This document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
This document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.
An introduction to experimental epidemiology improvemed
This document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemed
Nosocomial infections afflict around 2 million patients in the US each year, resulting in around 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in excess healthcare costs. Understanding the distribution and relatedness of pathogens that cause these infections is important for designing effective control methods. Historically, phenotypic characterization was used, but increasingly molecular or genotyping techniques are being used, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Studies have shown that integrating molecular typing into infection control programs can significantly reduce infection rates and healthcare costs.
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseasesimprovemed
MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.
1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.
This document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.
This document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
This document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.
An introduction to experimental epidemiology improvemed
This document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogenimprovemed
Nosocomial infections afflict around 2 million patients in the US each year, resulting in around 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in excess healthcare costs. Understanding the distribution and relatedness of pathogens that cause these infections is important for designing effective control methods. Historically, phenotypic characterization was used, but increasingly molecular or genotyping techniques are being used, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Studies have shown that integrating molecular typing into infection control programs can significantly reduce infection rates and healthcare costs.
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseasesimprovemed
MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.
1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.
This document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.
This document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...improvemed
This document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONSimprovemed
This document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposesimprovemed
Fixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
The document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresisimprovemed
This document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatography–mass spectro...improvemed
This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.
This document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.
This document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasetsimprovemed
This document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicineimprovemed
Systems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach
The document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
The document discusses various data mining methods. It describes data mining as seeking patterns within large databases. Common data mining methods mentioned include clustering, regression, rule extraction, and data visualization. Machine learning algorithms often used for health data include logistic regression, support vector machines, decision trees, and neural networks. The document also discusses newer techniques like graph-based data mining, topological data mining, and data visualization for exploring complex data.
This document discusses biomedical informatics and the increasing role of data in medicine. It notes that medicine is becoming a more data-intensive field due to growing sources of electronic health data. Biomedical data is often large in volume, diverse, complex, weakly structured, noisy, and inconsistent. Extracting knowledge from this "big data" through techniques like data mining, machine learning, and integrating human-computer interaction can provide insights to improve healthcare outcomes. Key applications include personalized and predictive medicine through patient stratification and risk analysis. However, overcoming obstacles like heterogeneous and non-standardized data is challenging.
This document discusses hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. It describes the four types of hypersensitivity reactions according to the Gell and Coombs classification: Type I (immediate), Type II (cytotoxic), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and Type IV (delayed type hypersensitivity). It provides details on the mechanisms and examples of each type. The document then discusses immunological tolerance, including central and peripheral tolerance. It explains how a breakdown in tolerance can lead to autoimmune diseases and provides examples like Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, hemolytic anemia, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
The document discusses lymphocyte development and antigen receptor gene rearrangement. It covers the following key points:
1. Lymphocyte development involves commitment to the B or T cell lineage, proliferation of progenitors, rearrangement of antigen receptor genes, selection checkpoints, and differentiation into distinct subpopulations.
2. B cells undergo gene rearrangement and development in the bone marrow before migrating to peripheral lymphoid organs. T cells develop through similar processes in the thymus.
3. During development, gene rearrangement generates diversity in antigen receptor genes, and selection checkpoints ensure that only lymphocytes with functional receptors will mature and enter the peripheral immune system.
This document provides an overview of basic immunology concepts. It begins with definitions of key immunology terms like immunity, immunology, antigen, and discusses the historical figures Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur who were pioneers in vaccination. It then discusses the components of the immune system including organs like the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. It provides information on cells of the immune system like antigen presenting cells, T and B lymphocytes, and effector cells. It also discusses molecular components of antigen recognition including antibodies, T cell receptors, B cell receptors, and the major histocompatibility complex.
This document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...improvemed
This document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONSimprovemed
This document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposesimprovemed
Fixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
The document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresisimprovemed
This document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatography–mass spectro...improvemed
This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.
This document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.
This document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasetsimprovemed
This document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicineimprovemed
Systems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach
The document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
The document discusses various data mining methods. It describes data mining as seeking patterns within large databases. Common data mining methods mentioned include clustering, regression, rule extraction, and data visualization. Machine learning algorithms often used for health data include logistic regression, support vector machines, decision trees, and neural networks. The document also discusses newer techniques like graph-based data mining, topological data mining, and data visualization for exploring complex data.
This document discusses biomedical informatics and the increasing role of data in medicine. It notes that medicine is becoming a more data-intensive field due to growing sources of electronic health data. Biomedical data is often large in volume, diverse, complex, weakly structured, noisy, and inconsistent. Extracting knowledge from this "big data" through techniques like data mining, machine learning, and integrating human-computer interaction can provide insights to improve healthcare outcomes. Key applications include personalized and predictive medicine through patient stratification and risk analysis. However, overcoming obstacles like heterogeneous and non-standardized data is challenging.
