Iberian Peninsula from March 28th to April 7th, 2011. High levels of radionuclides like 131I, 132I, 132Te, 134Cs and 137Cs were measured at three monitoring stations in southwest Spain. Back-trajectory analysis of air masses showed that the radioactive plume from Fukushima reached the Iberian Peninsula. Reported radionuclide levels in places crossed by the plume, like Japan, the Pacific Ocean, and the United States, were consistent with the expected levels arriving in Huelva Province, Spain.
Advanced energy technology for sustainable development. Part 5SSA KPI
All energy technologies involve risks that must be carefully evaluated and minimized to ensure sustainable development. No technology is perfectly safe, so ongoing analysis of benefits, risks and impacts is needed. Public understanding and acceptance of risks is also important.
Absorption of radionuclides from the fukushimanuclear accident by a novel alg...trabajomuestreo
This study identified a novel algal strain, Parachlorella sp. binos, that can efficiently absorb radioactive isotopes of iodine, strontium, and cesium from its environment. Experiments showed that this alga uses light-dependent and light-independent pathways to uptake radioiodine and radiosrtrontium/cesium. High resolution analysis found that accumulated iodine was localized in the algal cytosol while strontium was distributed in the extracellular matrix. The alga was also able to uptake these radionuclides from contaminated soil and water samples from Fukushima. This algal strain shows promise for decontaminating wastewater and ecosystems exposed to radiation from nuclear accidents.
Web services use SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI to enable communication between systems. SOAP defines an XML format for messages, WSDL describes available services and operations, and UDDI provides a directory for services to publish themselves. Services communicate by exchanging SOAP messages, with requests and responses defining common operations, and faults handling errors.
Release of plutonium isotopes from thefukushima daiichi nuclear power plant a...trabajomuestreo
The document summarizes studies on the release of plutonium isotopes from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Key findings include:
1) Plutonium isotopes were detected in soil and litter samples northwest of the plant, indicating distribution of plutonium related to the accident. Isotopic ratios suggest reactor-derived plutonium.
2) Calculations using an ORIGEN model suggest the damaged reactors were major contributors of plutonium released. The amount released from spent fuel pools is unknown.
3) Future research should further investigate the distribution of plutonium isotopes in the environment and identify sources of plutonium release from the
This document summarizes a kick-off workshop for the DredgDikes project held on January 13-14, 2011 at the University of Rostock. The project involves testing the use of dredged materials for dike construction between partners in Germany and Poland. Key planned activities in 2011 include project management, meetings, technical and financial reporting, and initial field and laboratory testing of dredged material samples.
The document summarizes an EIA report on a proposed bio-park development in Pathiramanal Island in Kerala, India. [1] An expert committee was formed to study the island's fragile ecosystem and assess impacts of the bio-park proposal. [2] The island has diverse and rare flora and fauna that contribute to the larger Vembanad lake ecosystem. [3] The committee evaluated each component of the bio-park proposal and its potential impacts on disrupting the island's fragile balance of nature.
Radioactive impact of fukushima accident on the iberian peninsula: evolution ...trabajomuestreo
This document analyzes the detection of radioactive materials from the Fukushima nuclear accident on the Iberian Peninsula from March 28th to April 7th, 2011. High levels of radionuclides like 131I, 132I, 132Te, 134Cs and 137Cs were measured at three monitoring stations in southwest Spain. Back-trajectory analysis of air masses showed that the radioactive plume from Fukushima reached the Iberian Peninsula. Reported radionuclide levels in places crossed by the plume, like Japan, the Pacific Ocean, and the United States, were consistent with the expected levels arriving in Huelva Province, Spain.
Advanced energy technology for sustainable development. Part 5SSA KPI
All energy technologies involve risks that must be carefully evaluated and minimized to ensure sustainable development. No technology is perfectly safe, so ongoing analysis of benefits, risks and impacts is needed. Public understanding and acceptance of risks is also important.
Absorption of radionuclides from the fukushimanuclear accident by a novel alg...trabajomuestreo
This study identified a novel algal strain, Parachlorella sp. binos, that can efficiently absorb radioactive isotopes of iodine, strontium, and cesium from its environment. Experiments showed that this alga uses light-dependent and light-independent pathways to uptake radioiodine and radiosrtrontium/cesium. High resolution analysis found that accumulated iodine was localized in the algal cytosol while strontium was distributed in the extracellular matrix. The alga was also able to uptake these radionuclides from contaminated soil and water samples from Fukushima. This algal strain shows promise for decontaminating wastewater and ecosystems exposed to radiation from nuclear accidents.
Web services use SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI to enable communication between systems. SOAP defines an XML format for messages, WSDL describes available services and operations, and UDDI provides a directory for services to publish themselves. Services communicate by exchanging SOAP messages, with requests and responses defining common operations, and faults handling errors.
Different methods for tritium determination in surface water by lsctrabajomuestreo
This document compares three methods for determining tritium levels in surface water samples: electrolytic enrichment, direct measurement without enrichment, and using a Sample Oxidizer. Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen that can replace water in living cells. The three methods were tested on rainfall and stream water samples from Serbia. Electrolytic enrichment concentrates tritium in water samples to make detection easier. Direct measurement analyzes untreated water. The Sample Oxidizer method oxidizes organic matter before analysis. All prepared samples were measured by liquid scintillation counting, and results from the three methods showed good agreement. Detection limits for each method were determined. The methods provide comparable results for environmental monitoring of tritium in water.
Source and distribution of dissolved radium in the bega riverestuary, southea...trabajomuestreo
This document describes a study of radium isotopes in the Bega River estuary in Australia. Measurements of radium-224, radium-223, radium-226, and radium-228 were made in surface water and sediment porewater to understand the source and distribution of dissolved radium in the estuary. The results show that bottom sediments are a major source of radium to the estuary surface waters, with radium accumulating in porewater and mixing into surface waters via tidal exchange. A model was applied to estimate the daily flux of porewater crossing the sediment-water interface, about 15% of the total estuary volume.
Estimation of the adriatic sea water turnover time using falloutsr as aradiac...trabajomuestreo
1. The document analyzes measurements of 90Sr activity concentrations in Adriatic Sea water from 1963-2003 at multiple locations along the Croatian coast.
2. A mathematical model was developed using 90Sr data from sea water and fallout samples to estimate the mean residence time of 90Sr in the Adriatic Sea.
3. By fitting the experimental 90Sr data to the theoretical model, the mean residence time of 90Sr in the Adriatic Sea was estimated to be approximately 3.4 ± 0.4 years. This value reflects the upper limit for the turnover time of Adriatic Sea water.
Monitoring of aerosol and fallout radioactivity in belgradeafter the fukushim...trabajomuestreo
1. After the Fukushima nuclear accident, a monitoring program in Belgrade analyzed samples of aerosols, fallout, food and soil for radioactive contamination.
2. Samples were collected daily from 6 air stations and 5 fallout stations around Belgrade and analyzed using gamma spectrometry.
3. The measurements found evidence of radioactive fission products 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs within 2 weeks of the accident, diminishing over time due to dispersion and radioactive decay of 131I.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
Fukushima fallout in northwest german environmental mediatrabajomuestreo
Traces of radioactive isotopes from the Fukushima nuclear accident, including 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs, were detected in environmental samples collected in Northwest Germany between March and May 2011. Measured concentrations of 131I in rainwater samples agreed with estimated deposition values based on reported air concentrations and rainfall amounts. 137Cs concentrations were higher and were attributed mostly to previous nuclear testing and Chernobyl fallout. The 134Cs/137Cs ratio allowed discrimination of recent versus older 137Cs. While 136Cs was below detection limits, the measurements provide evidence of transoceanic transport of Fukushima-derived radionuclides to Northwest Germany.
This document summarizes 10 life lessons learned from bodybuilding: 1) embrace your uniqueness and individuality, 2) listen to your intuition rather than defying it, 3) create an authentic life that feels good on the inside rather than just looking good, 4) have the courage to grow and evolve rather than fearing change, 5) do the right thing with integrity even when no one is watching, 6) let go of past hurts and feed your mind, spirit and heart each day, 7) practice mindfulness and being present rather than overthinking, 8) seek new experiences outside your comfort zone for lifelong memories, 9) engage deeply in your own self-improvement journey without criticizing others, 10) see failure as a
The Impact of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident on the Envir...Melissa Miller
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011 released significant amounts of radionuclides into the environment after the plant's cooling systems failed due to damage from an earthquake and tsunami. Radionuclides such as iodine-131, cesium-134 and cesium-137 spread through atmospheric and water deposition and contaminated surrounding areas and the ocean. Cesium-137 is a particular concern due to its long half-life and ability to accumulate in sediments and the food chain over time. The environmental impacts raised questions about Japan's future energy policy following such a severe nuclear incident.
1. The document discusses the distribution of cesium-137 (137Cs) in the ocean derived from nuclear weapons testing and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident.
2. It estimates that 3.6-7 PBq of 137Cs entered the ocean from Fukushima through atmospheric deposition and direct release, with more than 99% transported offshore and into the ocean interior.
3. Sampling between 2011-2012 showed the Fukushima-derived 134Cs moving eastward and subducting into the ocean interior, indicating it has started traveling southwest into the ocean interior along the same pathway as previously observed for weapons testing 137Cs.
1. The document discusses the distribution of cesium-137 (137Cs) in the ocean derived from nuclear weapons testing and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident.
2. It estimates that 3.6-7 PBq of 137Cs entered the ocean from Fukushima through atmospheric deposition and direct release, with more than 99% transported offshore and into the ocean interior.
3. Sampling between 2011-2012 showed the Fukushima-derived 137Cs moving eastward and subducting into the ocean interior, indicating it is dispersing and diluting as expected based on past weapons testing 137Cs distribution patterns.
1) The document discusses the potential impacts of radionuclides released from the Fukushima nuclear power plants on the marine environment, including which radionuclides pose the greatest short and long term concerns.
2) Seawater sampling was conducted off the coast of Fukushima on March 21-24, 2011, with the highest detected activities of I-131 and Cs-137.