This document discusses hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases. It describes the four types of hypersensitivity reactions according to the Gell and Coombs classification: Type I (immediate), Type II (cytotoxic), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and Type IV (delayed type hypersensitivity). It provides details on the mechanisms and examples of each type. The document then discusses immunological tolerance, including central and peripheral tolerance. It explains how a breakdown in tolerance can lead to autoimmune diseases and provides examples like Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, hemolytic anemia, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
The document discusses lymphocyte development and antigen receptor gene rearrangement. It covers the following key points:
1. Lymphocyte development involves commitment to the B or T cell lineage, proliferation of progenitors, rearrangement of antigen receptor genes, selection checkpoints, and differentiation into distinct subpopulations.
2. B cells undergo gene rearrangement and development in the bone marrow before migrating to peripheral lymphoid organs. T cells develop through similar processes in the thymus.
3. During development, gene rearrangement generates diversity in antigen receptor genes, and selection checkpoints ensure that only lymphocytes with functional receptors will mature and enter the peripheral immune system.
This document provides an overview of basic immunology concepts. It begins with definitions of key immunology terms like immunity, immunology, antigen, and discusses the historical figures Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur who were pioneers in vaccination. It then discusses the components of the immune system including organs like the bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. It provides information on cells of the immune system like antigen presenting cells, T and B lymphocytes, and effector cells. It also discusses molecular components of antigen recognition including antibodies, T cell receptors, B cell receptors, and the major histocompatibility complex.
Isolated aortic rings - vascular reactivity measurements in vitro
1. An experiment on isolated vascular
rings
Doc.dr.sc. Martina Mihalj, dr. med.
2. PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD VESSELS
• A good understanding of the physiology of the vascular system is
necessary to understand the course of the experiment
• Vasodilation and vasoconstriction mechanisms
3. Interstitial signaling
Vrste eceptora:
1. Receptor-dependent ion channels (ionotropic receptors)
2. Receptors coupled with G-protein (metabotropic receptors)
3. Kinase receptors
4. Nuclear receptors
4. R R E R
G G
Cellular
response Cellular response Cellular
response
Cellular
response
Hyperpolarization or
depolarization
Change the
world's
excitement
Other messengers
Discharge
Ca2+
Protein
phosphorylatio
n
other
Protein
phosphorylation
Transcription of genes
Protein synthesis
R
Transcription of
genes
Protein synthesis
1. Receptor-
dependent ion
channels
2Receptors coupled with G-proteins
(metabotropic receptors)
3. kinase
receptors
4. nuclear
receptor
Time scale:
msec
Example:
nicotian
receptor for Ach
answer
Time scale:
hours
Example:
cytokine
receptor
Time scale:
hours
Example:
estrogen
receptors
Time scale:
seconds
Example:
Muscarial receptor for Ach
6. Unutarstanična signalizacija
Receptori spregnuti sa G proteinom
Meta
1
Meta
2 α βγ
GDP
Meta
1
Meta
2 α βγ
GDP
GTP
Meta
1
Meta
2 α βγ
GTP
Meta
1
Meta
2 α βγ
GDP
+
P
Receptor zauzet
Meta aktiviranaGTP hidroliziran
1.
4. 3.
2.
GDP
12. News Physiol. Sci. 14;238-242, 1999; posuđeno iz prezentacije prof.dr.sc. Ines Drenjančević - Perić
20-HETE and EETs in Control of Renal Vascular Tone
25. PRIPREMA ZA POKUS
• Pokretanje sustava (temp . 37 ⁰C, doprema O2 itd.)
• Kalibracija sustava
• Priprema Krebs Henseleitove otopine
• Razrijađivanje lijekova
26. 4-vero kanalni sustav kupki za izolirane organe
sadrži:
Četverokanalni standardni sustav kupki za izolirane organe (tkivne prstenove i trakice) sa svom
priključnom opremom (cijevi, kablovi itd.)