3) Initial modeling of radionuclide dispersion in seawater was conducted and showed northeastward dispersion over 150-300 km within 11 days.
Contamination of soil with radiocesium emmited from Fukushima Daiichi Power P...Katsutoshi Seki
Katsutoshi Seki presented on soil contamination with radiocesium emitted from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. He discussed the deposition of radiocesium isotopes like Cs-137 and their movement in soil. Long-term studies on Chernobyl accidents provided useful data. Countermeasures for decontamination included stripping surface soil, deep plowing, potassium fertilization, and changing crops. However, challenges remain like high costs, limited waste storage, and earthquake risks. Continued research and international cooperation are needed to safely remediate contaminated areas over decades.
This document summarizes a study of environmental changes in the gas hydrate area of Japan Sea over the last 30,000 years. Sediment cores from the area show shifts in total organic carbon and carbon isotope ratios around 3.5m depth, marking the Holocene/Pleistocene boundary. Higher organic carbon and isotope values above this depth indicate warmer conditions and more marine organic matter production during the Holocene. Lower values below reflect colder periods when terrestrial organic matter dominated. Sulfate-methane interfaces in the cores also vary due to changes in methane flux over time.
The situation at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant remains serious with contaminated water found near turbine buildings. Fresh water continues to be injected into reactors to cool fuel. Increased temperatures were detected at Unit 1, along with higher drywell pressure. Radiation monitoring found deposition of iodine-131 and cesium-137 in soil and food samples, with highest levels near the plant. Modeling shows potential northeast transport of contaminated water away from the plant coastline.
ASSESMENT OF FAULT ACTIVITY a mineralogical perspective_RadwanOmar Radwan
This document outlines a term paper on assessing fault activity from a mineralogical perspective. It discusses electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dating of faults. EPR dating measures radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in minerals to determine the accumulated radiation dose over time. This can date fault movements by dating minerals crushed during faulting or precipitated in fault zones. The document presents a case study of the Eupchon Fault in South Korea, where EPR dating of fault rocks indicates reactivation approximately 2000, 1300, 900-1100, 700-800, and 500-600 thousand years ago, showing it is potentially active with seismic hazards.
1) A numerical model was used to simulate groundwater flow and nitrate transport in an agricultural area of Japan over 10 years.
2) The flow model showed good agreement with observed groundwater levels. Nitrate concentrations increased exponentially at first then reached equilibrium.
3) Fertilizer application is the main source of nitrate leaching into groundwater. Changing crop types could potentially reduce contamination levels up to 12%.
Different methods for tritium determination in surface water by lsctrabajomuestreo
This document compares three methods for determining tritium levels in surface water samples: electrolytic enrichment, direct measurement without enrichment, and using a Sample Oxidizer. Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen that can replace water in living cells. The three methods were tested on rainfall and stream water samples from Serbia. Electrolytic enrichment concentrates tritium in water samples to make detection easier. Direct measurement analyzes untreated water. The Sample Oxidizer method oxidizes organic matter before analysis. All prepared samples were measured by liquid scintillation counting, and results from the three methods showed good agreement. Detection limits for each method were determined. The methods provide comparable results for environmental monitoring of tritium in water.
Source and distribution of dissolved radium in the bega riverestuary, southea...trabajomuestreo
This document describes a study of radium isotopes in the Bega River estuary in Australia. Measurements of radium-224, radium-223, radium-226, and radium-228 were made in surface water and sediment porewater to understand the source and distribution of dissolved radium in the estuary. The results show that bottom sediments are a major source of radium to the estuary surface waters, with radium accumulating in porewater and mixing into surface waters via tidal exchange. A model was applied to estimate the daily flux of porewater crossing the sediment-water interface, about 15% of the total estuary volume.
Estimation of the adriatic sea water turnover time using falloutsr as aradiac...trabajomuestreo
1. The document analyzes measurements of 90Sr activity concentrations in Adriatic Sea water from 1963-2003 at multiple locations along the Croatian coast.
2. A mathematical model was developed using 90Sr data from sea water and fallout samples to estimate the mean residence time of 90Sr in the Adriatic Sea.
3. By fitting the experimental 90Sr data to the theoretical model, the mean residence time of 90Sr in the Adriatic Sea was estimated to be approximately 3.4 ± 0.4 years. This value reflects the upper limit for the turnover time of Adriatic Sea water.
Monitoring of aerosol and fallout radioactivity in belgradeafter the fukushim...trabajomuestreo
1. After the Fukushima nuclear accident, a monitoring program in Belgrade analyzed samples of aerosols, fallout, food and soil for radioactive contamination.
2. Samples were collected daily from 6 air stations and 5 fallout stations around Belgrade and analyzed using gamma spectrometry.
3. The measurements found evidence of radioactive fission products 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs within 2 weeks of the accident, diminishing over time due to dispersion and radioactive decay of 131I.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
Fukushima fallout in northwest german environmental mediatrabajomuestreo
Traces of radioactive isotopes from the Fukushima nuclear accident, including 131I, 134Cs and 137Cs, were detected in environmental samples collected in Northwest Germany between March and May 2011. Measured concentrations of 131I in rainwater samples agreed with estimated deposition values based on reported air concentrations and rainfall amounts. 137Cs concentrations were higher and were attributed mostly to previous nuclear testing and Chernobyl fallout. The 134Cs/137Cs ratio allowed discrimination of recent versus older 137Cs. While 136Cs was below detection limits, the measurements provide evidence of transoceanic transport of Fukushima-derived radionuclides to Northwest Germany.
This document summarizes 10 life lessons learned from bodybuilding: 1) embrace your uniqueness and individuality, 2) listen to your intuition rather than defying it, 3) create an authentic life that feels good on the inside rather than just looking good, 4) have the courage to grow and evolve rather than fearing change, 5) do the right thing with integrity even when no one is watching, 6) let go of past hurts and feed your mind, spirit and heart each day, 7) practice mindfulness and being present rather than overthinking, 8) seek new experiences outside your comfort zone for lifelong memories, 9) engage deeply in your own self-improvement journey without criticizing others, 10) see failure as a
The Impact of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident on the Envir...Melissa Miller
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in 2011 released significant amounts of radionuclides into the environment after the plant's cooling systems failed due to damage from an earthquake and tsunami. Radionuclides such as iodine-131, cesium-134 and cesium-137 spread through atmospheric and water deposition and contaminated surrounding areas and the ocean. Cesium-137 is a particular concern due to its long half-life and ability to accumulate in sediments and the food chain over time. The environmental impacts raised questions about Japan's future energy policy following such a severe nuclear incident.
1. The document discusses the distribution of cesium-137 (137Cs) in the ocean derived from nuclear weapons testing and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident.
2. It estimates that 3.6-7 PBq of 137Cs entered the ocean from Fukushima through atmospheric deposition and direct release, with more than 99% transported offshore and into the ocean interior.
3. Sampling between 2011-2012 showed the Fukushima-derived 134Cs moving eastward and subducting into the ocean interior, indicating it has started traveling southwest into the ocean interior along the same pathway as previously observed for weapons testing 137Cs.
1. The document discusses the distribution of cesium-137 (137Cs) in the ocean derived from nuclear weapons testing and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident.
2. It estimates that 3.6-7 PBq of 137Cs entered the ocean from Fukushima through atmospheric deposition and direct release, with more than 99% transported offshore and into the ocean interior.
3. Sampling between 2011-2012 showed the Fukushima-derived 137Cs moving eastward and subducting into the ocean interior, indicating it is dispersing and diluting as expected based on past weapons testing 137Cs distribution patterns.
1) The document discusses the potential impacts of radionuclides released from the Fukushima nuclear power plants on the marine environment, including which radionuclides pose the greatest short and long term concerns.
2) Seawater sampling was conducted off the coast of Fukushima on March 21-24, 2011, with the highest detected activities of I-131 and Cs-137.
3) Initial modeling of radionuclide dispersion in seawater was conducted and showed northeastward dispersion over 150-300 km within 11 days.
Contamination of soil with radiocesium emmited from Fukushima Daiichi Power P...Katsutoshi Seki
Katsutoshi Seki presented on soil contamination with radiocesium emitted from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. He discussed the deposition of radiocesium isotopes like Cs-137 and their movement in soil. Long-term studies on Chernobyl accidents provided useful data. Countermeasures for decontamination included stripping surface soil, deep plowing, potassium fertilization, and changing crops. However, challenges remain like high costs, limited waste storage, and earthquake risks. Continued research and international cooperation are needed to safely remediate contaminated areas over decades.
This document summarizes a study of environmental changes in the gas hydrate area of Japan Sea over the last 30,000 years. Sediment cores from the area show shifts in total organic carbon and carbon isotope ratios around 3.5m depth, marking the Holocene/Pleistocene boundary. Higher organic carbon and isotope values above this depth indicate warmer conditions and more marine organic matter production during the Holocene. Lower values below reflect colder periods when terrestrial organic matter dominated. Sulfate-methane interfaces in the cores also vary due to changes in methane flux over time.
The situation at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant remains serious with contaminated water found near turbine buildings. Fresh water continues to be injected into reactors to cool fuel. Increased temperatures were detected at Unit 1, along with higher drywell pressure. Radiation monitoring found deposition of iodine-131 and cesium-137 in soil and food samples, with highest levels near the plant. Modeling shows potential northeast transport of contaminated water away from the plant coastline.
ASSESMENT OF FAULT ACTIVITY a mineralogical perspective_RadwanOmar Radwan
This document outlines a term paper on assessing fault activity from a mineralogical perspective. It discusses electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dating of faults. EPR dating measures radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in minerals to determine the accumulated radiation dose over time. This can date fault movements by dating minerals crushed during faulting or precipitated in fault zones. The document presents a case study of the Eupchon Fault in South Korea, where EPR dating of fault rocks indicates reactivation approximately 2000, 1300, 900-1100, 700-800, and 500-600 thousand years ago, showing it is potentially active with seismic hazards.
1) A numerical model was used to simulate groundwater flow and nitrate transport in an agricultural area of Japan over 10 years.