Četverokanalni pojačivać mjerene sile
Izometrični pretvarač sile
Softwer za prikupljanje i obradu podataka
Sustav za primanje i prijenos siganala sa sustava kupki za izolirane organe na računalo (četverokanalni s
mogućnošću proširivanja na osamkanalni sustav)
Sustav za grijanje i cirkulaciju vode sa spremnikom od 20 l i mogućnošću prilagodbe temperature u
rasponu od 20 – 50 ºC te s preciznošću od ±0,1 ºC
31. PRIPREMA LIJEKOVA ZA POKUS
• Lijekovi se pripremaju kao 20 mM (iznimno 3M i 2mM)
• Čuvaju se 2 do 3 mjeseca na -20 ⁰C
• KCl
32. Lijek/aktivna tvar Mr (g/L)
Priprema
20 mM
otopine
Koncentra-cija u
bazenu
Potrebno dodatno razrjeđenje
20 mM otopine
Vol. koji se dodaje
u bazenčić (μL)
KCl 74,56
Priprema se 3M
11,3g/50mL
60 mM Ne 400
Noradrenalin 205,0 41mg/10mL 10-4 M
Zamorac: 100 x (10-6)
Štakor: 1000x (10-7)
100
Acetilkolin 181,7 36,4mg/10mL 10-4 M
Zamorac: 10 x (10-5)
Štakor: 100x (10-6)
100
L-NAME 268,0 53,6mg/10mL 3x10-4 M Ne 300
Indometacin 358,0 71,6mg/10mL 10-4 M 10x (10-5 M) 100
Klotrimazol 344,8 69mg/10mL 10-4 M 10x (10-5 M) 100
Verapamil
491,0
amp: 5mg/2mL
Priprema se 2 mM
4 mL iz amp. + 6 mL H2O
20 μM Ne 200
* Otapalo za Indometasin je 96% etanol ili DMSO/ ponekad i dr. Ovisno o proizvođaču
37. STANDARDNI PROTOKOL
1. Stabilizacija krvne žile
2. Inicijalni prekontrakcijski test
3. Test intaktnosti endotela
4. Ispitivanje vazoaktivne tveri
38. 1. Stabilizacija krvne žile (60 min)
Krvna žila se prenapregne za 20 mN
U više navrata napetosti krvne žile se ispravlja
na 20 mN (ili 0 mN ako sustav bazično podešen
na – 20 mN)
Tijekom tog perioda bazenčići se ispiru 3-4puta
(cca. svakih 15 min)
40. 3. Testiranje intaktnosti endotela
100μL 1000x razr. 20 mM
NORADRENALINA
(10-7M)
100μL 100x razr. 20 mM
ACETILKOLINA
(10-6M)
Ispiranje4 min 1 min
1 min
Ispiranje
Ispiranje
4 min
41. 4. Testiranje vazoaktivne tvari
100μL 1000x razr. 20 mM
NORADRENALINA
(10-7M)
VAZODILATATOR
u različitim dozama
4 min
47. Skupina GUK (mmol/l) Težina (g) Sustav na kojem se radilo Opaske Oznake prstenova
A - Kontrola Citrat (okot
10.08.2009., TH: 09.09.2009, m 90. g)
A1a 9,7 310 I. Aorta bila skvrčena i kontrahirana A1a 1-4
A1b 9,7 320 II. A1b 1-4
A1c 9,7 305 I. Aorta bila skvrčena i kontrahirana A1c 1-4
A2a 11,3 310 I. A2a 1-4
A2b 10 290 II.
Problemi tijekom pokusa - žila bila duže na suhom jer
sust. nije bio spreman
A2b 1-4
A2c Falilo trakica 300 II. A2c 1-4
B - Kontrola netretirana (okot
12.08.2009.)
B1a 9,3 360 I. B1a 1-4
B1b 8,6 320 II. B1b 1-4
B1c 10,9 305 I. B1c 1-4
B2a 9,5 350 I.
Serum odmrzavan zajedno s A2a, A2b i B2b - da
Danijeli ostavim 0,5 ml za Oksi.kapac.
B2a 1-4
B2b 10,7 285 II. Serum moguće razrijeđen kod odmrzavanja B2b 1-4
B2c 10,3 280 I. B2c 1-4
C - Dijabetičari + HBTh (okot
25.07.2009., TH: 09.09.2009, m 90. g)
C1a > 33 250 I. C1a 1-4
C1b > 33 285 II. C1b 1-4
C1c 8 290 II. C1c 1-4
C2a > 33 225 I. C2a 1-4
C2b > 33 250 II. C2b 1-4
C2c > 33 225 II. C2c 1-4
D - Dijabetičari netretirani (okot
01.08.2009., TH: 09.09.2009, m 90. g)
D1a > 33 250 I. D1a 1-4
D1b 7,8 320 II. D1b 1-4
D1c > 33 210 II. D1c 1-4
D2a > 33 200 I. D2a 1-4
D2b > 33 170 II. D2b 1-4
D2c 10,2 300 I. Kod odvajanja serum bijel + bijeli ugrušak D2c 1-4
Nisu razvili dijabetes