2) The flow model showed good agreement with observed groundwater levels. Nitrate concentrations increased exponentially at first then reached equilibrium.
3) Fertilizer application is the main source of nitrate leaching into groundwater. Changing crop types could potentially reduce contamination levels up to 12%.
This document summarizes Ken Buesseler's presentation on the spread and levels of radioactive cesium from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in the ocean. It discusses multiple sources of radionuclides entering the ocean from the plant. While cesium levels peaked in 2011 near the plant, exceeding safety limits, they declined and are now considered safe for human and marine life exposure. Cesium continues to be transported by ocean currents, and is predicted to reach the US west coast in 2013-2014 at levels that are also safe. However, groundwater leaks at the plant remain an ongoing source of radionuclides like cesium and strontium to the ocean. Long term monitoring of the ocean, bi
Identification of heavy metals contamination by multivariate statistical anal...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal contamination in the Pondicherry mangroves in India. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from two locations in the mangroves over one year. The samples were analyzed for concentrations of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, cadmium, and mercury. Statistical analysis methods including cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and multidimensional scaling were used to evaluate pollution levels and relationships between metals. The study found that metal concentrations followed the order of iron > zinc > manganese > copper > cadmium > mercury. Concentrations were generally lowest in summer months. Enrichment factor values indicated unpolluted sediments at one station and correlations between metals suggested influences
11.identification of heavy metals contamination by multivariate statistical a...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal contamination in the Pondicherry mangroves in India. Surface water and sediment samples were collected from two locations in the mangroves over one year. The samples were analyzed for concentrations of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, cadmium, and mercury. Statistical analysis methods including cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and multidimensional scaling were used to evaluate pollution levels and relationships between metals. The study found that metal concentrations followed the order of iron > zinc > manganese > copper > cadmium > mercury. Concentrations were generally lowest in summer months. Enrichment factor values indicated unpolluted sediments at one station and correlations between metals suggested influences
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred in 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. An explosion and fire released large amounts of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, spreading over much of Europe. In the most affected areas, levels of radioactivity in drinking water caused concern for weeks and months. Some animals in the worst areas died or stopped reproducing, while the next generation appeared normal. Groundwater was not badly affected as radionuclides decayed or were absorbed in soils before reaching groundwater.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) that occurred in Bhutan in 2009. Satellite imagery and field surveys revealed evidence of an outburst from supraglacial lakes on the Tshojo glacier, including a newly opened channel and debris deposits. The flood water volume was estimated to be around 0.5 million cubic meters. While damage was minor, this event demonstrated the potential hazards from invisible water sources within glaciers. It adds to the record of 21 total GLOF events identified in the Bhutan Himalayas using satellite data and field surveys, with most occurring before the 1970s.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
This document summarizes a study of surface water quality and risk analysis in the Rangsit Canal in Pathum Thani, Thailand. Key findings include:
1) Dissolved oxygen and BOD levels in the canal did not meet Thailand's Class 3 water quality standards. Continuous monitoring showed a pronounced daily cycle in dissolved oxygen driven by photosynthesis and respiration.
2) Microbial risk analysis found unacceptably high risk of infection from E. coli levels in the local sewer system and canal from activities like swimming and fishing.
3) The canal has low primary production and high respiration, classifying it as heterotrophic compared to other water bodies. E. coli levels also exceeded standards,
Similar to Isotopic determination of u, pu and cs in environmental waters followingthe fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant accident (20)
2. ditional data on Pu in soil samples are also available from
Eurasian Continent
the recent work of Yamamoto et al. (2012). This work
CR34
and the afore-mentioned studies serve to clarify the ex-
tent and fate of potentially harmful radionuclides in the
natural environment following the Fukushima accident.
the Japan/East Sea
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CR58
Study area and sampling
FSK1
FDNPP The sites and dates for sampling the Kuchibuto and
FSK2
Abukuma Rivers are shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. The
Japan Kuchibuto River is one of the tributaries of the Abukuma
the Pacific Ocean
River which is the largest river in Fukushima. The
Abukuma River discharges into the Pacific Ocean. Sam-
the Pacific Ocean
pling sites A and B of the Kuchibuto River are situated in
D the Yamakiya-district, Kawamata-cho (evacuation area
E, F
B about 30 km from FDNPP), and site C is a downstream
C A
Kuchibuto R. FSK1
of this river. All riverine samples were collected in June
FDNPP to August 2011. The inflow and outflow waters of the
Abukuma R.
paddy-fields (E and F) were collected in June during the
FSK2 irrigation and plowing season before transplanting of rice
50 km seedlings. Seawater samples were collected on the cruise
(KH11-07) of the Research Vessel Hakuho-maru in July
to August 2011. The sampling sites, FSK1 and FSK2, are
Fig. 1. Map showing sea and riverine water sampling loca- shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1.
tions. Filled circles on land : riverine water (A–C: Kuchibuto Water samples (10–20 L) were filtered through 0.45
River, D: Abukuma River), open circle: inflow and outflow wa- µm pore size membrane filter by using a pressurised pump
ters of paddy field (E and F). FSK1 and FSK2: seawater sam- system in situ. The filtrate was stored in polyethylene
ples of the Pacific Ocean, and CR34 and CR58: seawater sam- containers after addition of 180 mL of 16 M HNO 3. A
ples of the Japan Sea. The information on sampling points is
portion (about 100 mL) of the filtered water was sub-
given in Table 1.
sampled for 238U measurement.
Sample preparation and measurement of radionuclides
236
U is also produced from the decay of 240Pu in Pu reac- The filtered water sample was transferred to a
tor fuel. polyethylene container. Plutonium-242 (IRMM-085),
133
In the case of Pu (half lives: 238Pu 87.74 years; 239Pu Cs (stable Cs) and iron (Fe) as Fe/HCl solution were
2.411 × 104 years; 240Pu 6.563 × 103 years; 241Pu 14.35 added to the water sample as spike and carrier, respec-
years) the isotopic composition is dependent on fuel tively. The water sample was heated for three hours with
burnup/burning-age. From recent data (METI, 2011b) on stirring and then allowed to stand for 12 hours. After re-
the 238Pu/239+240Pu activity ratio (about 2.0) in soil sam- adjustment of the pH of the water sample to approximately
ples from the area of the FDNPP, the 240Pu/ 239Pu atom pH 1 with HNO3 and ammonia solution, 4 grams of am-
ratio can be estimated to be more than 0.4. This value is monium molybdophosphate (AMP) powder were added
different from the global fallout ratio, 0.176 (Krey et al., to adsorb Cs. After stirring for 1 hour and standing for 24
1976), hence it might be possible to identify the origin of hours at room temperature, the supernatant was removed
Pu in environmental samples using Pu isotopic ratio meas- first with a siphon and then by centrifugation (the
urements. Actually, Zheng et al. (2012a) reported abnor- supernatant was kept for U and Pu analyses). The AMP
mal ratios for 240Pu/239Pu of around 0.3 in soil samples powder was dried at 105°C for 12 hours, packed into a
northwest and south of the FDNPP in the 20–30 km zones. plastic bag (4.5 cm × 4.5 cm) and measured for 137Cs (662
They also observed high activity ratios for 241Pu/239+240Pu keV) and 134Cs (605, 796 keV) by γ-ray spectrometry
(>100) in these samples. using a planer-type Ge detector (ORTEC, GEM-50195-
In this research we have measured the concentration P). The spectrometer was calibrated with a standard,
and isotopic composition of U, Pu and Cs isotopes in water which was prepared by the Low Level Radioactivity Labo-
samples to understand the radiological situation for sur- ratory of Kanazawa University using NBL (New Bruns-
face waters in the aftermath of the FDNPP accident. Ad- wick Laboratory) Reference Material No. 42-1 (4.04 %
356 A. Sakaguchi et al.
3. Table 1. The detail of water samples from river and ocean
Sampling site Sample Sampling date Sampling site
N E
A Kuchibuto R. site 7 25/June/2011 37°35′80″ 140°41′32″
B Kuchibuto R. site 9 26/June/2011 37°35′27″ 140°41′18″
C Kuchibuto R. downstream 31/July/2011 37°34′52″ 140°32′31″
D Abukuma R. 10/July/2011 37°49′49″ 140°31′80″
E Inflow of paddy field 13/June/2011 37°35′26″ 140°38′15″
F Outflow of paddy field 13/June/2011 37°35′26″ 140°38′15″
FSK1 Pacific Ocean 1 1/August/2011 37°27′47″ 141°55′70″
FSK2 Pacific Ocean 2 1/August/2011 37°09′70″ 141°32′29″
CR58* Japan Sea 1 11/July/2010 40°25′35″ 135°55′15″
CR34** Japan Sea 2 4/July/2010 45°40′01″ 139°59′47″
*Sakaguchi et al. (2012); **Kadokura (personal comm.).
Sampling sites are shown in Fig. 1.
U), a γ-ray reference material including 137Cs from JRIA river (site C), the main section of the Abukuma River (site
(Japan Radioisotope Association) and analytical grade D). However, no specific spatial distribution effects were
KCl. As for 134Cs value, the count rates of the peaks cor- noted for the upper to lower river systems for the sam-
responding to 605 and 796 keV were used for determina- pling period. The concentrations of 137Cs in river water
tion. The summing effect for these peaks was corrected were 0.02–0.46 Bq/kg. These values are more than three
by increasing the distance (30 cm) between the detector orders of magnitude higher than the 137Cs concentrations
and the sample. (0.05–0.12 mBq/kg) in fresh water samples which were
Uranium and Pu were co-precipitated with Fe(OH)3 collected from the Kuji River (Fukushima and Ibaraki
at pH 8 from the above supernatant. The supernatant was Prefectures) before the FDNPP accident (Matsunaga et
removed by siphon and centrifugation. The precipitated al., 1991). These samples were collected and analyzed in
Fe(OH)3 was re-dissolved with 12 M HCl and the solu- 1988, so the concentration of 137Cs in river water imme-
tion was adjusted to a concentration of 10 M HCl. Purifi- diately before the FDNPP (March, 2011) should have been
cation of U and Pu was performed according to Sakaguchi quite low, less than 0.03–0.07 mBq/kg, due to the effect
et al. (2009, 2010). For the measurement of 236U and of decay and less supply of 137Cs from surface soil. The
239,240 137
Pu with AMS, the cathode was prepared as U or Pu Cs concentrations of inflow and outflow water of
oxide in a Fe 2O 3 matrix. Details of the measurements of paddy-fields (E and F) were also high, 0.10 Bq/kg for
236
U and 239,240Pu with AMS are described in Steier et al. each sample. However, as can be judged from these val-
(2010) and Sakaguchi et al. (2012). ues, there is no significant difference in 137Cs concentra-
A portion of the AMP powder was dissolved with tions between the in/out-flow waters of the paddy-field.
1.25% tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TAMAPURE- This result suggests that there is minimal effect of Cs
AA) to determine the concentration of 133Cs. For the adsorption/retention on soil in the irrigation and plowing
measurement of 238U in water and 133Cs in solubilised of the paddy-field. Cs-134 (T 1/2 = 2.06 years) was also
AMP samples, an ICP-MS (Agilent 7700) was used. In detected in all water samples, and 134Cs/137Cs activity
this case, In and Re were used as on-line internal stand- ratios which were decay-corrected to 11th March 2011
ards for U and Cs, respectively. were around 1. These results are consistent with the esti-
mated value of discharge from the FDNPP and some pre-
vious reports (e.g., METI, 2011a).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The 236U/ 238U atom ratio was in the range 2.57–8.20
Fresh water samples × 10–9 and the concentration of 236U was 0.82–4.48 × 105
The results for U, Pu and Cs isotopes in water sam- atoms/kg for river water samples. The values of 236U/238U
ples are shown in Tables 2.1 and 2.2. To clarify the spa- and 236U in in/out-flow waters of the paddy-field are
tial variation of radionuclides in river water, samples were nearly the same as those for riverine waters. A typical
collected throughout the upstream of the Kuchibuto River value of the global fallout for 236U/ 238U and 236U concen-
(sites A and B in evacuation area), downstream of this trations in Japanese rivers has not been identified so far.
U, Pu and Cs in waters following the FDNPP accident 357
4. Table 2.1. The results for Cs, U and Pu isotopes in river water (A–F) and sea water (G–J) samples
238 236 137 134
Sampling site Sample U U Cs Cs # 239
Pu
−9 5 6
(10 g/kg) (10 atom/kg) (Bq/kg) (Bq/kg) (10 atom/kg)
A Kuchibuto R. site 7 7.47 ± 0.34 0.82 ± 0.15 0.46 ± 0.01 0.52 ± 0.01
B Kuchibuto R. site 9 12.6 ± 0.5 1.10 ± 0.22 0.26 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.01
C Kuchibuto R. downstream 53.7 ± 1.2 3.49 ± 0.66 0.02 ± 0.001 0.05 ± 0.002
D Abukuma R. 21.6 ± 1.1 4.48 ± 0.61 0.25 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.01 1.62 ± 0.67
E Inflow of paddy field 23.7 ± 0.6 1.10 ± 0.25 0.10 ± 0.01 0.11 ± 0.01
F Outflow of paddy field 3.54 ± 0.23 0.66 ± 0.23 0.10 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.01
(10−6 g/kg) (107 atom/kg) (mBq/kg) (mBq/kg)
FSK1 Pacific Ocean 1 2.42 ± 0.04 0.35 ± 0.11 19.0 ± 0.5 26.1 ± 1.3 2.70 ± 0.79
FSK2 Pacific Ocean 2 2.38 ± 0.10 0.35 ± 0.08 12.4 ± 0.7 12.2 ± 0.7 2.85 ± 0.49
CR58* Japan Sea 1 2.82 ± 0.28 0.98 ± 0.13 1.18 ± 0.08 1.76 ± 0.39
CR34** Japan Sea 2 3.23 ± 0.24 1.08 ± 0.11 1.05 ± 0.07 3.82 ± 0.30
Table 2.2. The results for Cs, U and Pu isotopes in river water (A–F) and sea water (G–J) samples
236
Sampling site Sample U/ 238 U 134
Cs/137Cs # 240
Pu/239Pu 236
U/ 137Cs 239
Pu/ 236U
10−9 (atom ratio) (activity ratio) (atom ratio) (106 atom/Bq) (atom ratio)
A Kuchibuto R. site 7 4.33 ± 0.74 1.12 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.03
B Kuchibuto R. site 9 3.43 ± 0.66 0.98 ± 0.06 0.42 ± 0.09
C Kuchibuto R. downstream 2.57 ± 0.49 0.93 ± 0.10 16.6 ± 3.2
D Abukuma R. 8.20 ± 1.05 1.03 ± 0.04 0.308 ± 0.176 1.81 ± 0.26 3.62 ± 1.56
E Inflow of paddy field 1.83 ± 0.47 1.10 ± 0.06 1.07 ± 0.28
F Outflow of paddy field 7.32 ± 2.57 1.26 ± 0.10 0.68 ± 0.24
(108 atom/Bq)
FSK1 Pacific Ocean 1 0.57 ± 0.18 1.38 ± 0.10 0.218 ± 0.065 1.56 ± 0.49 0.77 ± 0.33
FSK2 Pacific Ocean 2 0.58 ± 0.13 0.98 ± 0.08 0.181 ± 0.051 2.82 ± 0.67 0.81 ± 0.23
CR58* Japan Sea 1 1.37 ± 0.14 0.197 ± 0.053 83.1 ± 12.4 0.18 ± 0.05
CR34** Japan Sea 2 1.32 ± 0.10 0.237 ± 0.032 103 ± 13 0.35 ± 0.05
*Sakaguchi et al. (2012); **Kadokura (personal comm.).
#
Decay corrected to 11/March/2011.
The analytical error is based on 1σ of counting statistics.
Sampling sites are shown in Fig. 1.
However, the uranium isotope ratios and concentrations from the Abukuma River. The concentration of 239Pu for
are much smaller compared with those of Austrian river this sample was 1.62 × 106 atom/kg (as 239+240Pu: 3.14 ×
water samples which might be contaminated with global 10–6 Bq/kg). This is only slightly higher than the value
fallout and Chernobyl accident (Srncik et al., 2010). for river water in Japan measured some time before the
The ratio of 236U/ 137Cs was 0.18–16.6 × 106 (atom/ Fukushima accident (Hirose et al., 1990). However, the
Bq) for riverine samples, and 0.68–1.07 × 106 (atom/Bq) significance of this concentration and the possible origin
for inflow and out flow water of paddy-fields. These ra- of Pu isotopes could not be identified due to the large
tios are two to four orders less than the global fallout measurement uncertainty.
value, 3.40–5.34 × 10 9 (Sakaguchi et al., 2009, 2010).
Given the results for 236U/137Cs and the concentrations of Seawater samples
137
Cs, it is concluded that the global fallout value for 236U/ Highly contaminated water from the drains of the
137
Cs was simply affected as a result of additional input FDNPP were introduced to the ocean (Nuclear Emergency
of 137Cs from the FDNPP accident. Consequently, the in- Response Headquarters Government of Japan, 2011), re-
put of uranium isotope from FDNPP is negligibly small sulting in potentially serious contamination of the ma-
in these samples. rine environment not only by fission/activation products
Pu isotopes were measured in one water sample (D) but also by fuel materials.
358 A. Sakaguchi et al.
5. The concentration of 137Cs in surface seawater of the Clearly for an in-depth discussion of this topic a full in-
north eastern Pacific Ocean due to global fallout was cal- ventory of these elements in the water column through-
culated as about 1.5 mBq/kg based on an average con- out the whole year is needed.
centration of 137Cs (2.4 mBq/kg) in 2000 and an effective
half life (16.5 years) (Povinec et al., 2005). This value is
CONCLUSION
comparable with the concentration which was measured
in surface water from the Japan Sea before the accident Fresh riverine/paddy-field water samples and seawater
(CR58 and CR34). In contrast, about one order of magni- samples from the Fukushima area were analysed for acti-
tude higher concentration of 137 Cs was observed in nide nuclides, U and Pu isotopes, together with Cs iso-
seawater samples from offshore of the FDNPP (FSK1 and topes. Significant contamination of fresh surface waters
FSK2). Similar concentrations of 134Cs (values being and seawater with radio-Cs has been confirmed, as pre-
decay-corrected to 11th March 2011) were also measured viously reported (e.g., MEXT, 2011). Moreover, the con-
in the seawater samples. These values are in the range of centration and isotopic compositions of U and Pu isotopes
radio Cs concentrations, which were reported after the in the waters were consistent with minimal dispersal of
FDNPP accident, in seawater samples from the Pacific these elements from the FDNPP.
Ocean (e.g., Honda et al., 2012; Inoue et al., 2012). Al-
though we cannot infer a direct correlation between the Acknowledgments—We express our great thanks to the crew
Cs isotope concentration and distance from the FDNPP of the ship “R/V Hakuho-maru” of the University of Tokyo and
due to the complicated surface currents around this area, JAMSTEC (GEOTRACES group), for their help in sample col-
it is assumed that the elevated radioactive Cs originated lection. The authors thank Mr. Koba, Mr. Teramoto, Mr. Sato
(Technical centre, Hiroshima University) and Ms. Ito (Depart-
from the FDNPP through detection of 134Cs and the 134Cs/
137 ment of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Hiroshima Uni-
Cs activity ratios.
versity) for their supports. This work was supported by FMWSE
The 236U/238U atom ratio and 236U concentration in (Fukushima Radiation Monitoring of Water, Soil and Entrain-
the surface seawater samples (FSK1 and FSK2) were es- ment) of MEXT. The AMS measurements at VERA were sup-
timated as about 0.60 × 10–9 and 0.35 × 107 (atom/kg), ported by the FWF Austrian Science Fund (project number
respectively. These 236U/238U atom ratio values and con- P21403-N19).
centrations of 236U were less than half the values in the
surface seawater samples, which were measured before
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